1
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Daglish J, Blacker AJ, de Boer G, Russell SJ, Tausif M, Hose DJ, Parsons AR, Crampton A, Kapur N. A Coalescing Filter for Liquid-Liquid Separation and Multistage Extraction in Continuous-Flow Chemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2024; 28:1979-1989. [PMID: 38783854 PMCID: PMC11110050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Presented here is the design and performance of a coalescing liquid-liquid filter, based on low-cost and readily available meltblown nonwoven substrates for separation of immiscible phases. The performance of the coalescer was determined across three broad classes of fluid mixtures: (i) immiscible organic/aqueous systems, (ii) a surfactant laden organic/aqueous system with modification of the type of emulsion and interfacial surface tension through the addition of sodium chloride, and (iii) a water-acetone/toluene system. The first two classes demonstrated good performance of the equipment in effecting separation, including the separation of a complex emulsion system for which a membrane separator, operating through transport of a preferentially wetting fluid through the membrane, failed entirely. The third system was used to demonstrate the performance of the separator within a multistage liquid-liquid counterflow extraction system. The performance, robust nature, and scalability of coalescing filters should mean that this approach is routinely considered for liquid-liquid separations and extractions within the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Daglish
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - A. John Blacker
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory de Boer
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Muhammad Tausif
- School
of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - David
R. J. Hose
- Chemical
Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Anna R. Parsons
- Chemical
Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Crampton
- Chemical
Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Nikil Kapur
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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2
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Maltby K, Sharma K, Short MAS, Farooque S, Hamill R, Blacker AJ, Kapur N, Willans CE, Nguyen BN. Rationalizing and Adapting Water-Accelerated Reactions for Sustainable Flow Organic Processes. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:8675-8684. [PMID: 37323809 PMCID: PMC10265699 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c02164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Water-accelerated reactions, wherein at least one organic reactant is not soluble in water, are an important class of organic reactions, with a potentially pivotal impact on sustainability of chemical manufacturing processes. However, mechanistic understanding of the factors controlling the acceleration effect has been limited, due to the complex and varied physical and chemical nature of these processes. In this study, a theoretical framework has been established to calculate the rate acceleration of known water-accelerated reactions, giving computational estimations of the change to ΔG‡ which correlate with experimental data. In-depth study of a Henry reaction between N-methylisatin and nitromethane using our framework led to rationalization of the reaction kinetics, its lack of dependence on mixing, kinetic isotope effect, and different salt effects with NaCl and Na2SO4. Based on these findings, a multiphase flow process which includes continuous phase separation and recycling of the aqueous phase was developed, and its superior green metrics (PMI-reaction = 4 and STY = 0.64 kg L-1 h-1) were demonstrated. These findings form the essential basis for further in silico discovery and development of water-accelerated reactions for sustainable manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna
A. Maltby
- Institute
of Process Research & Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Krishna Sharma
- Institute
of Process Research & Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Marc A. S. Short
- Institute
of Process Research & Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Sannia Farooque
- Institute
of Process Research & Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Rosalie Hamill
- Institute
of Process Research & Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - A. John Blacker
- Institute
of Process Research & Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Nikil Kapur
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Charlotte E. Willans
- Institute
of Process Research & Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Bao N. Nguyen
- Institute
of Process Research & Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
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3
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Volk AA, Epps RW, Yonemoto DT, Masters BS, Castellano FN, Reyes KG, Abolhasani M. AlphaFlow: autonomous discovery and optimization of multi-step chemistry using a self-driven fluidic lab guided by reinforcement learning. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1403. [PMID: 36918561 PMCID: PMC10015005 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Closed-loop, autonomous experimentation enables accelerated and material-efficient exploration of large reaction spaces without the need for user intervention. However, autonomous exploration of advanced materials with complex, multi-step processes and data sparse environments remains a challenge. In this work, we present AlphaFlow, a self-driven fluidic lab capable of autonomous discovery of complex multi-step chemistries. AlphaFlow uses reinforcement learning integrated with a modular microdroplet reactor capable of performing reaction steps with variable sequence, phase separation, washing, and continuous in-situ spectral monitoring. To demonstrate the power of reinforcement learning toward high dimensionality multi-step chemistries, we use AlphaFlow to discover and optimize synthetic routes for shell-growth of core-shell semiconductor nanoparticles, inspired by colloidal atomic layer deposition (cALD). Without prior knowledge of conventional cALD parameters, AlphaFlow successfully identified and optimized a novel multi-step reaction route, with up to 40 parameters, that outperformed conventional sequences. Through this work, we demonstrate the capabilities of closed-loop, reinforcement learning-guided systems in exploring and solving challenges in multi-step nanoparticle syntheses, while relying solely on in-house generated data from a miniaturized microfluidic platform. Further application of AlphaFlow in multi-step chemistries beyond cALD can lead to accelerated fundamental knowledge generation as well as synthetic route discoveries and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Volk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905, USA
| | - Robert W Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905, USA
| | - Daniel T Yonemoto
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA
| | - Benjamin S Masters
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA
| | - Kristofer G Reyes
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905, USA.
