1
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Zhao H. What do we learn from enzyme behaviors in organic solvents? - Structural functionalization of ionic liquids for enzyme activation and stabilization. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 45:107638. [PMID: 33002582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme activity in nonaqueous media (e.g. conventional organic solvents) is typically lower than in water by several orders of magnitude. There is a rising interest of developing new nonaqueous solvent systems that are more "water-like" and more biocompatible. Therefore, we need to learn from the current state of nonaqueous biocatalysis to overcome its bottleneck and provide guidance for new solvent design. This review firstly focuses on the discussion of how organic solvent properties (such as polarity and hydrophobicity) influence the enzyme activity and stability, and how these properties impact the enzyme's conformation and dynamics. While hydrophobic organic solvents usually lead to the maintenance of enzyme activity, solvents carrying functional groups like hydroxys and ethers (including crown ethers and cyclodextrins) can lead to enzyme activation. Ionic liquids (ILs) are designable solvents that can conveniently incorporate these functional groups. Therefore, we systematically survey these ether- and/or hydroxy-functionalized ILs, and find most of them are highly compatible with enzymes leading to high activity and stability. In particular, ILs carrying both ether and tert-alcohol groups are among the most enzyme-activating solvents. Future direction is to learn from enzyme behaviors in both water and nonaqueous media to design biocompatible "water-like" solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, United States.
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2
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Modification of starch: A review on the application of “green” solvents and controlled functionalization. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 241:116350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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3
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Oh Y. Benzoate Surfactants for Enhancing the Activity of Lipoprotein Lipase from
Burkholderia
Species in Organic Solvent. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonock Oh
- Department of ChemistryPohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
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4
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Hijazi M, Spiekermann P, Krumm C, Tiller JC. Poly(2‐oxazoline)s terminated with 2,2′‐imino diacetic acid form noncovalent polymer–enzyme conjugates that are highly active in organic solvents. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 116:272-282. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Montasser Hijazi
- Department of Bio and Chemical EngineeringTU DortmundDortmund Germany
| | - Pia Spiekermann
- Department of Bio and Chemical EngineeringTU DortmundDortmund Germany
| | - Christian Krumm
- Department of Bio and Chemical EngineeringTU DortmundDortmund Germany
| | - Joerg C. Tiller
- Department of Bio and Chemical EngineeringTU DortmundDortmund Germany
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5
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Lee HS, Oh Y, Kim MJ, Im W. Molecular Basis of Aqueous-like Activity of Lipase Treated with Glucose-Headed Surfactant in Organic Solvent. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:10659-10668. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b07686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun Lee
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Yeonock Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahn-Joo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonpil Im
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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6
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Wang M, Xing J, Sun YT, Guo LX, Lin BP, Yang H. Thiol-ene photoimmobilization of chymotrypsin on polysiloxane gels for enzymatic peptide synthesis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:11843-11849. [PMID: 35539381 PMCID: PMC9079220 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13320k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical incorporation of enzymes onto polymeric materials has recently attracted intense scientific attention. Cross-linked polysiloxane gels as a typical super-hydrophobic support, are a good candidate for supporting enzymes in low-water organic medium to efficiently catalyze peptide synthesis because the hydrophobic polysiloxane matrix can prevent water from attacking the acyl-enzyme intermediate, which is beneficial for the shift in equilibrium to peptide formation. In this work, we develop a facile strategy to photoimmobilize olefin-functionalized chymotrypsin onto cross-linked polysiloxane gels via UV-initiated thiol-ene click chemistry. The impacts of water addition amount, heat-treatment and recyclability of the immobilized chymotrypsin influencing the peptide synthesis efficiency are investigated. Compared with the native chymotrypsin, polysiloxane-immobilized chymotrypsin showed advantageous catalytic activity, higher thermal stability and superior recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Jun Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Yu-Tang Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Ling-Xiang Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Bao-Ping Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Hong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
