Spruce Hemicellulose for Chemicals Using Aqueous Extraction: Kinetics, Mass Transfer, and Modeling

Solid Foam Ru/C Catalysts for Sugar Hydrogenation to Sugar Alcohols─Preparation, Characterization, Activity, and Selectivity

Sugar alcohols are obtained by hydrogenation of sugars in the presence of ruthenium catalysts. The research effort was focused on the development of solid foam catalysts based on ruthenium nanoparticles supported on active carbon. This catalyst was used in kinetic experiments on the hydrogenation of l-arabinose and d-galactose at three temperatures (90, 100, and 120 °C) and two hydrogen pressures (20 and 40 bar). Kinetic experiments were carried out with binary sugar mixtures at different d-galactose-to-l-arabinose molar ratios to study the interactions of these sugars in the presence of the prepared solid foam catalyst. The solid foam catalyst preparation comprised the following steps: cutting of the open-cell foam aluminum pieces, anodic oxidation pretreatment, carbon coating, acid pretreatment, ruthenium incorporation, and ex situ reduction. The carbon coating method comprised the polymerization of furfuryl alcohol, followed by a pyrolysis process and activation with oxygen. Incorporation of ruthenium on the carbon-coated foam was done by incipient wetness impregnation (IWI), using ruthenium(III) nitrosyl nitrate as the precursor. By applying IWI, it was possible to prepare an active catalyst with a ruthenium load of 1.12 wt %, which gave a high conversion of the sugars to the corresponding sugar alcohols. The catalysts were characterized by SEM, HR-TEM, TPR, and ICP-OES to interpret the catalyst behavior in terms of activity, durability, and critical parameters for the catalyst preparation. Extensive kinetic experiments were carried out in an isothermal laboratory-scale semibatch reactor to which gaseous hydrogen was constantly added. High selectivities toward the sugar alcohols, arabitol and galactitol, exceeding 98% were obtained for both sugars, and the sugar conversions were within the range of 53–97%, depending on temperature. The temperature effect on the reaction rate was very strong, while the effect of hydrogen pressure was minor. Regarding the sugar mixtures, in general, l-arabinose presented a higher reaction rate, and an acceleration of the hydrogenation process was observed for both sugars as the ratio of d-galactose to l-arabinose increased, evidently because of competitive interactions on the catalyst surface.

The Kinetics Studies on Hydrolysis of Hemicellulose

The kinetics studies is of great importance for the understanding of the mechanism of hemicellulose pyrolysis and expanding the applications of hemicellulose. In the past years, rapid progress has been paid on the kinetics studies of hemicellulose hydrolysis. In this article, we first introduced the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses via various strategies such as autohydrolysis, dilute acid hydrolysis, catalytic hydrolysis, and enzymatic hydrolysis. Then, the history of kinetic models during hemicellulose hydrolysis was summarized. Special attention was paid to the oligosaccharides as intermediates or substrates, acid as catalyst, and thermogravimetric as analyzer method during the hemicellulose hydrolysis. Furthermore, the problems and suggestions of kinetic models during hemicellulose hydrolysis was provided. It expected that this article will favor the understanding of the mechanism of hemicellulose pyrolysis.

Characterization of Pseudo-Lignin from Steam Exploded Birch

There is a growing interest in a more wholesome utilization of biomass as the need for greener chemistry and non-mineral oil-based products increases. Lignin is the largest renewable resource for aromatic chemicals, which is found in all types of lignocellulosic biomass. Steam-explosion of lignocellulosic biomass is a useful pretreatment technique to make the polymeric material more available for processing. However, this heat-based pretreatment is known to result in the formation of pseudo-lignin, a lignin-like polymer made from carbohydrate degradation products. In this work, we have analyzed steam-exploded birch with a varying severity factor (3.1-5.0) by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 2D-NMR, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The main results reveal a consumption of acetic acid at higher temperatures, with the increase of furan components in the pyrolyzate. The IR and NMR spectral data support these results, and there is a reason to believe that the conditions for humin formation are accomplished under steam explosion. Pseudo-lignin seems to be a humin-like compound.

Hydrothermal extraction of hemicellulose: from lab to pilot scale

A flow-through reactor for hemicelluloses extraction with hot pressurized water was scaled with a factor of 73. System performance was evaluated by comparing the temperature profile, extraction yield and kinetics of the two systems, performing experiments at 160 and 170°C, 11barg for 90min, using catalpa wood as raw material. Hemicellulose yields were 33.9% and 38.8% (lab scale 160°C and 170°C) and 35.7% and 41.7% (pilot scale 160°C and 170°C). The pilot reactor was upgraded by designing a manifold system capable to provide samples with different liquid residence time during the same experiment. Tests at 140, 150, 160 and 170°C were carried for 90min. Increasing yields (9.3-40.6%) and decreasing molecular weights (4078-1417Da) were obtained at increasing the temperature. Biomass/water ratio of 1/27 gave total average concentration of xylose of 0.4g/L (140°C) to 1.8g/L (170°C).

Redox processes acidify and decarboxylate steam-pretreated lignocellulosic biomass and are modulated by LPMO and catalase

BACKGROUND

The bioconversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks to ethanol is being commercialised, but further process development is required to improve their economic feasibility. Efficient saccharification of lignocellulose to fermentable sugars requires oxidative cleavage of glycosidic linkages by lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs). However, a proper understanding of the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme class and the interaction with other redox processes associated with the saccharification of lignocellulose is still lacking. The in-use stability of LPMO-containing enzyme cocktails is increased by the addition of catalase implying that hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is generated in the slurry during incubation. Therefore, we sought to characterize the effects of enzymatic and abiotic sources of H₂O₂ on lignocellulose hydrolysis to identify parameters that could improve this process. Moreover, we studied the abiotic redox reactions of steam-pretreated wheat straw as a function of temperature and dry-matter (DM) content.