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4
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Cohen B, Lehnherr D, Sezen-Edmonds M, Forstater JH, Frederick MO, Deng L, Ferretti AC, Harper K, Diwan M. Emerging Reaction Technologies in Pharmaceutical Development: Challenges and Opportunities in Electrochemistry, Photochemistry, and Biocatalysis. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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5
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Abdiaj I, Cañellas S, Dieguez A, Linares ML, Pijper B, Fontana A, Rodriguez R, Trabanco A, Palao E, Alcázar J. End-to-End Automated Synthesis of C(sp 3)-Enriched Drug-like Molecules via Negishi Coupling and Novel, Automated Liquid-Liquid Extraction. J Med Chem 2023; 66:716-732. [PMID: 36520521 PMCID: PMC9841985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report an end-to-end process including synthesis, work-up, purification, and post-purification with minimal human intervention using Negishi coupling as a key transformation to increase Fsp3 in bioactive molecules. The main advantages of this protocol are twofold. First, the automated sequential generation of organozinc reagents from readily available alkyl halides offers a large diversity of alkyl groups to functionalize (hetero)aryl halide scaffolds via Pd-catalyzed Negishi coupling in continuous flow. Second, a fully automated liquid-liquid extraction has been developed and successfully applied for unattended operations. The workflow was completed with mass-triggered preparative high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC, providing an efficient production line of compounds with enriched sp3 character and better drug-like properties. The modular nature allows a smooth adaptation to a wide variety of synthetic methods and protocols and makes it applicable to any medchem laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Abdiaj
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research
and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., C/ Jarama 75, E-45007Toledo, Spain
| | - Santiago Cañellas
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research
and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., C/ Jarama 75, E-45007Toledo, Spain
| | - Alejandro Dieguez
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research
and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., C/ Jarama 75, E-45007Toledo, Spain
| | - Maria Lourdes Linares
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research
and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., C/ Jarama 75, E-45007Toledo, Spain
| | - Brenda Pijper
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research
and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., C/ Jarama 75, E-45007Toledo, Spain
| | - Alberto Fontana
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research
and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., C/ Jarama 75, E-45007Toledo, Spain
| | - Raquel Rodriguez
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research
and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., C/ Jarama 75, E-45007Toledo, Spain
| | - Andres Trabanco
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research
and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., C/ Jarama 75, E-45007Toledo, Spain
| | - Eduardo Palao
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research
and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., C/ Jarama 75, E-45007Toledo, Spain
| | - Jesus Alcázar
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research
and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., C/ Jarama 75, E-45007Toledo, Spain
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6
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García-Lacuna J, Baumann M. Inline purification in continuous flow synthesis – opportunities and challenges. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous flow technology has become the method of choice for many academic and industrial researchers when developing new routes to chemical compounds of interest. With this technology maturing over the last decades, robust and oftentimes automated processes are now commonly exploited to generate fine chemical building blocks. The integration of effective inline analysis and purification tools is thereby frequently exploited to achieve effective and reliable flow processes. This perspective article summarizes recent applications of different inline purification techniques such as chromatography, extractions, and crystallization from academic and industrial laboratories. A discussion of the advantages and drawbacks of these tools is provided as a guide to aid researchers in selecting the most appropriate approach for future applications. It is hoped that this perspective contributes to new developments in this field in the context of process and cost efficiency, sustainability and industrial uptake of new flow chemistry tools developed in academia.
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7
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Effect of dilution on the performance of ionic liquids in milliflow solvent extraction applications: Towards integration of extraction, scrubbing and stripping operations with in-line membrane-based phase separation. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Nie M, Ye G, Song N, Shi S, Qian G, Duan X, Zhou X, Yang Z, Zhang J. Ultrathin Hydrophobic Inorganic Membranes via Femtosecond Laser Engraving for Efficient and Stable Extraction in a Microseparator. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guanghua Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Nan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shudong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Gang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuezhi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xinggui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhirong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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9
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Wang S, Zhou R, Hou Y, Wang M, Hou X. Photochemical effect driven fluid behavior control in microscale pores and channels. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Fava E, Karlsson S, Jones ML. Using Oxygen as the Primary Oxidant in a Continuous Process: Application to the Development of an Efficient Route to AZD4635. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Fava
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Staffan Karlsson
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Matthew L. Jones
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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11
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Volk AA, Campbell ZS, Ibrahim MYS, Bennett JA, Abolhasani M. Flow Chemistry: A Sustainable Voyage Through the Chemical Universe en Route to Smart Manufacturing. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2022; 13:45-72. [PMID: 35259931 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092120-024449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices and systems have entered many areas of chemical engineering, and the rate of their adoption is only increasing. As we approach and adapt to the critical global challenges we face in the near future, it is important to consider the capabilities of flow chemistry and its applications in next-generation technologies for sustainability, energy production, and tailor-made specialty chemicals. We present the introduction of microfluidics into the fundamental unit operations of chemical engineering. We discuss the traits and advantages of microfluidic approaches to different reactive systems, both well-established and emerging, with a focus on the integration of modular microfluidic devices into high-efficiency experimental platforms for accelerated process optimization and intensified continuous manufacturing. Finally, we discuss the current state and new horizons in self-driven experimentation in flow chemistry for both intelligent exploration through the chemical universe and distributed manufacturing. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Volk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Zachary S Campbell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Malek Y S Ibrahim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Jeffrey A Bennett
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
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12
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Highly Efficient Micro-Scale Liquid-Liquid In-Flow Extraction of 99mTc from Molybdenum. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185699. [PMID: 34577170 PMCID: PMC8464863 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The trend to achieve even more compact-sized systems is leading to the development of micro-scale reactors (lab-on-chip) in the field of radiochemical separation and radiopharmaceutical production. Technetium-99m extraction from both high and low specific activity molybdenum could be simply performed by MEK-driven solvent extraction if it were not for unpractical automation. The aim of this work is to develop a solvent extraction and separation process of technetium from molybdenum in a micro-scale in-flow chemistry regime with the aid of a capillary loop and a membrane-based separator, respectively. The developed system is able to extract and separate quantitatively and selectively (91.0 ± 1.8% decay corrected) the [99mTc]TcO4Na in about 20 min, by using a ZAIPUT separator device. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time in our knowledge the high efficiency of a MEK-based solvent extraction process of 99mTc from a molybdenum-based liquid phased in an in-flow micro-scale regime.