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7
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Leichner C, Menzel C, Laffleur F, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Development and in vitro characterization of a papain loaded mucolytic self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS). Int J Pharm 2017; 530:346-353. [PMID: 28782582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to create a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) with mucolytic properties based on incorporated papain for improved mucus permeation. In order to increase the lipophilicity of the enzyme and to dissolve it in SEDDS, hydrophobic ion pairing with sodium deoxycholate in a molar ratio of 20:1 (surfactant: enzyme) was performed. The yield of precipitated papain was 86.8±2.7% and the ion pair was loaded into the formulations to 1% (m/m). Suitable formulations were chosen according to their properties to dissolve the ion pair and characterized regarding droplet size and polydispersity index. Prepared emulsions were in a droplet size range between 50 and 120nm. Enzyme activity assay of complex and loaded SEDDS was conducted to ensure proteolytic qualities for following permeation and diffusion studies. SEDDS loaded with the ion pair showed an almost 2-fold increase in mucus permeation compared to the control without complex. Furthermore, 3-fold enhanced mucus diffusion could be confirmed in a second assay and an increase of mucosal residence on porcine intestinal mucosa up to 3- and 5-fold was observed as against the blank formulations. Consequently the incorporation of enzymes exhibiting proteolytic properties in self-emulsifying drug delivery systems may be considered as a promising strategy to enhance mucus permeation and overcome intestinal barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Leichner
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Austria
| | - Claudia Menzel
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Austria
| | - Flavia Laffleur
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Austria.
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8
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Rother M, Nussbaumer MG, Renggli K, Bruns N. Protein cages and synthetic polymers: a fruitful symbiosis for drug delivery applications, bionanotechnology and materials science. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:6213-6249. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00177g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein cages have become essential tools in bionanotechnology due to their well-defined, monodisperse, capsule-like structure. Combining them with synthetic polymers greatly expands their application, giving rise to novel nanomaterials fore.g.drug-delivery, sensing, electronic devices and for uses as nanoreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rother
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Martin G. Nussbaumer
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Kasper Renggli
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering
- ETH Zürich
- 4058 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhang
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis,
Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Ge
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis,
Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis,
Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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10
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Enzyme activity in liquid lipase melts as a step towards solvent-free biology at 150 °C. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5058. [PMID: 25284507 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Water molecules play a number of critical roles in enzyme catalysis, including mass transfer of substrates and products, nucleophilicity and proton transfer at the active site, and solvent shell-mediated dynamics for accessing catalytically competent conformations. The pervasiveness of water in enzymolysis therefore raises the question concerning whether biocatalysis can be undertaken in the absence of a protein hydration shell. Lipase-mediated catalysis has been undertaken with reagent-based solvents and lyophilized powders, but there are no examples of molecularly dispersed enzymes that catalyse reactions at sub-solvation levels within solvent-free melts. Here we describe the synthesis, properties and enzyme activity of self-contained reactive biofluids based on solvent-free melts of lipase-polymer surfactant nanoconjugates. Desiccated substrates in liquid (p-nitrophenyl butyrate) or solid (p-nitrophenyl palmitate) form can be mixed or solubilized, respectively, into the enzyme biofluids, and hydrolysed in the solvent-free state. Significantly, the efficiency of product formation increases as the temperature is raised to 150 °C.
