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López-Domínguez P, Saldívar-Guerra E, Trevino ME, Zapata-González I. Precise Modeling of the Particle Size Distribution in Emulsion Polymerization: Numerical and Experimental Studies for Model Validation under Ab Initio Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4467. [PMID: 38006191 PMCID: PMC10674919 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The particle size distribution (PSD) in emulsion polymerization (EP) has been modeled in the past using either the pseudo bulk (PB) or the 0-1/0-1-2 approaches. There is some controversy on the proper type of model to be used to simulate the experimental PSDs, which are apparently broader than the theoretical ones. Additionally, the numerical technique employed to solve the model equations, involving hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) with moving and possibly steep fronts, has to be precise and robust, which is not a trivial matter. A deterministic kinetic model for the PSD evolution of ab initio EP of vinyl monomers was developed to investigate these issues. The model considers three phases, micellar nucleation, and particles that can contain n≥0 radicals. Finite volume (FV) and weighted-residual methods are used to solve the system of PDEs and compared; their limitations are also identified. The model was validated by comparing predictions with data of monomer conversion and PSD for the batch emulsion homopolymerization of styrene (Sty) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/potassium persulfate (KPS) at 60 °C, as well as the copolymerization of Sty-MMA (50/50; mol/mol) at 50 and 60 °C. It is concluded that the PB model has a structural problem when attempting to adequately represent PSDs with steep fronts, so its use is discouraged. On the other hand, there is no generalized evidence of the need to add a stochastic term to enhance the PSD prediction of EP deterministic models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrique Saldívar-Guerra
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (P.L.-D.); (M.E.T.); (I.Z.-G.)
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2
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Aguirre M, Ballard N, Gonzalez E, Hamzehlou S, Sardon H, Calderon M, Paulis M, Tomovska R, Dupin D, Bean RH, Long TE, Leiza JR, Asua JM. Polymer Colloids: Current Challenges, Emerging Applications, and New Developments. Macromolecules 2023; 56:2579-2607. [PMID: 37066026 PMCID: PMC10101531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymer colloids are complex materials that have the potential to be used in a vast array of applications. One of the main reasons for their continued growth in commercial use is the water-based emulsion polymerization process through which they are generally synthesized. This technique is not only highly efficient from an industrial point of view but also extremely versatile and permits the large-scale production of colloidal particles with controllable properties. In this perspective, we seek to highlight the central challenges in the synthesis and use of polymer colloids, with respect to both existing and emerging applications. We first address the challenges in the current production and application of polymer colloids, with a particular focus on the transition toward sustainable feedstocks and reduced environmental impact in their primary commercial applications. Later, we highlight the features that allow novel polymer colloids to be designed and applied in emerging application areas. Finally, we present recent approaches that have used the unique colloidal nature in unconventional processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Aguirre
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nicholas Ballard
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Edurne Gonzalez
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Shaghayegh Hamzehlou
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marcelo Calderon
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maria Paulis
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Radmila Tomovska
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Damien Dupin
- CIDETEC,
Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, P° Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ren H. Bean
- Biodesign
Institute, Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing
(SM3), School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona
State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Timothy E. Long
- Biodesign
Institute, Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing
(SM3), School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona
State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Jose R. Leiza
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - José M. Asua
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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3
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Cheng D, Sheibat‐Othman N, McKenna TFL. Modelling study of emulsion latex coagulation processes in coagulators. CAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dang Cheng
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Laboratoire de Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2)‐LCPP group Villeurbanne France
| | - Nida Sheibat‐Othman
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007 Villeurbanne France
| | - Timothy F. L. McKenna
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Laboratoire de Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2)‐LCPP group Villeurbanne France
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4
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Binary mixtures of anionic double-chain sulfonate emulsifiers in VCM emulsion polymerization with high solid content: effect of emulsifier’s combination ratio and concentration. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02879-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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5
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Janssen FAL, Kather M, Ksiazkiewicz A, Pich A, Mitsos A. Synthesis of Poly( N-vinylcaprolactam)-Based Microgels by Precipitation Polymerization: Pseudo-Bulk Model for Particle Growth and Size Distribution. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:13795-13807. [PMID: 31681904 PMCID: PMC6822303 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Particle size distribution and in particular the mean particle size are key properties of microgels, which are determined by synthesis conditions. To describe particle growth and particle size distribution over the progress of synthesis of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)-based microgels, a pseudo-bulk model for precipitation copolymerization with cross-linking is formulated. The model is fitted and compared to experimental data from reaction calorimetry and dynamic light scattering, showing good agreement with polymerization progress, final particle size, and narrow particle size distribution. Predictions of particle growth and reaction progress for different experimental setups are compared to the corresponding experimental data, demonstrating the predictive capability and limitations of the model. The comparison to reaction calorimetry measurements shows the strength in the prediction of the overall polymerization progress. The results for the prediction of the particle radii reveal significant deviations and highlight the demand for further investigation, including additional data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca A. L. Janssen
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik—Process Systems
Engineering and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry,
RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen,
Germany
| | - Michael Kather
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik—Process Systems
Engineering and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry,
RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen,
Germany
- DWI—Leibniz-Institute for
Interactive Materials, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Ksiazkiewicz
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik—Process Systems
Engineering and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry,
RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen,
Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik—Process Systems
Engineering and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry,
RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen,
Germany
- DWI—Leibniz-Institute for
Interactive Materials, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Mitsos
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik—Process Systems
Engineering and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry,
RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen,
Germany