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13
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Damilos S, Alissandratos I, Panariello L, Radhakrishnan ANP, Cao E, Wu G, Besenhard MO, Kulkarni AA, Makatsoris C, Gavriilidis A. Continuous citrate‐capped gold nanoparticle synthesis in a two‐phase flow reactor. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA continuous manufacturing platform was developed for the synthesis of aqueous colloidal 10–20 nm gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in a flow reactor using chloroauric acid, sodium citrate and citric acid at 95 oC and 2.3 bar(a) pressure. The use of a two-phase flow system – using heptane as the continuous phase – prevented fouling on the reactor walls, while improving the residence time distribution. Continuous syntheses for up to 2 h demonstrated its potential application for continuous manufacturing, while live quality control was established using online UV-Vis photospectrometry that monitored the particle size and process yield. The synthesis was stable and reproducible over time for gold precursor concentration above 0.23 mM (after mixing), resulting in average particle size between 12 and 15 nm. A hydrophobic membrane separator provided successful separation of the aqueous and organic phases and collection of colloidal Au NPs in flow. Process yield increased at higher inlet flow rates (from 70 % to almost 100 %), due to lower residence time of the colloidal solution in the separator resulting in less fouling in the PTFE membrane. This study addresses the challenges for the translation of the synthesis from batch to flow and provides tools for the development of a continuous manufacturing platform for gold nanoparticles.Graphical abstract
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14
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Lin CY, Chen YY, Chen PY, Chen MC, Su TF, Chiang YY. Scale-out production in core-annular liquid–liquid microextractor. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00153-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Intensified extraction and separation of zinc from cadmium and manganese by a slug flow capillary microreactor. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Armstrong C, Miyai Y, Formosa A, Thomas D, Chen E, Hart T, Schultz V, Desai BK, Cai AY, Almasy A, Jensen K, Rogers L, Roper T. On-Demand Continuous Manufacturing of Ciprofloxacin in Portable Plug-and-Play Factories: Development of a Highly Efficient Synthesis for Ciprofloxacin. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Armstrong
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2512, United States
| | - Yuma Miyai
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2512, United States
| | - Anna Formosa
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2512, United States
| | - Dale Thomas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | - Esther Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | - Travis Hart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | - Victor Schultz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | - Bimbisar K. Desai
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2512, United States
| | - Angela Y. Cai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | - Alexandra Almasy
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2512, United States
| | - Klavs Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | - Luke Rogers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
- OnDemand Pharmaceuticals, 1550 E Gude Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Tom Roper
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2512, United States
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17
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Jónsson HF, Fiksdahl A, Harvie AJ. Rapid and mild synthesis of Au-NHC complexes in a simple two-phase flow reactor. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7969-7975. [PMID: 34075994 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01357b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe a simple two-phase flow reactor which allows for the rapid synthesis of several Au(i)-NHC complexes in high yields (>88%), under mild conditions, and with minimal workup. Translation of the standard weak base method to a two-phase flow reaction prevents the common problem of decomposition to Au(0). The reaction can be scaled up more than ten-fold without loss in conversion efficiency. An optional second stage allows for direct synthesis of Au(iii)-NHC complexes, without isolation of the Au(i)-NHC intermediate, with a two-step isolated yield of 82%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Fiksdahl
- Department of Chemistry, NTNU, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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18
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Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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19
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Sagmeister P, Lebl R, Castillo I, Rehrl J, Kruisz J, Sipek M, Horn M, Sacher S, Cantillo D, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Advanced Real-Time Process Analytics for Multistep Synthesis in Continuous Flow*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8139-8148. [PMID: 33433918 PMCID: PMC8048486 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In multistep continuous flow chemistry, studying complex reaction mixtures in real time is a significant challenge, but provides an opportunity to enhance reaction understanding and control. We report the integration of four complementary process analytical technology tools (NMR, UV/Vis, IR and UHPLC) in the multistep synthesis of an active pharmaceutical ingredient, mesalazine. This synthetic route exploits flow processing for nitration, high temperature hydrolysis and hydrogenation reactions, as well as three inline separations. Advanced data analysis models were developed (indirect hard modeling, deep learning and partial least squares regression), to quantify the desired products, intermediates and impurities in real time, at multiple points along the synthetic pathway. The capabilities of the system have been demonstrated by operating both steady state and dynamic experiments and represents a significant step forward in data-driven continuous flow synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - René Lebl
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Ismael Castillo
- Institute of Automation and ControlGraz University of TechnologyInffeldgasse 21b8010GrazAustria
| | - Jakob Rehrl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
| | - Julia Kruisz
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
| | - Martin Sipek
- Evon GmbHWollsdorf 1548181St. Ruprecht a. d. RaabAustria
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Automation and ControlGraz University of TechnologyInffeldgasse 21b8010GrazAustria
| | - Stephan Sacher
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
| | - David Cantillo
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
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20
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García-Lacuna J, Fleiß T, Munday R, Leslie K, O’Kearney-McMullan A, Hone CA, Kappe CO. Synthesis of the Lipophilic Amine Tail of Abediterol Enabled by Multiphase Flow Transformations. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Lacuna
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Fleiß
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rachel Munday
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Leslie
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Anne O’Kearney-McMullan
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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21
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Sagmeister P, Lebl R, Castillo I, Rehrl J, Kruisz J, Sipek M, Horn M, Sacher S, Cantillo D, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Advanced Real‐Time Process Analytics for Multistep Synthesis in Continuous Flow**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - René Lebl