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11
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Lee E, Oh Y, Choi YK, Kim MJ. Aqueous-Level Turnover Frequency of Lipase in Organic Solvent. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs500832e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eungyeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 790−784, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonock Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 790−784, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 790−784, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahn-Joo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 790−784, Republic of Korea
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12
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Ontiveros JF, Froidevaux R, Dhulster P, Salager JL, Pierlot C. Haem extraction from peptidic hydrolysates of bovine haemoglobin using temperature sensitive C10E4/O/W microemulsion system. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Zhang Y, Patil AJ, Perriman AW, Mann S. Enhanced catalytic activity in organic solvents using molecularly dispersed haemoglobin-polymer surfactant constructs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:9561-3. [PMID: 24018483 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc46101g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The surface of haemoglobin (Hb) is chemically modified to produce molecular dispersions of discrete core-shell Hb-polymer surfactant bionanoconjugates in water and organic solvents. The hybrid nanoconstructs exhibit peroxidase-like catalytic activity with enhanced turnover rates compared with native Hb in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiong Zhang
- Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
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14
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Konieczny S, Krumm C, Doert D, Neufeld K, Tiller JC. Investigations on the activity of poly(2-oxazoline) enzyme conjugates dissolved in organic solvents. J Biotechnol 2014; 181:55-63. [PMID: 24709400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of enzymes in organic solvents offers a great opportunity for the highly selective synthesis of complex organic compounds. In this study we investigate the POXylation of several enzymes with different polyoxazolines ranging from the hydrophilic poly(2-methyl-oxazoline) (PMOx) to the hydrophobic poly(2-heptyl-oxazoline) (PHeptOx). As reported previously on the examples of model enzymes POXylation mediated by pyromellitic acid dianhydride results in highly modified, organosoluble protein conjugates. This procedure is here extended to a larger number of proteins and optimized for the different polyoxazolines. The resulting polymer-enzyme conjugates (PEC) became soluble in different organic solvents ranging from hydrophilic DMF to even toluene. These conjugates were characterized regarding their solubility and especially their activity in organic solvents and in some cases the PECs showed significantly (up to 153,000 fold) higher activities than the respective native enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Konieczny
- Chair of Biomaterials and Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Krumm
- Chair of Biomaterials and Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dominik Doert
- Chair of Biomaterials and Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katharina Neufeld
- Institut for Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
| | - Joerg C Tiller
- Chair of Biomaterials and Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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15
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Tobis J, Tiller JC. Impact of the configuration of a chiral, activating carrier on the enantioselectivity of entrapped lipase from Candida rugosa in cyclohexane. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:1661-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Talbert JN, He F, Seto K, Nugen SR, Goddard JM. Modification of glucose oxidase for the development of biocatalytic solvent inks. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 55:21-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Kim C, Kim MJ. Activity of α-Chymotrypsin Enhanced in the Presence of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Organic Solvent: Application to Peptide Synthesis. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.3.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Hegedüs I, Hancsók J, Nagy E. Stabilization of the Cellulase Enzyme Complex as Enzyme Nanoparticle. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:1372-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Liszka MJ, Clark ME, Schneider E, Clark DS. Nature Versus Nurture: Developing Enzymes That Function Under Extreme Conditions. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2012; 3:77-102. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061010-114239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth Schneider
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
- UC Berkeley and UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; , , ,
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20
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Shipovskov S, Oliveira CLP, Hoffmann SV, Schauser L, Sutherland DS, Besenbacher F, Pedersen JS. Water-in-oil micro-emulsion enhances the secondary structure of a protein by confinement. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:3179-84. [PMID: 22730383 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A scheme is presented in which an organic solvent environment in combination with surfactants is used to confine a natively unfolded protein inside an inverse microemulsion droplet. This type of confinement allows a study that provides unique insight into the dynamic structure of an unfolded, flexible protein which is still solvated and thus under near-physiological conditions. In a model system, the protein osteopontin (OPN) is used. It is a highly phosphorylated glycoprotein that is expressed in a wide range of cells and tissues for which limited structural analysis exists due to the high degree of flexibility and large number of post-translational modifications. OPN is implicated in tissue functions, such as inflammation and mineralisation. It also has a key function in tumour metastasis and progression. Circular dichroism measurements show that confinement enhances the secondary structural features of the protein. Small-angle X-ray scattering and dynamic light scattering show that OPN changes from being a flexible protein in aqueous solution to adopting a less flexible and more compact structure inside the microemulsion droplets. This novel approach for confining proteins while they are still hydrated may aid in studying the structure of a wide range of natively unfolded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Shipovskov
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
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21
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Organosoluble enzyme conjugates with poly(2-oxazoline)s via pyromellitic acid dianhydride. J Biotechnol 2012; 159:195-203. [PMID: 22306109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of enzymes in organic solvents offers a great opportunity for the synthesis of complex organic compounds and is therefore in focus of current research. In this work we describe the synthesis of poly(2-methyl-1,3-oxazoline) (PMOx) and poly(2-ethyl-1,3-oxazoline) (PEtOx) enzyme conjugates with hen-egg white lysozyme, RNase A and α-chymotrypsin using a new coupling technique. The POXylation was carried out reacting pyromellitic acid dianhydride subsequently with ethylenediamine terminated POx and then with the NH₂-groups of the respective enzymes. Upon conjugation with the polymers, RNase A and lysozyme became fully soluble in DMF (1.4 mg/ml). These are the first examples of fully POXylated proteins, which become organosoluble. The synthesized enzyme conjugates were characterized by SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing, dynamic light scattering and size exclusion chromatography, which all indicated the full POXylation of the enzymes. The modified enzymes even partly retained their activity in water. With α-chymotrypsin as example we could demonstrate that the molecular weight of the attached polymer significantly influences the activity.
