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Lugo FA, Edeleva M, Van Steenberge PHM, Sabbe MK. Improved Approach for ab Initio Calculations of Rate Coefficients for Secondary Reactions in Acrylate Free-Radical Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:872. [PMID: 38611129 PMCID: PMC11013146 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Secondary reactions in radical polymerization pose a challenge when creating kinetic models for predicting polymer structures. Despite the high impact of these reactions in the polymer structure, their effects are difficult to isolate and measure to produce kinetic data. To this end, we used solvation-corrected M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p) ab initio calculations to predict a complete and consistent data set of intrinsic rate coefficients of the secondary reactions in acrylate radical polymerization, including backbiting, β-scission, radical migration, macromonomer propagation, mid-chain radical propagation, chain transfer to monomer and chain transfer to polymer. Two new approaches towards computationally predicting rate coefficients for secondary reactions are proposed: (i) explicit accounting for all possible enantiomers for reactions involving optically active centers; (ii) imposing reduced flexibility if the reaction center is in the middle of the polymer chain. The accuracy and reliability of the ab initio predictions were benchmarked against experimental data via kinetic Monte Carlo simulations under three sufficiently different experimental conditions: a high-frequency modulated polymerization process in the transient regime, a low-frequency modulated process in the sliding regime at both low and high temperatures and a degradation process in the absence of free monomers. The complete and consistent ab initio data set compiled in this work predicts a good agreement when benchmarked via kMC simulations against experimental data, which is a technique never used before for computational chemistry. The simulation results show that these two newly proposed approaches are promising for bridging the gap between experimental and computational chemistry methods in polymer reaction engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A. Lugo
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (F.A.L.); (P.H.M.V.S.)
| | - Mariya Edeleva
- Center for Polymer and Material Technology (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 130, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Paul H. M. Van Steenberge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (F.A.L.); (P.H.M.V.S.)
| | - Maarten K. Sabbe
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (F.A.L.); (P.H.M.V.S.)
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2
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Chi S, Yu Y, Zhang M. Theoretical Insights into Midchain Radicals and Branching Characteristics in Solution Copolymerization of Ethylene and Vinyl Acetate. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8268-8281. [PMID: 37715720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of intermolecular chain transfer to polymer (CTP) and chain transfer to monomer (CTM), as well as backbiting in solution copolymerization of ethylene and vinyl acetate (VAc), are calculated by density functional theory. An intrinsic rate coefficient for each reaction type, whose Arrhenius parameters are expressed as functions of unreacted monomer composition, is extracted from calculated elementary reactions, and hence it applies to a wide range of fragment compositions of EVA. Backbiting controls the generation of midchain radicals (MCRs) on the backbone, and its rate maximizes at a medium fraction of VAc in the unreacted monomers. CTP plays an insignificant role in MCR generation even at high conversion rates due to its low pre-exponential factor. The concentration of MCRs is quantified and is close to that of ECRs at high conversions and high fractions of VAc in monomers. Additionally, branching characteristics are explored; concentrations of short-chain branching (SCB) and long-chain branching (LCB) are about 0.7-2.5 and 0.1-0.4%, respectively, and drop with VAc fraction rapidly. The role of the migration of MCRs is highlighted, which transforms about 10% of SCB points into LCB points. Disagreeing with insights from laboratory experiments, it is the migration, rather than CTP, which increases the LCB concentration at high conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suocheng Chi
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Yingzhe Yu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Minhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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3
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Nguyen T, Bavarian M. Machine learning approach to polymer reaction engineering: Determining monomers reactivity ratios. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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4
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Márquez I, Paredes N, Alarcia F, Velasco JI. Influence of Acrylonitrile Content on the Adhesive Properties of Water-Based Acrylic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050909. [PMID: 35267732 PMCID: PMC8912703 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA) were prepared by emulsion polymerization in order to obtain a PSA that meet with the current label market requirements. For it, the effect of the incorporation of acrylonitrile (ACN) as hard monomer was investigated in a n-butyl acrylate (n-BA) and acrylic acid (AA) system. Great differences were found in the adhesive performance according to the ACN weight ratio. Its increased resulted in a considerable rise in the average sol molecular weight and in the glass transition temperature. This was reflected in a decrease of adhesion forces (peel resistance and tack) and an increase of the cohesion forces (shear resistance). Moreover, the incorporation of the minimum amount of ACN studied showed a great change in the elastic modulus determined by dynamic shear resistance with respect to the based formulation that did not contain ACN. Finally, the ice bucket test was carried out to check the adhesive performance in cold and wet environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Márquez
- Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Applications Department, Camí de Can Calders, 13, 08173 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (I.M.); (N.P.)
- Poly2 Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), ESEIAAT, Carrer de Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain;
| | - Núria Paredes
- Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Applications Department, Camí de Can Calders, 13, 08173 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (I.M.); (N.P.)
| | - Felipe Alarcia
- Poly2 Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), ESEIAAT, Carrer de Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain;
| | - José Ignacio Velasco
- Poly2 Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), ESEIAAT, Carrer de Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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5
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Edeleva M, Van Steenberge PH, Sabbe MK, D’hooge DR. Connecting Gas-Phase Computational Chemistry to Condensed Phase Kinetic Modeling: The State-of-the-Art. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3027. [PMID: 34577928 PMCID: PMC8467432 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, quantum chemical calculations (QCC) have increased in accuracy, not only providing the ranking of chemical reactivities and energy barriers (e.g., for optimal selectivities) but also delivering more reliable equilibrium and (intrinsic/chemical) rate coefficients. This increased reliability of kinetic parameters is relevant to support the predictive character of kinetic modeling studies that are addressing actual concentration changes during chemical processes, taking into account competitive reactions and mixing heterogeneities. In the present contribution, guidelines are formulated on how to bridge the fields of computational chemistry and chemical kinetics. It is explained how condensed phase systems can be described based on conventional gas phase computational chemistry calculations. Case studies are included on polymerization kinetics, considering free and controlled radical polymerization, ionic polymerization, and polymer degradation. It is also illustrated how QCC can be directly linked to material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Edeleva
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (P.H.M.V.S.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Paul H.M. Van Steenberge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (P.H.M.V.S.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Maarten K. Sabbe
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (P.H.M.V.S.); (M.K.S.)
