1
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Momoh PO, Attah IK, El-Shall MS, Kanters RPF, Pinski JM, Abrash SA. Formation of covalently bonded polycyclic hydrocarbon ions by intracluster polymerization of ionized ethynylbenzene clusters. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:8251-63. [PMID: 24689826 DOI: 10.1021/jp5010488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a detailed study aimed at elucidating the mechanism of intracluster ionic polymerization following the electron impact ionization of van der Waals clusters of ethynylbenzene (C8H6)n generated by a supersonic beam expansion. The structures of the C16H12, C24H18, C32H24, C40H30, and C48H36 radical cations resulting from the intracluster ion-molecule addition reactions have been investigated using a combination of mass-selected ion dissociation and ion mobility measurements coupled with theoretical calculations. Noncovalent structures can be totally excluded primarily because the measured fragmentations cannot result from noncovalent structures, and partially because of the large difference between the measured collision cross sections and the calculated values corresponding to noncovalent ion-neutral complexes. All the mass-selected cluster ions show characteristic fragmentations of covalently bonded molecular ions by the loss of stable neutral fragments such as CH3, C2H, C6H5, and C7H7. The population of the C16H12 dimer ions is dominated by structural isomers of the type (C6H5)-C≡C-CH(•+)CH-(C6H5), which can grow by the sequential addition of ethynylbenzene molecules, in addition to some contributions from cyclic isomers such as the 1,3- or 1,4-diphenyl cyclobutadiene ions. Similarly, two major covalent isomers have been identified for the C24H18 trimer ions: one that has a blocked cyclic structure assigned to 1,2,4- or 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene cation, and a second isomer of the type (C6H5)-C≡C-C(C6H5)═CH-CH(•+)CH-(C6H5) where the covalent addition of further ethynylbenzene molecules can occur. For the larger ions such as C32H24, C40H30, and C48H36, the major isomers present involve the growing oligomer sequence (C6H5)-C≡C-[C(C6H5)═CH]n-CH(•+)CH-(C6H5) with different locations and orientations of the phenyl groups along the chain. In addition, the larger ions contain another family of structures consisting of neutral ethynylbenzene molecules associated with the blocked cyclic isomer ions such as the diphenylcyclobutadiene and triphenylbenzene cations. Low-energy dissociation channels corresponding to evaporation of ethynylbenzene molecules weakly associated with the covalent ions are observed in the large clusters in addition to the high-energy channels corresponding to fragmentation of the covalently bonded ions. However, in small clusters only high-energy dissociation channels are observed corresponding to the characteristic fragmentation of the molecular ions, thus providing structural signatures to identify the product ions and establish the mechanism of intracluster ionic polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O Momoh
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
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2
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Kapishon V, Koyanagi GK, Blagojevic V, Bohme DK. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry of pyridine and isoprene: potential breath exposure and disease biomarkers. J Breath Res 2013; 7:026005. [PMID: 23579200 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/2/026005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled human breath can serve as potential disease-specific and exposure biomarkers and therefore can reveal information about a subject's health and environment. Pyridine, a VOC marker for exposure to tobacco smoke, and isoprene, a liver disease biomarker, were studied using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS). While both molecules could be detected in low-ppb levels, interactions of the ionized analytes with their neutral forms and ambient air led to unusual ion/molecule chemistry. The result was a highly dynamic system and a nonlinear response to changes in analyte concentration. Increased presence of ambient water was found to greatly enhance the detection limit of pyridine and only slightly decrease that of isoprene. APCI-MS is shown to be a promising analytical tool in breath analysis with good detection limits, but its application requires a better understanding of the ion/molecule chemistry that may affect VOC quantification from a chemically complex system such as human breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy Kapishon
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry-CRMS, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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3
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Soliman AR, Hamid AM, Attah I, Momoh P, El-Shall MS. Formation of Nitrogen-Containing Polycyclic Cations by Gas-Phase and Intracluster Reactions of Acetylene with the Pyridinium and Pyrimidinium Ions. J Am Chem Soc 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3068116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Rahman Soliman
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
23284-2006, United States
| | - Ahmed M. Hamid
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
23284-2006, United States
| | - Isaac Attah
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
23284-2006, United States
| | - Paul Momoh
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
23284-2006, United States
| | - M. Samy El-Shall
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
23284-2006, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, King Abdulaziz University,
Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Soliman AR, Hamid AM, Abrash SA, El-Shall MS. Unconventional ionic hydrogen bonds: CH+⋯π (CC) binding energies and structures of benzene+(acetylene)1–4 clusters. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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El-Shall MS. Polymerization in the gas phase, in clusters, and on nanoparticle surfaces. Acc Chem Res 2008; 41:783-92. [PMID: 18557636 DOI: 10.1021/ar7001396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Gas phase and cluster experiments provide unique opportunities to quantitatively study the effects of initiators, solvents, chain transfer agents, and inhibitors on the mechanisms of polymerization. Furthermore, a number of important phenomena, unique structures, and novel properties may exist during gas-phase and cluster polymerization. In this regime, the structure of the growing polymer may change dramatically and the rate coefficient may vary significantly upon the addition of a single molecule of the monomer. These changes would be reflected in the properties of the oligomers deposited from the gas phase. At low pressures, cationic and radical cationic polymerizations may proceed in the gas phase through elimination reactions. In the same systems at high pressure, however, the ionic intermediates may be stabilized, and addition without elimination may occur. In isolated van der Waals clusters of monomer molecules, sequential polymerization with several condensation steps can occur on a time scale of a few microseconds following the ionization of the gas-phase cluster. The cluster reactions, which bridge gas-phase and condensed-phase chemistry, allow examination of the effects of controlled states of aggregation. This Account describes several examples of gas-phase and cluster polymerization studies where the most significant results can be summarized as follows: (1) The carbocation polymerization of isobutene shows slower rates with increasing polymerization steps resulting from entropy barriers, which could explain the need for low temperatures for the efficient propagation of high molecular weight polymers. (2) Radical cation polymerization of propene can be initiated by partial charge transfer from an ionized aromatic molecule such as benzene coupled with covalent condensation of the associated propene molecules. This novel mechanism leads exclusively to the formation of propene oligomer ions and avoids other competitive products. (3) Structural information on the oligomers formed by gas-phase polymerization can be obtained using the mass-selected ion mobility technique where the measured collision cross-sections of the selected oligomer ions and collision-induced dissociation can provide fairly accurate structural identifications. The identification of the structures of the dimers and trimers formed in the gas-phase thermal polymerization of styrene confirms that the polymerization proceeds according to the Mayo mechanism. Similarly, the ion mobility technique has been utilized to confirm the formation of benzene cations by intracluster polymerization following the ionization of acetylene clusters. Finally, it has been shown that polymerization of styrene vapor on the surface of activated nanoparticles can lead to the incorporation of a variety of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles within polystyrene films. The ability to probe the reactivity and structure of the small growing oligomers in the gas phase can provide fundamental insight into mechanisms of polymerization that are difficult to obtain from condensed-phase studies. These experiments are also important for understanding the growth mechanisms of complex organics in flames, combustion processes, interstellar clouds, and solar nebula where gas-phase reactions, cluster polymerization, and surface catalysis on dust nanoparticles represent the major synthetic pathways. This research can lead to the discovery of novel initiation mechanisms and reaction pathways with applications in the synthesis of oligomers and nanocomposites with unique and improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Samy El-Shall
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006
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6
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Ibrahim Y, Meot-Ner Mautner M, El-Shall MS. Associative Charge Transfer Reactions. Temperature Effects and Mechanism of the Gas-Phase Polymerization of Propene Initiated by a Benzene Radical Cation. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:8585-92. [PMID: 16821845 DOI: 10.1021/jp057595a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In associative charge transfer (ACT) reactions, a core ion activates ligand molecules by partial charge transfer. The activated ligand polymerizes, and the product oligomer takes up the full charge from the core ion. In the present system, benzene(+*) (Bz(+*)) reacts with two propene (Pr) molecules to form a covalently bonded ion, C(6)H(6)(+*) + 2 C(3)H(6) --> C(6)H(12)(+*) + C(6)H(6). The ACT reaction is activated by a partial charge transfer from Bz(+*) to Pr in the complex, and driven to completion by the formation of a covalent bond in the polymerized product. An alternative channel forms a stable association product (Bz.Pr)(+*), with an ACT/association product ratio of 60:40% that is independent of pressure and temperature. In contrast to the Bz(+*)/propene system, ACT polymerization is not observed in the Bz(+*)/ethylene (Et) system since charge transfer in the Bz(+*)(Et) complex is inefficient to activate the reaction. The roles of charge transfer in these complexes are verified by ab initio calculations. The overall reaction of Bz(+*) with Pr follows second-order kinetics with a rate constant of k (304 K) = 2.1 x 10(-12) cm(3) s(-1) and a negative temperature coefficient of k = aT(-5.9) (or an activation energy of -3 kcal/mol). The kinetic behavior is similar to sterically hindered reactions and suggests a [Bz(+*) (Pr)]* activated complex that proceeds to products through a low-entropy transition state. The temperature dependence shows that ACT reactions can reach a unit collision efficiency below 100 K, suggesting that ACT can initiate polymerization in cold astrochemical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, USA
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7
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Mahmoud H, Germanenko IN, El-Shall MS. Early Stages of Styrene−Isoprene Copolymerization in Gas Phase Clusters Probed by Resonance Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:4296-8. [PMID: 16571031 DOI: 10.1021/jp060830k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present direct evidence for the formation of the covalent bonded styrene (isoprene)(2) oligomer and the isoprene dimer ions following resonance ionization of the gas phase styrene-isoprene binary clusters. The application of resonance ionization to study polymerization reactions in clusters provides new information on the structure and mechanism of formation of the early stages of polymerization and holds considerable promise for the discovery of new initiation mechanisms and for the development of novel materials with unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Mahmoud
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, USA