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22
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23
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Bang JK, Jung SO, Kim YW, Kim MJ. Subtilisin-Catalyzed Transesterifications in the Presence of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Organic Solvent: Dramatic Catalytic Improvement. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.8.2871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Wu S, Buthe A, Wang P. Organic-soluble enzyme nano-complexes formed by ion-pairing with surfactants. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 743:51-63. [PMID: 21553182 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-132-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The solubilization of enzymes in organic solvents for non-aqueous biocatalysis has attracted considerable attention since the homogeneous distribution accounts for a drastically improved reaction efficiency compared to enzymes dispersed as aggregates in an organic phase. This chapter highlights ion-pairing as a valuable and facile method to make enzymes soluble in organic solvents. Ion-pairing denotes the formation of a nano-complex, in which a single enzyme molecule in the core is surrounded by counter-charged surfactant molecules. The special architecture of this nano-complex exposes the surfactant hydrophobic group toward the bulk solvent and renders the complex sufficiently soluble in organic media. This chapter also describes the underlying principle of ion-pairing as well as simple preparation and characterization techniques to yield highly active enzyme-surfactant nano-complexes. The general applicability of this technique is demonstrated on the base of the hydrolytic enzyme α-chymotrypsin (α-CT) and the redox enzyme glucose oxidase (GO( x )).
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Wu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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25
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Castro GR, Knubovets T. Homogeneous Biocatalysis in Organic Solvents and Water-Organic Mixtures. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/bty.23.3.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Muginova SV, Galimova AZ, Polyakov AE, Shekhovtsova TN. Ionic liquids in enzymatic catalysis and biochemical methods of analysis: Capabilities and prospects. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934810040027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Triantafyllou AO, Wehtje E, Adlercreutz P, Mattiasson B. How do additives affect enzyme activity and stability in nonaqueous media? Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 54:67-76. [PMID: 18634074 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19970405)54:1<67::aid-bit8>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic activities of lyophilized powders of alpha-chymotrypsin and Candida antarctica lipase were found to increase 4- to 8-fold with increasing amounts of either buffer salts or potassium chloride in the enzyme preparation. Increasing amounts of sorbitol in the chymotrypsin preparation produced a modest increase in activity. The additives are basically thought to serve as immobilization matrices, the sorbitol being inferior because of its poor mechanical properties. Besides their role as supports, the buffer species were indispensable for the transesterification activity of chymotrypsin because they prevented perturbations of the pH during the course of the reaction. Hence, increasing amounts of buffer species yielded a 100-fold increase in transesterification activity. Effects of pH changes were not as predominant in the peptide synthesis and the lipase-catalyzed reactions. Immobilization of the protease on celite resulted in a remarkable improvement of transesterification activity as compared to the suspended protease, even in the absence of buffer species. Immobilization of the lipase caused a small improvement of activity. The activity of the immobilized enzymes was further enhanced 3-4 times by including increasing amounts of buffer salts in the preparation.The inclusion of increasing amounts of sodium phosphate or sorbitol to chymotrypsin rendered the catalyst more labile against thermal inactivation. The denaturation temperature decreased with 7 degrees C at the highest content of sodium phosphate, as compared to the temperature obtained for the denaturation of the pure protein. The apparent enthalpy of denaturation increased with increasing contents of the additives. The enhancement of hydration level and flexibility of the macromolecule upon addition of the compounds partly provides the explanation for the observed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Triantafyllou
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden.