RESULTS

Abiotic reactions in pretreated wheat straw consume oxygen, release carbon dioxide (CO₂) to the slurry, and decrease the pH. The magnitude of these reactions increased with temperature and with DM content. The presence of LPMO during saccharification reduced the amount of CO₂ liberated, while the effect on pH was insignificant. Catalase led to increased decarboxylation through an unknown mechanism. Both in situ-generated and added H₂O₂ caused a decrease in pH.

CONCLUSIONS

Abiotic redox processes similar to those that occur in natural water-logged environments also affect the saccharification of pretreated lignocellulose. Heating of the lignocellulosic material and adjustment of pH trigger rapid oxygen consumption and acidification of the slurry. In industrial settings, it will be of utmost importance to control these processes. LPMOs interact with the surrounding redox compounds and redirect abiotic electron flow from decarboxylating reactions to fuel the oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds in cellulose.

Hydrothermal pretreatment of wood by mild steam explosion and hot water extraction

The aim of this work was to compare the two most common hydrothermal pre-treatments for wood - mild steam explosion and hot water extraction - both with the prospect of enabling extraction of hemicelluloses and facilitating further processing. Although both involve autohydrolysis of the lignocellulosic tissue, they are performed under different conditions: the most prominent difference is the rapid, disintegrating, discharge employed in the steam explosion opening up the structure. In this comparative study, the emphasis was placed on local composition of the pre-treated wood chips (of industrially relevant size). The results show that short hot water extraction treatments lead to significant variations in the local composition within the wood chips, while steam explosion accomplishes a comparably more even removal of hemicelluloses due to the advective mass transport during the explosion step.

Recycling of pre-hydrolysis liquor to improve the concentrations of hemicellulosic saccharides during water pre-hydrolysis of aspen woodchips

In this study, the pre-hydrolysis liquor (PHL) was recycled during aspen chip water pre-hydrolysis, and the effects of PHL recycling on the extraction and accumulation of the hemicellulosic saccharides especially that with high molecular weight in the PHL were studied. The results showed that the concentration of hemicellulose saccharides in PHL depended on the pre-hydrolysis temperature and PHL recycling times. Compared to the unrecycled PHL, the concentration of hemicellulosic saccharides in PHL increased significantly when recycling PHL once or twice at 170°C. Furthermore, the amount of high-molecular-weight hemicelluloses (HMHs) in PHL recycled once at 170°C increased from 2.58g/L (unrecycled) to 6.18g/L, but the corresponding average molecular weight of HMHs decreased from 9.2kDa to 7.6kDa. The concentration of hemicellulosic saccharides in PHL decreased with PHL recycling time at 180°C, accompanied by the formation of a significant amount of furfural.

Modeling of biomass fractionation in a lab-scale biorefinery: Solubilization of hemicellulose and cellulose from holm oak wood using subcritical water

Lignocellulose fractionation is a key biorefinery process that need to be understood. In this work, a comprehensive study on hydrothermal-fractionation of holm oak in a semi-continuous system was conducted. The aim was to develop a physicochemical model in order to reproduce the role of temperature and water flow over the products composition. The experiments involved two sets: at constant flow (6mL/min) and two different ranges of temperature (140-180 and 240-280°C) and at a constant temperature range (180-260°C) and different flows: 11.0, 15.0 and 27.9mL/min. From the results, temperature has main influence and flow effect was observed only if soluble compounds were produced. The kinetic model was validated against experimental data, reproducing the total organic carbon profile (e.g. deviation of 33%) and the physicochemical phenomena observed in the process. In the model, it was also considered the variations of molecular weight of each biopolymer, successfully reproducing the biomass cleaving.

Aqueous extraction of hemicelluloses from spruce--From hot to warm

Aqueous extraction of hemicelluloses from spruce sapwood was performed at 90°C and 110°C. One of the main goals was to study if the same reaction mechanisms are valid at low temperatures as the ones observed previously at higher temperatures. An intensified cascade reactor system with a high liquid-solid ratio (∼ 180) was used in the experiments. Differences between the sugar specific extraction rates were observed especially in the beginning of the extraction processes. The experimental results fitted well to a kinetic model developed at higher temperatures, which confirms that the dissolution occurs with the same mechanisms at low temperature. Moreover, the correlation of the pH with the amount of sugars dissolved concurred with previous observations. The results contradict the assumption that low temperature dissolution would not occur and they help in studying the early stages of extraction as the kinetics are considerably slowed down.

Obtaining spruce hemicelluloses of desired molar mass by using pressurized hot water extraction

There is growing interest in utilizing galactoglucomannan, the main hemicellulose in softwoods, for various applications such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, alimentary, and health products, as well as for the production of fuels. For fuel production and for using the rare sugars as platform chemicals, the hemicelluloses need to be hydrolyzed to sugar monomers, and for this purpose, low-molecular-mass extracts are favorable. However, for the other applications high molecular masses are required, which presents an even greater challenge for extraction. The ability to optimize the extraction process according to the needs of further processing, by using solely water as the solvent, is a key issue in the environmentally friendly utilization of this versatile raw material. The goal of this work is to study how the average molar mass of hemicelluloses extracted from spruce sapwood can be influenced by altering the experimental conditions. The main parameters influencing the extraction and hydrolysis of the hemicelluloses, namely, extraction time, temperature, pH, and chip size, were studied. The results show that it is feasible to develop an extraction process for harvesting spruce hemicelluloses, also of large molar masses, for industrial applications by using pressurized hot water extraction.