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT), Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dagmar R. D’hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (P.H.M.V.S.); (M.K.S.)
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE), Ghent University, Technologiepark 70a, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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6
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Li X, Xue Y, Ma X, Guo R. Direct Determination of Interchain Transfer Constants of Benzyl Acrylate to Poly(Ethyl Acrylate) by RAFT Polymerization and Polymer Chromatography. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Yang Xue
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Xinyu Ma
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Ruiwei Guo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
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7
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Qin T, Pan X, Xi Z, Zhao L, Yuan W. Macromolecular Chain Structure Regulation of AN–MA–IA Aqueous Copolymerization with a Water-Soluble Azo Initiator AIBA. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xun Pan
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Zhenhao Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, XinJiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, China
| | - Weikang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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8
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Márquez I, Paredes N, Alarcia F, Velasco JI. Influence of Acrylic Acid and Tert-Dodecyl Mercaptan in the Adhesive Performance of Water-Based Acrylic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122879. [PMID: 33266313 PMCID: PMC7761465 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA) are used in more than 80% of all labels in the market today. They do not require any heat, solvent, or water to activate: It only takes light pressure to apply them to a product surface. Many products that come in glass bottles need labels that have staying power in harsh conditions. For that reason, it is necessary to have a good balance between all the polymer adhesive properties. In this study is described how adhesive properties of water-based PSA were affected by varying the amount of functional monomer acrylic acid (AA) and chain transfer agent, tert-dodecyl mercaptan (TDM). Four series of PSA were prepared by emulsion polymerization. Within each polymer series, the AA monomer proportion was held constant between 0.5 and 3.0 phm, and the fraction of the chain transfer agent was varied 0.0 to 0.2 phm. The results showed that the gel content decreased with the increase of the chain transfer agent and with the reduction of AA. All adhesives properties (tack, peel, and shear resistance) improved with increasement of the AA monomer. The increase of chain transfer agent caused decrease of the gel content resulting in higher peel resistance and tack values, but lower shear resistance values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Márquez
- Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Applications Department, Camí de Can Calders, 13, 08173 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (I.M.); (N.P.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), Poly2 Group, ESEIAAT, Carrer de Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain;
| | - Núria Paredes
- Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Applications Department, Camí de Can Calders, 13, 08173 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (I.M.); (N.P.)
| | - Felipe Alarcia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), Poly2 Group, ESEIAAT, Carrer de Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain;
| | - José Ignacio Velasco
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), Poly2 Group, ESEIAAT, Carrer de Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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9
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Laki S, A. Shamsabadi A, Riazi H, Grady MC, Rappe AM, Soroush M. Experimental and Mechanistic Modeling Study of Self-Initiated High-Temperature Polymerization of Ethyl Acrylate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Laki
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ahmad A. Shamsabadi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hossein Riazi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael C. Grady
- Axalta Coating Systems, Global Innovation
Center, Navy Yard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19112, United States
| | - Andrew M. Rappe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Masoud Soroush
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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10
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Brugnoni M, Nickel AC, Kröger LC, Scotti A, Pich A, Leonhard K, Richtering W. Synthesis and structure of deuterated ultra-low cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01699b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Partial deuteration of the N-isopropylacrylamide monomer reveals new insights into the self-cross-linking of polymer chains in ultra-low cross-linked microgels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monia Brugnoni
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Anne C. Nickel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Leif C. Kröger
- Chair of Technical Thermodynamics
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52062 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Andrea Scotti
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Functional and Interactive Polymers
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Kai Leonhard
- Chair of Technical Thermodynamics
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52062 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
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11
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12
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Riazi H, A. Shamsabadi A, Grady MC, Rappe AM, Soroush M. Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Self-Initiation Reaction of Methyl Acrylate in Free-Radical Polymerization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Riazi
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ahmad A. Shamsabadi
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael C. Grady
- Axalta Coating Systems, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Andrew M. Rappe
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Masoud Soroush
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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13
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On the Thermal Self-Initiation Reaction of n-Butyl Acrylate in Free-Radical Polymerization. Processes (Basel) 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/pr6010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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14
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Ballard N, Hamzehlou S, Asua JM. Intermolecular Transfer to Polymer in the Radical Polymerization of n-Butyl Acrylate. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ballard
- POLYMAT and Kimika Aplikatua
Saila, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa
Etorbidea 72, 20018, Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Shaghayegh Hamzehlou
- POLYMAT and Kimika Aplikatua
Saila, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa
Etorbidea 72, 20018, Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| | - José M. Asua
- POLYMAT and Kimika Aplikatua
Saila, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa
Etorbidea 72, 20018, Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
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15
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Asua JM. Challenges and Opportunities in Continuous Production of Emulsion Polymers: a Review. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201500032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José M. Asua
- POLYMAT; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Avda Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
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