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Shariatrad F, Javanmardi J, Rasoolzadeh A, Mohammadi AH. Experimental Measurement and Thermodynamic Modeling of the Wax Disappearance Temperature (WDT) for a Quaternary System of Normal Paraffins. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:16928-16938. [PMID: 35647458 PMCID: PMC9134231 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Normal paraffin (N-alkane)-based wax is well known as a severe problem in petroleum production, transportation, and processing. Implementing suitable solutions for wax-related problems requires vast technical knowledge and investigation of the wax disappearance temperature (WDT) of multicomponent systems in petroleum-dominated systems. In this study, the WDTs of a quaternary system comprising different mixtures of n-undecane + n-tetradecane + n-hexadecane + n-octadecane were measured using a visual-based diagnosis apparatus under atmospheric pressure. On the other hand, the WDTs of the studied systems are predicted by applying a solid solution model without any adjustable parameter. Two approaches namely γ-φ and γ-γ are assessed. In the (γ-φ) approach, perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT) is applied for liquid phase modeling, while the solid phase is described using different activity coefficient models. In the (γ-γ) approach, nonidealities of both the liquid and solid phases are investigated using different combinations of activity coefficient models such as ideal solution, regular solution theory, predictive Wilson, predictive UNIQUAC, and UNIFAC. Comparison of experimental data and thermodynamic modeling results indicates that applying the predictive UNIQUAC model for describing the nonideality of the solid phase and the regular solution model for the liquid phase is the best combination for the aforementioned system with the average absolute deviation (AAD) of 0.8 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Shariatrad
- Department
of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran
| | - Jafar Javanmardi
- Department
of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran
| | - Ali Rasoolzadeh
- Department
of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Lamerd Higher Education
Center, Lamerd 74341-67441, Iran
| | - Amir H. Mohammadi
- Discipline
of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, King George V Avenue, Durban 4041, South
Africa
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Bray DJ, Anderson RL, Warren PB, Lewtas K. Wax Formation in Linear and Branched Alkanes with Dissipative Particle Dynamics. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:7109-7122. [PMID: 32857939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We present a dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) model for wax formation (i.e., the freezing transition) in linear and branched alkanes at room temperature (298 K) and atmospheric pressure. We parametrize the model using pure liquid phase densities and the onset of wax formation as a function of alkyl chain length. Significant emphasis is placed on building an accurate representation of the underlying molecular architecture by careful consideration of bond lengths and angles, aided by distributions obtained from molecular dynamics simulation. Using the derived model, we observe wax formation in n-alkanes when the alkyl chain length is greater than 18 (n-octadecane), in excellent agreement with experimental observations. Further, we reproduce the behavior of branched alkanes and mixtures including solubilities of heavy alkanes in light alkane solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bray
- The Hartree Centre, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard L Anderson
- The Hartree Centre, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick B Warren
- The Hartree Centre, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom.,Unilever R&D Port Sunlight, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral CH63 3JW, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Lewtas
- Lewtas Science & Technologies Ltd., 246 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7DY, United Kingdom.,School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
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Andrade DEV, Coussot P. Brittle solid collapse to simple liquid for a waxy suspension. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:8766-8777. [PMID: 31591624 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01517e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We show that thanks to the existence of a continuous (percolating) network of weak interparticle bonds in a liquid, wax suspensions behave as "soft breakable (brittle) solids". It appears that, under the action of either a large stress over a short time or oscillating low stress (fatigue test), the initially solid network of these materials is broken and dispersed in the liquid, which makes them turn abruptly ("collapse") and irreversibly into a low viscous fluid. This collapse is more dramatic as the concentration increases. These phenomena are related to the evolution of the microstructure directly observed after different flow histories. The interpretation of these results provides new perspectives for understanding the physical origin of the brittleness or plasticity of solid or pasty materials, and suggests such materials might be used as model systems to simulate and explain natural catastrophic events such as landslides and avalanches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo E V Andrade
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier (UMR 8205), CNRS, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, IFSTTAR, 77455 Marne-la-Vallée, France.
| | - Philippe Coussot
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier (UMR 8205), CNRS, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, IFSTTAR, 77455 Marne-la-Vallée, France.
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Wang X, Li S, Bai H, Liu C. New Predictive Nonrandom Two Liquid Equation for Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibrium in n-Alkanes Mixture with Multiple Solid Solutions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shiyu Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haobo Bai
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Nasrifar K, Javanmardi J. Phase boundaries for synthetic light oils and gas condensate mixtures using predictive equations of state with a solid solution model. CAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Nasrifar
- Department of Chemical; Petroleum and Gas Engineering; Shiraz University of Technology; Shiraz Iran
| | - Jafar Javanmardi
- Department of Chemical; Petroleum and Gas Engineering; Shiraz University of Technology; Shiraz Iran
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Mashhadi Meighani H, Ghotbi C, Jafari Behbahani T, Sharifi K. A new investigation of wax precipitation in Iranian crude oils: Experimental method based on FTIR spectroscopy and theoretical predictions using PC-SAFT model. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.11.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fischlschweiger M, Enders S. Solid–liquid phase equilibria of binary hydrocarbon mixtures predicted by Lattice Cluster Theory. J Mol Liq 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Singh P, Youyen A, Fogler HS. Existence of a critical carbon number in the aging of a wax-oil gel. AIChE J 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.690470921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bhat NV, Mehrotra AK. Measurement and Prediction of the Phase Behavior of Wax−Solvent Mixtures: Significance of the Wax Disappearance Temperature. Ind Eng Chem Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0400144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin V. Bhat
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Anil K. Mehrotra
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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Heidemann RA, Madsen J, Stenby EH, Andersen SI. Wax precipitation modeled with many mixed solid phases. AIChE J 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.10292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Modelling Phase Equilibria in Systems with Organic Solid Solutions. COMPUTER AIDED CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1570-7946(04)80012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Crause J, Nieuwoudt I. Paraffin wax fractionation: state of the art vs. supercritical fluid fractionation. J Supercrit Fluids 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0896-8446(02)00185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Adidharma H, Radosz M. Inclusion and Exclusion Approximations of Copolymer Solids Applied to Calculation of Solid−Liquid Transitions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0107791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hertanto Adidharma
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3295
| | - Maciej Radosz
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3295
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Coutinho J, Pauly J, Daridon J. A THERMODYNAMIC MODEL TO PREDICT WAX FORMATION IN PETROLEUM FLUIDS. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2001. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-66322001000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Pauly
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, France
| | - J.L. Daridon
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, France
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Coutinho JAP. Predictive UNIQUAC: A New Model for the Description of Multiphase Solid−Liquid Equilibria in Complex Hydrocarbon Mixtures. Ind Eng Chem Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ie980340h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João A. P. Coutinho
- Centro de Investigagão em Química, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química da Universidade de Aveiro, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal
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