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Chang SW, Shaw JF. Biocatalysis for the production of carbohydrate esters. N Biotechnol 2009; 26:109-16. [PMID: 19628056 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate fatty acid esters are nonionic biosurfactants, which can be synthesized from the esterification of mono- or oligosaccharides by enzymatic catalysis. These esters are increasingly used as important commodity chemicals, such as low calorific sweeteners and biosurfactants in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Recently, some of the ester derivatives have shown their therapeutic potential with antitumor activity, plant growth inhibition and antibiotic activities, which became one of the 'hot' subjects for various biological processes. However, this potential has not been fully explored because the production of oligoesters (e.g. di-, tri- and tetra-) of sugars is a difficult problem in organic chemistry because of the abundance of hydroxyl groups in sugar molecules and the similar reactivity of most of them. Solvent engineering can be employed to improve the yields of sugar esters by using biocatalytic reactions. Protein engineering is useful in improving the catalytic efficiency, thermostability and pH stability of biocatalysts for enzymatic synthesis of sugar ester. The use of recombinant DNA technology to produce large quantities of enzymes in a heterologous host will lower the overall production cost. The cloning of key enzyme genes for the carbohydrate esters biosynthesis pathway and overexpressing these genes using strong promoters in either plants or microorganisms through metabolic engineering will be also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wei Chang
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Care, Dayeh University, Dacun, Changhua 51591, Taiwan
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29
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Shipovskov S, Kragh KM, Laursen BS, Poulsen CH, Besenbacher F, Sutherland DS. Mannanase transfer into hexane and xylene by liquid-liquid extraction. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 160:1124-9. [PMID: 19444389 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8661-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The formation of noncovalent complexes between glycosidase, endo-1,4-beta-D-mannanase, and ionic surfactant di(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) was shown to promote protein transfer into organic solvents such as xylene and hexane. It was found that mannanase can be solubilized in hexane and in xylene with concentration at least 2.5 and 2.0 mg/ml, respectively. The catalytic activity of the enzyme in hexane spontaneously increases with the concentration of AOT and is about 10% of the activity in aqueous system. In xylene, a catalytic activity higher than that in bulk aqueous conditions was found for the samples containing 0.1-0.3 mg/ml of mannanase, while for the samples with a higher concentration of enzyme, the activity was hardly detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Shipovskov
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.