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Mahmoud H, Germanenko IN, Wright D, El-Shall MS. Chemistry of Styrene (Water)n Clusters, n = 1−5: Spectroscopy and Structure of the Neutral Clusters, Deprotonation of Styrene Dimer Cation, and Implication to the Inhibition of Cationic Polymerization. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:4474-83. [PMID: 16833783 DOI: 10.1021/jp050594y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The styrene-water binary clusters SW(n), with n = 1-5 have been studied by the (one-color) resonant two-photon ionization technique using the resonance of styrene. The structures and energetics of the neutral clusters are investigated using a search technique that employs Monte Carlo procedure. The strong tendency for water molecules to form cyclic hydrogen-bonded structures is clearly observed in the SW(n) structures starting from n =3. The results indicate that the spectral shifts correlate with the interaction energies between styrene and the water subcluster (W(n)) within the SW(n) clusters. Evidence is presented that points to (1) the formation of a covalent bonded styrene radical cation dimer following the 193 nm MPI of styrene neutral clusters, (2) proton transfer from the styrene dimer cation to the water or methanol subcluster, resulting in the formation of protonated water or methanol clusters and a styrene dimer radical, and (3) extensive solvation of the styrene dimer radical within the protonated solvent molecules. The proton-transfer reactions may explain the strong inhibition effects exerted by small concentrations of water or methanol on the cationic polymerization of styrene. These results provide a molecular level view of the inhibition mechanism exerted by protic solvents on the cationic polymerization of styrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mahmoud
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, USA
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9
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Mugnai M, Cardini G, Schettino V. High pressure reactivity of propene by first principles molecular dynamics calculations. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:5327-33. [PMID: 15267405 DOI: 10.1063/1.1647051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactivity of propene under high pressure has been investigated in the framework of Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics. Changes in structural and electronic properties due to pressure have been analyzed in systems with a density ranging from 0.855 to 2.151 g/cm(3). A ionic collective mechanism which leads to the formation of oligomers has been found by both spin restricted and spin polarized formalism. The maximally localized Wannier centers analysis has allowed us to characterize the addition scheme and to identify a Wannier center with a high spread value involved in the formation of the principal reaction products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Mugnai
- Laboratorio di Spettroscopia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto F.no (Firenze), Italy
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10
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Ohshimo K, Misaizu F, Ohno K. Intracluster multiple trimeric cyclization of acrylonitrile clusters initiated by electron transfer from a potassium atom: Size-dependent pathways in metastable dissociation of K+(CH2=CHCN)n photoions. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1500732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Tsunoyama H, Ohshimo K, Misaizu F, Ohno K. Intracluster Electron Transfer and Reactions in Alkali Metal−Methacrylate Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0118930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Tsunoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Keijiro Ohshimo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Fuminori Misaizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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12
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Fukuda Y, Ichihashi M, Terasaki A, Kondow T, Osoda K, Narasaka K. Anionic Polymerization of an Acrylonitrile Trimer Studied by Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp003143g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Fukuda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Cluster Research Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute, in East Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute Inc., 717-86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0001, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ichihashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Cluster Research Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute, in East Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute Inc., 717-86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0001, Japan
| | - Akira Terasaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Cluster Research Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute, in East Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute Inc., 717-86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0001, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kondow
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Cluster Research Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute, in East Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute Inc., 717-86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0001, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Osoda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Cluster Research Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute, in East Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute Inc., 717-86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0001, Japan
| | - Koichi Narasaka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Cluster Research Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute, in East Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute Inc., 717-86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0001, Japan
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13