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ismael Castillo
- Institute of Automation and Control Graz University of Technology Inffeldgasse 21b 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Jakob Rehrl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Julia Kruisz
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Martin Sipek
- Evon GmbH Wollsdorf 154 8181 St. Ruprecht a. d. Raab Austria
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Automation and Control Graz University of Technology Inffeldgasse 21b 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Stephan Sacher
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
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22
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Miller SJ, Ishitani H, Furiya Y, Kobayashi S. High-Throughput Synthesis of ( S)-α-Phellandrene through Three-Step Sequential Continuous-Flow Reactions. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Haruro Ishitani
- GSC Social Cooperation Laboratory, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuichi Furiya
- GSC Social Cooperation Laboratory, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shu̅ Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- GSC Social Cooperation Laboratory, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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23
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Power LA, Clayton AD, Reynolds WR, Hose DRJ, Ainsworth C, Chamberlain TW, Nguyen BN, Bourne RA, Kapur N, Blacker AJ. Selective separation of amines from continuous processes using automated pH controlled extraction. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00205h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An automated separation system is described for identifying the optimal conditions for purifying an amine from a mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. Power
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Adam D. Clayton
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - William R. Reynolds
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - David R. J. Hose
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Caroline Ainsworth
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Thomas W. Chamberlain
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Bao N. Nguyen
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Richard A. Bourne
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nikil Kapur
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - A. John Blacker
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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24
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Harding MJ, Feng B, Lopez-Rodriguez R, O'Connor H, Dowling D, Gibson G, Girard KP, Ferguson S. Concentric annular liquid–liquid phase separation for flow chemistry and continuous processing. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A low-cost, modular, robust, and easily customisable continuous liquid–liquid phase separator has been developed that uses a tubular membrane and annular channels to allow high fluidic throughputs while maintaining rapid, surface wetting dominated, phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Harding
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- I-form, the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Bin Feng
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Rafael Lopez-Rodriguez
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Heather O'Connor
- I-form, the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Denis Dowling
- I-form, the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | | | - Steven Ferguson
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- I-form, the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- National Institute for Bioprocess Research and Training, 24 Foster's Ave, Belfield, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
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25
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Naramittanakul A, Buttranon S, Petchsuk A, Chaiyen P, Weeranoppanant N. Development of a continuous-flow system with immobilized biocatalysts towards sustainable bioprocessing. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00189b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Implementing immobilized biocatalysts in continuous-flow systems can enable a sustainable process through enhanced enzyme stability, better transport and process continuity as well as simplified recycle and downstream processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apisit Naramittanakul
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Supacha Buttranon
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Atitsa Petchsuk
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Nopphon Weeranoppanant
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
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26
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Ichitsuka T, Fujii T, Kobune M, Makino T, Kawasaki SI. A continuous flow process for biaryls based on sequential Suzuki–Miyaura coupling and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00378j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A continuous flow process for the production of biaryls based on the seamless coupling of a packed-bed reactor (synthesis module) and a rapid supercritical CO2 extraction system (extraction module) is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ichitsuka
- Research Institute for Chemical Process Technology, National Institute of Advanced, Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nigatake 4-2-1, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8551 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fujii
- Research Institute for Chemical Process Technology, National Institute of Advanced, Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nigatake 4-2-1, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8551 Japan
| | - Marina Kobune
- Research Institute for Chemical Process Technology, National Institute of Advanced, Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nigatake 4-2-1, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8551 Japan
| | - Takashi Makino
- Research Institute for Chemical Process Technology, National Institute of Advanced, Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nigatake 4-2-1, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8551 Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Kawasaki
- Research Institute for Chemical Process Technology, National Institute of Advanced, Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nigatake 4-2-1, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8551 Japan
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27
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Waterford M, Saubern S, Hornung CH. Evaluation of a Continuous-Flow Photo-Bromination Using N-Bromosuccinimide for Use in Chemical Manufacture. Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch20372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A continuous-flow photo-bromination reaction on benzyl and phenyl groups was conducted using N-bromosuccinimide as the bromine source inside a preparatory-scale glass plate reactor. This flow reactor system was capable of independently controlling light intensity, wavelength, and reaction temperature, hence exerting an exceptional level of control over the reaction. A short optimisation study for the synthesis of 2-bromomethyl-4-trifluoromethoxyphenylboronic acid pinacol ester resulted in best conditions of 20°C and 10min residence time using an LED (light-emitting diode) array at 405nm and acetonitrile as the solvent. The present study evaluates the potential for this easy-to-handle bromination system to be scaled up for chemical manufacture inside a continuous-flow glass plate reactor. The combination with an in-line continuous flow liquid–liquid extraction and separation system, using a membrane separator, demonstrates the potential for continuous flow reaction with purification in an integrated multi-stage operation with minimal manual handling in between.