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6
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Cheng D, Ariafar S, Sheibat-Othman N, Pohn J, McKenna TFL. Particle Coagulation of Emulsion Polymers: A Review of Experimental and Modelling Studies. POLYM REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2017.1405979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dang Cheng
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Laboratoire de Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2)-LCPP group, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Solmaz Ariafar
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Laboratoire de Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2)-LCPP group, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nida Sheibat-Othman
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, LAGEP UMR 5007, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jordan Pohn
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Laboratoire de Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2)-LCPP group, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Timothy F. L. McKenna
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Laboratoire de Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2)-LCPP group, Villeurbanne, France
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7
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Drache M, Brandl K, Reinhardt R, Beuermann S. Ab initio kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of seeded emulsion polymerizations of styrene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:10796-10805. [PMID: 29411798 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07768h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Seeded emulsion polymerizations of styrene are modeled on the basis of a detailed kinetic scheme accounting for the chain length and conversion dependence of termination rate coefficients. A holistic kinetic Monte Carlo approach was developed, which simulates the elemental reactions in the aqueous phase, the transfer of radicals into individual particles, and the radical polymerization in each particle based on a complete kinetic model. Experimentally-derived particle size distributions are used as input for the simulations. The required rate coefficients were taken from literature. Without any adjustment of this data a very good agreement between simulation results and experimental data is found. The validation of the model is performed based on monomer conversion - time data and full molar mass distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Drache
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
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8
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Brunier B, Sheibat‐Othman N, Chevalier Y, Bourgeat‐Lami É. Effect of Pickering stabilization on radical entry in emulsion polymerization. AIChE J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barthélémy Brunier
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5007, LAGEPF‐69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Nida Sheibat‐Othman
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5007, LAGEPF‐69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Yves Chevalier
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5007, LAGEPF‐69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Élodie Bourgeat‐Lami
- Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2)Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265F‐69616 Villeurbanne France
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9
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Kröger LC, Kopp WA, Leonhard K. Prediction of Chain Propagation Rate Constants of Polymerization Reactions in Aqueous NIPAM/BIS and VCL/BIS Systems. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:2887-2895. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b09147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leif C. Kröger
- Chair of Technical
Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Wassja A. Kopp
- Chair of Technical
Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kai Leonhard
- Chair of Technical
Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52062 Aachen, Germany
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10
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Sheibat-Othman N, Vale HM, Pohn JM, McKenna TFL. Is Modeling the PSD in Emulsion Polymerization a Finished Problem? An Overview. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201600059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nida Sheibat-Othman
- Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; CNRS; LAGEP UMR 5007 Villeurbanne F-69100 France
| | - Hugo M. Vale
- BASF SE; Carl-Bosch-Str. 38 Ludwigshafen 67056 Germany
- Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; CPE Lyon; CNRS; UMR 5265; Laboratoire de Chimie; Catalyse; Polymères et Procédés (C2P2)-LCPP group; 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Jordan M. Pohn
- Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; CPE Lyon; CNRS; UMR 5265; Laboratoire de Chimie; Catalyse; Polymères et Procédés (C2P2)-LCPP group; 69616 Villeurbanne France
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Queen's University; Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Timothy F. L. McKenna
- Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; CPE Lyon; CNRS; UMR 5265; Laboratoire de Chimie; Catalyse; Polymères et Procédés (C2P2)-LCPP group; 69616 Villeurbanne France
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Queen's University; Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
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11
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Brunier B, Sheibat-Othman N, Othman S, Chevalier Y, Bourgeat-Lami E. Modelling particle growth under saturated and starved conditions in emulsion polymerization. CAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.22640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barthélémy Brunier
- Université de Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5007; Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP); Villeurbanne France
| | - Nida Sheibat-Othman
- Université de Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5007; Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP); Villeurbanne France
| | - Sami Othman
- Université de Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5007; Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP); Villeurbanne France
| | - Yves Chevalier
- Université de Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5007; Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP); Villeurbanne France
| | - Elodie Bourgeat-Lami
- Université de Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265; Laboratoire de Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2) - LCPP group; Villeurbanne France
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12
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Hassaroeieh FA, Tabrizi FF, Abedini H. Effect of Surfactant Concentration on the Dispersion Coefficient for the Comparison of Model and Experimental Results in Emulsion Polymerization of Butadiene. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2015.1064401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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A combinatorial approach to evaluation of monomer conversion and particle size distribution in vinyl chloride emulsion polymerization. Polym Bull (Berl) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-014-1203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Dobrowolska ME, van Esch JH, Koper GJM. Direct visualization of "coagulative nucleation" in surfactant-free emulsion polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:11724-11729. [PMID: 23965135 DOI: 10.1021/la4027927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
It is generally believed that surfactant-free emulsion polymerization involves four steps: initiation, nucleation into primary particles, coagulation into secondary particles, and growth. By high resolution SEM-imaging of the intermediate polymerization products, the evolution of the morphology of the polymer particles has been followed. This allowed us, to our best knowledge for the first time, to visualize "coagulative nucleation", which is the process where the primary nanoparticles aggregate into larger entities. The obtained visual information and data on particle size, number, and zeta potential, strongly suggest that coagulative termination is responsible for the coagulative nucleation phenomenon, resulting in a dispersion of fine, relatively uniform polymer particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta E Dobrowolska
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136, 2628BL Delft, The Netherlands
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