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Pithawalla YB, Meot-Ner M, Gao J, El Shall MS, Baranov VI, Bohme DK. Gas-Phase Oligomerization of Propene Initiated by Benzene Radical Cation. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp003421b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Tsunoyama H, Ohshimo K, Misaizu F, Ohno K. Intracluster anionic oligomerization of acrylic ester molecules initiated by electron transfer from an alkali metal atom. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:683-90. [PMID: 11456581 DOI: 10.1021/ja002155c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stabilities and intracluster reactions have been investigated by photoionization mass spectrometry for clusters composed of an alkali metal atom (M; Na and K) and acrylic ester molecules, CH(2)=CHCO(2)R, such as methyl acrylate (MA; R = CH(3)) and ethyl acrylate (EA; R = C(2)H(5)). The following two features are commonly observed in the photoionization mass spectra of M(CH(2)=CHCO(2)R)(n): (1) The ion with n = 3 is clearly observed as a magic number. (2) Fragmented cluster ions with the loss of ROH, [M(CH(2)=CHCO(2)R)(n) - ROH] are detected only for n = 3. These features are both explained by an intracluster oligomerization reaction initiated by electron transfer from the metal atoms. The magic number trimer is concluded to have the stable structure of cyclohexane derivatives as a result of oligomerization. The fragmentation reaction is explained by Dieckmann cyclization after anionic oligomerization to produce another isomer of the trimer. The intracluster electron transfer is also supported by theoretical calculation for Na(MA) based on density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tsunoyama
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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15
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Pithawalla Y, McPherson J, El-Shall M. Reactions of Ti+ with methanol and acetonitrile clusters. Efficient dehydration of methanol dimer by TiO+. Chem Phys Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(99)00660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Meot-Ner (Mautne M, Pithawalla YB, Gao J, El-Shall MS. Coupled Reactions of Condensation and Charge Transfer. 1. Formation of Olefin Dimer Ions in Reactions with Ionized Aromatics. Gas-Phase Studies. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja962635x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meot-Ner (Mautne
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006
| | - Yezdi B. Pithawalla
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006
| | - Junling Gao
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006
| | - M. Samy El-Shall
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006
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17
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Zhong Q, Poth L, Shi Z, Ford JV, Castleman AW. Intracluster Polymerization Reactions of Alkene Cluster Ions. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp963902o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Q. Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - L. Poth
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Z. Shi
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - J. V. Ford
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - A. W. Castleman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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18
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Dong XC, Salhi-Benachenhou N, Lunell S. A theoretical study of the cationic dimerization and polymerization of isobutene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(97)90385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Baranov V, Wang J, Javahery G, Petrie S, Hopkinson AC, Bohme DK. Fullerene Dications and Trications as Initiators in the Gas-Phase “Ball-and-Chain” Polymerization of Allene and Propyne: Observation of a Remarkable Periodicity in Chain Growth with Allene. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja961359j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Baranov
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York Universiy, North York, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Jinru Wang
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York Universiy, North York, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Gholamreza Javahery
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York Universiy, North York, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Simon Petrie
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York Universiy, North York, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Alan C. Hopkinson
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York Universiy, North York, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Diethard K. Bohme
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York Universiy, North York, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
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20
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El-Shall MS, Yu Z. Concerted Reactions of Charge Transfer and Covalent Bond Formation in Ionized Alkylbenzene−Isobutene Clusters. Copolymerization of Styrene−Isobutene and α-Methylstyrene−Isobutene Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja962668c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Samy El-Shall
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006
| | - Zhongde Yu
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006
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Pithawalla YB, Gao J, Yu Z, El-Shall MS. Even/Odd Alternation in Styrene Cluster Ions. Evidence for Multiple Cyclization during the Early Stages of Polymerization and the Inhibition Effect of Water. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9612440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. B. Pithawalla
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006
| | - J. Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006
| | - Zhongde Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006
| | - M. Samy El-Shall
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006
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22
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23
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Lyktey MYM, Rycroft T, Garvey JF. Collision-Induced Dissociation of Mass-Selected Ethylene Cluster Ions (n = 2−9). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9536413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y. M. Lyktey
- Department of Chemistry, NSM Complex, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000
| | - Tom Rycroft
- Department of Chemistry, NSM Complex, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000
| | - James F. Garvey
- Department of Chemistry, NSM Complex, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000
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24
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Intracluster polymerization in acrylonitrile cluster anions studied by photoelectron spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(95)00713-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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