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Yao Y, Zhuo H, Xu J, Yang X, Huang Y. Tunable internal structure carbon sphere synthesis driven by water-solubility and its application in gas separation. RSC Adv 2024; 14:5479-5491. [PMID: 38352683 PMCID: PMC10862231 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08430b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A method for synthesizing carbon spheres with a tunable particle size and internal structure from polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) was developed. By tuning the concentration of a structure directing agent (polypropylene glycol, PPG), we found a mechanism to tune the inner architecture of carbon spheres driven by water-solubility. A mixture of PFA and PPG transferred from the "water-in-oil" phase to an "oil-in-water" phase with an increasing content of PPG because of a difference in water-solubility between furfuryl alcohol (FA), PFA, and PPG. As a result, the internal morphology of the carbon sphere evolved from a "cheese-like" to a "pomegranate-like" structure, which was accompanied by an increasing specific surface area and pore volume. Furthermore, the separation of C2H2 and C2H3Cl was tested on the 25%-FACS (furfuryl alcohol-based carbon sphere) sample under different activation treatments with CO2 or CO2-NH3, with the coexisting "cheese-like" and "pomegranate-like" inner structures, owing to its moderate pore volume and mechanical strength. The maximum adsorption capacity of C2H3Cl reached 0.77 mmol g-1, while C2H2 was adsorbed in significantly lower quantities. It is believed that the high polarizability and high dipole moment of the C2H3Cl molecule primarily contribute to the excellent performance of C2H2 and C2H3Cl separation, and the introduction of polar N-containing groups on the carbon skeleton further promotes C2H3Cl adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Hongying Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Jinming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Yanqiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
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WEI YY, SUN ZQ, REN HH, LI L. Advances in Microdroplet Generation Methods. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(19)61162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Falco G, Guigo N, Vincent L, Sbirrazzuoli N. FA Polymerization Disruption by Protic Polar Solvents. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10050529. [PMID: 30966563 PMCID: PMC6415391 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Furfuryl alcohol (FA) is a biobased monomer derived from lignocellulosic biomass. The present work describes its polymerization in the presence of protic polar solvents, i.e., water or isopropyl alcohol (IPA), using maleic anhydride (MA) as an acidic initiator. The polymerization was followed from the liquid to the rubbery state by combining DSC and DMA data. In the liquid state, IPA disrupts the expected reactions during the FA polymerization due to a stabilization of the furfuryl carbenium center. This causes the initiation of the polymerization at a higher temperature, which is also reflected by a higher activation energy. In the water system, the MA opening allows the reaction to start at a lower temperature. A higher pre-exponential factor value is obtained in that case. The DMA study of the final branching reaction occurring in the rubbery state has highlighted a continuous increase of elastic modulus until 290 °C. This increasing tendency of modulus was exploited to obtain activation energy dependences (Eα) of FA polymerization in the rubbery state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Falco
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Université Côte d'Azur, UMR CNRS 7272, Nice CEDEX 06108, France.
| | - Nathanaël Guigo
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Université Côte d'Azur, UMR CNRS 7272, Nice CEDEX 06108, France.
| | - Luc Vincent
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Université Côte d'Azur, UMR CNRS 7272, Nice CEDEX 06108, France.
| | - Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Université Côte d'Azur, UMR CNRS 7272, Nice CEDEX 06108, France.
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Ju M, Li Y, Yu L, Wang C, Zhang L. Two-Phase Diffusion Technique for the Preparation of Ultramacroporous/Mesoporous Silica Microspheres via Interface Hydrolysis, Diffusion, and Gelation of TEOS. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:2046-2056. [PMID: 29309152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Honeycombed hierarchical ultramacroporous/mesoporous silica microspheres were prepared via the hydrolysis of TEOS in the oil-water interface, with subsequent diffusion and gelation in the acidic water-phase microdroplets with the assistance of a simple homemade microdevice. The diffusion of furfuryl alcohol (FA) also happened at a relatively high rate during the hydrolysis and diffusion of TEOS. Therefore, plenty of FA will be inside of the water microdroplets and form a decent number of polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) microparticles, thereby obtaining honeycombed hierarchical porosity silica microspheres with abundant ultramacroporous cavities and mesopores after calcination. It was found that the concentration of FA, residence time, and reaction temperature have significant effects on the porosity and pore size due to the influence on the diffusion rate and amount of FA in water-phase microdroplets. The honeycombed silica microspheres have obvious microscopic visible ultramacroporous cavities with the submicrometer cavity diameter as high as 85% porosity based on the rough overall volume of microsphere. N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms show that the honeycombed hierarchical porosity silica microspheres have a high surface area of 602 m2 g-1, a mesopore volume of 0.77 cm3/g, and a mesopore porosity of 99.6% based on the total pore volume of N2 adsorption-desorption. On the basis of the experiment results, a rational formation process of the honeycombed hierarchical porosity silica microspheres was deduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhua Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yupeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Liang Yu