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28
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Jamison TF, Monos TM, Jaworski JN, Stephens JC. Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Tramadol from Cyclohexanone. Synlett 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1690884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A multioperation, continuous-flow platform for the synthesis of tramadol, ranging from gram to decagram quantities, is described. The platform is segmented into two halves allowing for a single operator to modulate between preparation of the intermediate by Mannich addition or complete the fully concatenated synthesis. All purification operations are incorporated in-line for the Mannich reaction. ‘Flash’ reactivity between meta-methoxyphenyl magnesium bromide and the Mannich product was controlled with a static helical mixer and tested with a combination of flow and batch-based and factorial evaluations. These efforts culminated in a rapid production rate of tramadol (13.7 g°h–1) sustained over 56 reactor volumes. A comparison of process metrics including E-Factor, production rate, and space-time yield are used to contextualize the developed platform with respect to established engineering and synthetic methods for making tramadol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John C. Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University
- The Kathleen Lonsdale Institute of Human Health Research, Maynooth University
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Abstract
Flow chemistry is a widely explored technology whose intrinsic features both facilitate and provide reproducible access to a broad range of chemical processes that are otherwise inefficient or problematic. At its core, a flow chemistry module is a stable set of conditions - traditionally thought of as an externally applied means of activation/control (e.g. heat or light) - through which reagents are passed. In an attempt to simplify the teaching and dissemination of this field, we envisioned that the key advantages of the technique, such as reproducibility and the correlation between reaction time and position within the reactor, allow for the redefinition of a flow module to a more synthetically relevant one based on the overall induced effect. We suggest a rethinking of the approach to flow modules, distributing them in two subclasses: transformers and generators, which can be described respectively as a set of conditions for either performing a specific transformation or for generating a reactive intermediate. The chemistry achieved by transformers and generators is (ideally) independent of the substrate introduced, meaning that they must be robust to small adjustments necessary for the adaptation to different starting materials and reagents while ensuring the same chemical outcome. These redefined modules can be used for single-step reactions or in multistep processes, where modules can be connected to each other in reconfigurable combinations to create chemical assembly systems (CAS) targeting compounds and libraries sharing structural cores. With this tutorial review, we provide a guide to the overall approach to flow chemistry, discussing the key parameters for the design of transformers and generators as well as the development of chemical assembly systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Guidi
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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30
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Hart T, Schultz VL, Thomas D, Kulesza T, Jensen KF. Development of a Versatile Modular Flow Chemistry Benchtop System. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis Hart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Victor L. Schultz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dale Thomas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tim Kulesza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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31
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Xie T, Ma Y, Xu C. Passive continuous-flow microextraction/stripping system with high throughput. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Dallinger D, Gutmann B, Kappe CO. The Concept of Chemical Generators: On-Site On-Demand Production of Hazardous Reagents in Continuous Flow. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1330-1341. [PMID: 32543830 PMCID: PMC7467564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
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In recent years, a steadily growing number of chemists, from both
academia and industry, have dedicated their research to the development
of continuous flow processes performed in milli- or microreactors.
The common availability of continuous flow equipment at virtually
all scales and affordable cost has additionally impacted this trend.
Furthermore, regulatory agencies such as the United States Food and
Drug Administration actively encourage continuous manufacturing of
active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with the vision of quality
and productivity improvements. That is why the pharmaceutical industry
is progressively implementing continuous flow technologies. As a result
of the exceptional characteristics of continuous flow reactors such
as small reactor volumes and remarkably fast heat and mass transfer,
process conditions which need to be avoided in conventional batch
syntheses can be safely employed. Thus, continuous operation is particularly
advantageous for reactions at high temperatures/pressures (novel process
windows) and for ultrafast, exothermic reactions (flash chemistry). In addition to conditions that are outside of the operation range
of conventional stirred tank reactors, reagents possessing a high
hazard potential and therefore not amenable to batch processing can
be safely utilized (forbidden chemistry). Because of the small reactor
volumes, risks in case of a failure are minimized. Such hazardous
reagents often are low molecular weight compounds, leading generally
to the most atom-, time-, and cost-efficient route toward the desired
product. Ideally, they are generated from benign, readily available
and cheap precursors within the closed environment of the flow reactor
on-site on-demand. By doing so, the transport, storage, and handling
of those compounds, which impose a certain safety risk especially
on a large scale, are circumvented. This strategy also positively
impacts the global supply chain dependency, which can be a severe
issue, particularly in times of stricter safety regulations or an
epidemic. The concept of the in situ production of a hazardous material
is generally referred to as the “generator” of the material.
Importantly, in an integrated flow process, multiple modules can be
assembled consecutively, allowing not only an in-line purification/separation
and quenching of the reagent, but also its downstream conversion to
a nonhazardous product. For the past decade, research in our
group has focused on the continuous
generation of hazardous reagents using a range of reactor designs
and experimental techniques, particularly toward the synthesis of
APIs. In this Account, we therefore introduce chemical generator concepts
that have been developed in our laboratories for the production of
toxic, explosive, and short-lived reagents. We have defined three
different classes of generators depending on the reactivity/stability
of the reagents, featuring reagents such as Br2, HCN, peracids,
diazomethane (CH2N2), or hydrazoic acid (HN3). The various reactor designs, including in-line membrane
separation techniques and real-time process analytical technologies
for the generation, purification, and monitoring of those hazardous
reagents, and also their downstream transformations are presented.
This Account should serve as food for thought to extend the scope
of chemical generators for accomplishing more efficient and more economic
processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Dallinger
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernhard Gutmann
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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33
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Gérardy R, Debecker DP, Estager J, Luis P, Monbaliu JCM. Continuous Flow Upgrading of Selected C 2-C 6 Platform Chemicals Derived from Biomass. Chem Rev 2020; 120:7219-7347. [PMID: 32667196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ever increasing industrial production of commodity and specialty chemicals inexorably depletes the finite primary fossil resources available on Earth. The forecast of population growth over the next 3 decades is a very strong incentive for the identification of alternative primary resources other than petro-based ones. In contrast with fossil resources, renewable biomass is a virtually inexhaustible reservoir of chemical building blocks. Shifting the current industrial paradigm from almost exclusively petro-based resources to alternative bio-based raw materials requires more than vibrant political messages; it requires a profound revision of the concepts and technologies on which industrial chemical processes rely. Only a small fraction of molecules extracted from biomass bears significant chemical and commercial potentials to be considered as ubiquitous chemical platforms upon which a new, bio-based industry can thrive. Owing to its inherent assets in terms of unique process experience, scalability, and reduced environmental footprint, flow chemistry arguably has a major role to play in this context. This review covers a selection of C2 to C6 bio-based chemical platforms with existing commercial markets including polyols (ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, glycerol, 1,4-butanediol, xylitol, and sorbitol), furanoids (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) and carboxylic acids (lactic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, itaconic acid, and levulinic acid). The aim of this review is to illustrate the various aspects of upgrading bio-based platform molecules toward commodity or specialty chemicals using new process concepts that fall under the umbrella of continuous flow technology and that could change the future perspectives of biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Gérardy
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Damien P Debecker
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Research & Innovation Centre for Process Engineering (ReCIPE), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Julien Estager
- Certech, Rue Jules Bordet 45, Zone Industrielle C, B-7180 Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Patricia Luis
- Research & Innovation Centre for Process Engineering (ReCIPE), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Materials & Process Engineering (iMMC-IMAP), UCLouvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe M Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
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34
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Lan W, Liu D, Guo X, Liu A, Sun Q, Li X, Jing S, Li S. Study on Liquid–Liquid Droplet Flow Separation in a T-Shaped Microseparator. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Xuqiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Aixian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Xingxun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Shan Jing
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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35
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Kamrani S, Mohammadi A. Controlling the microscale separation of immiscible liquids using geometry: A computational fluid dynamics study. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Collins N, Stout D, Lim JP, Malerich JP, White JD, Madrid PB, Latendresse M, Krieger D, Szeto J, Vu VA, Rucker K, Deleo M, Gorfu Y, Krummenacker M, Hokama LA, Karp P, Mallya S. Fully Automated Chemical Synthesis: Toward the Universal Synthesizer. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Collins
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - David Stout
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jin-Ping Lim
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jeremiah P. Malerich
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jason D. White
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Peter B. Madrid
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Mario Latendresse
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - David Krieger
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Judy Szeto
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Vi-Anh Vu
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Kristina Rucker
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Michael Deleo
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Yonael Gorfu
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Markus Krummenacker
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Leslie A. Hokama
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Peter Karp
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Sahana Mallya
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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37
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Wang S, Yang X, Wu F, Min L, Chen X, Hou X. Inner Surface Design of Functional Microchannels for Microscale Flow Control. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1905318. [PMID: 31793747 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201905318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluidic flow behaviors in microfluidics are dominated by the interfaces created between the fluids and the inner surface walls of microchannels. Microchannel inner surface designs, including the surface chemical modification, and the construction of micro-/nanostructures, are good examples of manipulating those interfaces between liquids and surfaces through tuning the chemical and physical properties of the inner walls of the microchannel. Therefore, the microchannel inner surface design plays critical roles in regulating microflows to enhance the capabilities of microfluidic systems for various applications. Most recently, the rapid progresses in micro-/nanofabrication technologies and fundamental materials have also made it possible to integrate increasingly complex chemical and physical surface modification strategies with the preparation of microchannels in microfluidics. Besides, a wave of researches focusing on the ideas of using liquids as dynamic surface materials is identified, and the unique characteristics endowed with liquid-liquid interfaces have revealed that the interesting phenomena can extend the scope of interfacial interactions determining microflow behaviors. This review extensively discusses the microchannel inner surface designs for microflow control, especially evaluates them from the perspectives of the interfaces resulting from the inner surface designs. In addition, prospective opportunities for the development of surface designs of microchannels, and their applications are provided with the potential to attract scientific interest in areas related to the rapid development and applications of various microchannel systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xian Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Bionic and Soft Matter Research Institute, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lingli Min