- Chemical Technology, Luleå University of Technology , SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Chongqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Lixiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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Wang J, Huang X, Zhao P, Wang X, Tian Y, Chen C, Wang J, Li Y, Wan W, Tian H, Xu M, Wang C, Wang L. On-Chip Facile Preparation of Monodisperse Resorcinol Formaldehyde (RF) Resin Microspheres. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E24. [PMID: 30393300 PMCID: PMC6187545 DOI: 10.3390/mi9010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Monodisperse resorcinol formaldehyde resin (RF) microspheres are an important polymeric material because of their rich surface functional group and uniform structural characteristics and have been increasingly applied as an electrode material, catalyst support, absorbent, and carbon microsphere precursor. The polymerization conditions, such as the gelation/solidification temperature and the residence time, can largely influence the physical properties and the formation of the 3D polymeric network of the RF microspheres as well as the carbon microspheres. However, few studies have reported on the complexity of the gelation and solidification processes of resol. In this work, we developed a new RF microsphere preparation device that contains three units: a droplet generation unit, a curing unit, and a collection unit. In this system, we controlled the gelation and solidification processes of the resol and observed its curing behavior, which helped us to uncover the curing mechanism of resol. Finally, we obtained the optimized polymerization parameters, obtaining uniform RF microspheres with a variation coefficient of 4.94%. The prepared porous RF microspheres presented a high absorption ability, reaching ~90% at 10 min. Thus, our method demonstrated the practicality of on-chip monodisperse microspheres synthesis. The product was useful in drug delivery and adsorbing large poisonous molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Pei Zhao
- Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Xueying Wang
- Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chengmin Chen
- Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Jianchun Wang
- Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Wei Wan
- Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Hanmei Tian
- Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Min Xu
- Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Chengyang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Liqiu Wang
- Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Wang J, Li Y, Wang X, Wang J, Tian H, Zhao P, Tian Y, Gu Y, Wang L, Wang C. Droplet Microfluidics for the Production of Microparticles and Nanoparticles. MICROMACHINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC6189904 DOI: 10.3390/mi8010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Droplet microfluidics technology is recently a highly interesting platform in material fabrication. Droplets can precisely monitor and control entire material fabrication processes and are superior to conventional bulk techniques. Droplet production is controlled by regulating the channel geometry and flow rates of each fluid. The micro-scale size of droplets results in rapid heat and mass-transfer rates. When used as templates, droplets can be used to develop reproducible and scalable microparticles with tailored sizes, shapes and morphologies, which are difficult to obtain using traditional bulk methods. This technology can revolutionize material processing and application platforms. Generally, microparticle preparation methods involve three steps: (1) the formation of micro-droplets using a microfluidics generator; (2) shaping the droplets in micro-channels; and (3) solidifying the droplets to form microparticles. This review discusses the production of microparticles produced by droplet microfluidics according to their morphological categories, which generally determine their physicochemical properties and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
- Energy Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250014, China; (Y.L.); (X.W.); (J.W.); (H.T.); (P.Z.)
| | - Yan Li
- Energy Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250014, China; (Y.L.); (X.W.); (J.W.); (H.T.); (P.Z.)
| | - Xueying Wang
- Energy Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250014, China; (Y.L.); (X.W.); (J.W.); (H.T.); (P.Z.)
| | - Jianchun Wang
- Energy Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250014, China; (Y.L.); (X.W.); (J.W.); (H.T.); (P.Z.)
| | - Hanmei Tian
- Energy Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250014, China; (Y.L.); (X.W.); (J.W.); (H.T.); (P.Z.)
| | - Pei Zhao
- Energy Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250014, China; (Y.L.); (X.W.); (J.W.); (H.T.); (P.Z.)
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Yeming Gu
- Shandong Shengli Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, China;
| | - Liqiu Wang
- Energy Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250014, China; (Y.L.); (X.W.); (J.W.); (H.T.); (P.Z.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (C.W.); Tel.: +86-531-8872-8326 (L.W.); +86-22-2789-0481 (C.W.)
| | - Chengyang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (C.W.); Tel.: +86-531-8872-8326 (L.W.); +86-22-2789-0481 (C.W.)
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Yang Y, Niu M, Li J, Xue B, Dai J. Preparation of carbon microspheres coated magnesium hydroxide and its application in polyethylene terephthalate as flame retardant. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Acid catalyst influence on the polymerization time of polyfurfuryl alcohol and on the porosity of monolithic vitreous carbon. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zhang P, Qiao ZA, Dai S. Recent advances in carbon nanospheres: synthetic routes and applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:9246-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01759a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Various strategies to carbon nanospheres together with a brief introduction of applications are presented in this feature article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Zhen-An Qiao
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Sheng Dai
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
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