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xu Hou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Bionic and Soft Matter Research Institute, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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38
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Self-optimising reactive extractions: towards the efficient development of multi-step continuous flow processes. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDownstream purification of products and intermediates is essential for the development of continuous flow processes. Described herein, is a study on the use of a modular and reconfigurable continuous flow platform for the self-optimisation of reactive extractions and multi-step reaction-extraction processes. The selective extraction of one amine from a mixture of two similar amines was achieved with an optimum separation of 90%, and in this case, the black-box optimisation approach was superior to global polynomial modelling. Furthermore, this methodology was utilised to simultaneously optimise the continuous flow synthesis and work-up of N-benzyl-α-methylbenzylamine with respect to four variables, resulting in a significantly improved purity.
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39
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Continuous-flow purification of silver nanoparticles and its integration with flow synthesis. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Weeranoppanant N, Adamo A. In-Line Purification: A Key Component to Facilitate Drug Synthesis and Process Development in Medicinal Chemistry. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:9-15. [PMID: 31938456 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In-line purification is an important tool for flow chemistry. It enables effective handling of unstable intermediates and integration of multiple synthetic steps. The integrated flow synthesis is useful for drug synthesis and process development in medicinal chemistry. In this article, we overview current states of in-line purification methods. In particular, we focus on four common methods: scavenger column, distillation, nanofiltration, and extraction. Examples of their applications are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nopphon Weeranoppanant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University, 169 Longhard Bangsaen Road, Muang, Chonburi 02131, Thailand
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley 555 Moo 1 Payupnai, Wangchan, Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Andrea Adamo
- Zaiput Flow Technologies, 300 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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41
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Fülöp Z, Szemesi P, Bana P, Éles J, Greiner I. Evolution of flow-oriented design strategies in the continuous preparation of pharmaceuticals. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the flow-oriented design (FOD) in the multi-step continuous-flow synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Fülöp
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Péter Szemesi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
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42
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Menzel F, Klein T, Ziegler T, Neumaier JM. 3D-printed PEEK reactors and development of a complete continuous flow system for chemical synthesis. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00206b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the development of milli- and microfluidic reactors made of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and 3D-printed equipment for a complete continuous flow system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Menzel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Thomas Klein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Thomas Ziegler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Jochen M. Neumaier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Hou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & College of Physical Science and Technology & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials & State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, China
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44
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Chow E, Raguse B, Della Gaspera E, Barrow SJ, Hong J, Hubble LJ, Chai R, Cooper JS, Sosa Pintos A. Flow-controlled synthesis of gold nanoparticles in a biphasic system with inline liquid–liquid separation. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00403c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
4-Dimethylaminopyridine-stabilised gold nanoparticles are synthesised in a biphasic flow reactor system using organic/aqueous membrane separators and gas-permeable tubing.
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45
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Desir P, Chen TY, Bracconi M, Saha B, Maestri M, Vlachos DG. Experiments and computations of microfluidic liquid–liquid flow patterns. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00332k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A high accuracy model is built using machine learning to predict flow patterns, providing a powerful tool for continuous flow microreactor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Desir
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Delaware 19716
- USA
| | - Tai-Ying Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Delaware 19716
- USA
| | - Mauro Bracconi
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Catalytic Processes
- Dipartimento di Energia
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20156 Milano
- Italy
| | - Basudeb Saha
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation
- Delaware 19716
- USA
| | - Matteo Maestri
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Catalytic Processes
- Dipartimento di Energia
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20156 Milano
- Italy
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Delaware 19716
- USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation
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46
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Daponte JA, Guo Y, Ruck RT, Hein JE. Using an Automated Monitoring Platform for Investigations of Biphasic Reactions. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A. Daponte
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Yuejun Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Rebecca T. Ruck
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jason E. Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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47
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Coley CW, Thomas DA, Lummiss JAM, Jaworski JN, Breen CP, Schultz V, Hart T, Fishman JS, Rogers L, Gao H, Hicklin RW, Plehiers PP, Byington J, Piotti JS, Green WH, Hart AJ, Jamison TF, Jensen KF. A robotic platform for flow synthesis of organic compounds informed by AI planning. Science 2019; 365:365/6453/eaax1566. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aax1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of complex organic molecules requires several stages, from ideation to execution, that require time and effort investment from expert chemists. Here, we report a step toward a paradigm of chemical synthesis that relieves chemists from routine tasks, combining artificial intelligence–driven synthesis planning and a robotically controlled experimental platform. Synthetic routes are proposed through generalization of millions of published chemical reactions and validated in silico to maximize their likelihood of success. Additional implementation details are determined by expert chemists and recorded in reusable recipe files, which are executed by a modular continuous-flow platform that is automatically reconfigured by a robotic arm to set up the required unit operations and carry out the reaction. This strategy for computer-augmented chemical synthesis is demonstrated for 15 drug or drug-like substances.
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48
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Pedersen KS, Nielsen KM, Fonslet J, Jensen M, Zhuravlev F. Separation of Radiogallium from Zinc Using Membrane-Based Liquid-Liquid Extraction in Flow: Experimental and COSMO-RS Studies. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2019.1646982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Søborg Pedersen
- Hevesy Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Karin Michaelsen Nielsen
- Hevesy Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jesper Fonslet
- Hevesy Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
- Minerva Imaging ApS, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mikael Jensen
- Hevesy Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Fedor Zhuravlev
- Hevesy Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
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49
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Hoell C, Löwen H, Menzel AM, Daddi-Moussa-Ider A. Creeping motion of a solid particle inside a spherical elastic cavity: II. Asymmetric motion. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2019; 42:89. [PMID: 31300927 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2019-11853-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method is proposed for computing the low-Reynolds-number hydrodynamic mobility function of a small colloidal particle asymmetrically moving inside a large spherical elastic cavity, the membrane of which is endowed with resistance toward shear and bending. In conjunction with the results obtained in the first part (A. Daddi-Moussa-Ider, H. Löwen, S. Gekle, Eur. Phys. J. E 41, 104 (2018)), in which the axisymmetric motion normal to the surface of an elastic cavity is investigated, the general motion for an arbitrary force direction can now be addressed. The elastohydrodynamic problem is formulated and solved using the classic method of images through expressing the hydrodynamic flow fields as a multipole expansion involving higher-order derivatives of the free-space Green's function. In the quasi-steady limit, we demonstrate that the particle self-mobility function of a particle moving tangent to the surface of the cavity is larger than that predicted inside a rigid stationary cavity of equal size. This difference is justified by the fact that a stationary rigid cavity introduces additional hindrance to the translational motion of the encapsulated particle, resulting in a reduction of its hydrodynamic mobility. Furthermore, the motion of the cavity is investigated, revealing that the translational pair (composite) mobility, which linearly couples the velocity of the elastic cavity to the force exerted on the solid particle, is solely determined by membrane shear properties. Our analytical predictions are favorably compared with fully-resolved computer simulations based on a completed-double-layer boundary integral method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hoell
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas M Menzel
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Abdallah Daddi-Moussa-Ider
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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50
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Radhakrishnan AP, Pradas M, Sorensen E, Kalliadasis S, Gavriilidis A. Hydrodynamic Characterization of Phase Separation in Devices with Microfabricated Capillaries. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:8199-8209. [PMID: 31184901 PMCID: PMC7007251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Capillary microseparators have been gaining interest in downstream unit operations, especially for pharmaceutical, space, and nuclear applications, offering efficient separation of two-phase flows. In this work, a detailed analysis of the dynamics of gas?liquid separation at the single meniscus level helped to formulate a model to map the operability region of microseparation devices. A water?nitrogen segmented flow was separated in a microfabricated silicon-glass device, with a main channel (width, W = 600 ?m; height, H = 120 ?m) leading into an array of 276 capillaries (100 ?m long; width = 5 ?m facing the main channel and 25 ?m facing the liquid outlet), on both sides of the channel. At optimal pressure differences, the wetting phase (water) flowed through the capillaries into the liquid outlet, whereas the nonwetting phase (nitrogen) flowed past the capillaries into the gas outlet. A high-speed imaging methodology aided by computational analysis was used to quantify the length of the liquid slugs and their positions in the separation zone. It was observed that during stable separation, the position of the leading edge of the liquid slugs (advancing meniscus), which became stationary in the separation zone, was dependent only on the outlet pressure difference. The trailing edge of the liquid slugs (receding meniscus) approached the advancing meniscus at a constant speed, thus leading to a linear decrease of the liquid slug length. Close to the liquid-to-gas breakthrough point, that is, when water exited through the gas outlet, the advancing meniscus was no longer stationary, and the slug lengths decreased exponentially. The rates of decrease of the liquid slug length during separation were accurately estimated by the model, and the calculated liquid-to-gas breakthrough pressures agreed with experimental measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand
N. P. Radhakrishnan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Marc Pradas
- School
of Mathematics & Statistics, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering
& Mathematics, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, U.K.
| | - Eva Sorensen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Serafim Kalliadasis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Asterios Gavriilidis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
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