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31
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Lee J, Na HB, Kim BC, Lee JH, Lee B, Kwak JH, Hwang Y, Park JG, Gu MB, Kim J, Joo J, Shin CH, Grate JW, Hyeon T, Kim J. Magnetically-separable and highly-stable enzyme system based on crosslinked enzyme aggregates shipped in magnetite-coated mesoporous silica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b909109b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Olofsson L, Söderberg P, Ankarloo J, Nicholls IA. Phage display screening in low dielectric media. J Mol Recognit 2008; 21:330-7. [PMID: 18654983 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the first application of phage display screening in low dielectric media. Two series of phage clones with affinity for alpha-chymotrypsin (CT) were selected from a Ph.D.(TM)-C7C library, using either a buffer or acetonitrile in buffer (50%, v/v). The affinity of lysates, individual clones or selected cyclic peptides for the enzyme was studied by examining their influence on CT activity. Peptides displayed on phage selected in buffer provided significant protection from enzyme autolysis resulting in marked increase in CT activity (>100%). Phage selected in ACN provided some, albeit weak, protection from the detrimental influence on CT from ACN. In conclusion, the results demonstrate the potential for the application of phage display screening protocols to targets in media of low dielectricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Olofsson
- Bioorganic and Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden
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33
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Shipovskov S. Homogeneous esterification by lipase fromBurkholderia cepaciain the fluorinated solvent. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 24:1262-6. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Nanobiocatalysis and its potential applications. Trends Biotechnol 2008; 26:639-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Biocatalyst activity in nonaqueous environments correlates with centisecond-range protein motions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:15672-7. [PMID: 18840689 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804566105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies exploring the relationship between enzymatic catalysis and protein dynamics in the aqueous phase have yielded evidence that dynamics and enzyme activity are strongly correlated. Given that protein dynamics are significantly attenuated in organic solvents and that proteins exhibit a wide range of motions depending on the specific solvent environment, the nonaqueous milieu provides a unique opportunity to examine the role of protein dynamics in enzyme activity. Variable-temperature kinetic measurements, X-band electron spin resonance spectroscopy, (1)H NMR relaxation, and (19)F NMR spectroscopy experiments were performed on subtilisin Carlsberg colyophilized with several inorganic salts and suspended in organic solvents. The results indicate that salt activation induces a greater degree of transition-state flexibility, reflected by a more positive DeltaDeltaS(dagger), for the more active biocatalyst preparations in organic solvents. In contrast, DeltaDeltaH(dagger) was negligible regardless of salt type or salt content. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy and (1)H NMR relaxation measurements, including spin-lattice relaxation, spin-lattice relaxation in the rotating frame, and longitudinal magnetization exchange, revealed that the enzyme's turnover number (k(cat)) was strongly correlated with protein motions in the centisecond time regime, weakly correlated with protein motions in the millisecond regime, and uncorrelated with protein motions on the piconanosecond timescale. In addition, (19)F chemical shift measurements and hyperfine tensor measurements of biocatalyst formulations inhibited with 4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl fluoride and 4-ethoxyfluorophosphinyl-oxy-TEMPO, respectively, suggest that enzyme activation was only weakly affected by changes in active-site polarity.
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36
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Wang P. Multi-scale features in recent development of enzymic biocatalyst systems. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 152:343-52. [PMID: 18574568 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Functional relation among elements of different size scales in a system is probably a main challenge across the areas of the science of engineering ever since their emergence. Multi-scale time and size correlation for description and prediction of complex systems, however, has been systematically examined only recently with the aid of new computational tools. In the pursuit of efficient and sustainable chemical processing technologies, people have seen a growing emphasis on synthetic biotechnology in recent R&D efforts. In particular, industrial enzyme technologies are attracting enormous attention. Having been traditionally developed for food and detergent applications, industrial enzyme technologies are being re-examined and tested to their limits to keep abreast of the challenges in drug, biochemical, and the emerging biorenewable energy industries. Toward that, enzymes are required to function in non-conventional conditions, such as organic solvents, extreme pH, and temperatures; they also have to compete against alternative chemical technologies in terms of costs and efficiency. Accordingly, enzymic biocatalyst systems are being tackled dynamically at all size levels through efforts ranging from molecular level protein engineering and modification, nanoscale structure fabrication, and microenvironment manipulation to the construction of microchip devices and macroscopic industrial bioreactors and devices. These efforts are probably still on a case-to-case trial basis without much consideration of cross-scale correlations. Discovering, understanding, and controlling of the common features that relate functions of biocatalysts at different size scales may eventually be realized in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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37
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Adkins SS, Hobbs HR, Benaissi K, Johnston KP, Poliakoff M, Thomas NR. Stable colloidal dispersions of a lipase-perfluoropolyether complex in liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:4760-9. [PMID: 18363394 DOI: 10.1021/jp076930n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The technique of hydrophobic ion pairing was used to solubilize the lipase from Candida rugosa in a fluorinated solvent, perfluoromethylcyclohexane (PFMC), in complex with a perfluoropolyether (PFPE) surfactant, KDP 4606. The enzyme-surfactant complex was determined to have a hydrodynamic diameter of 6.5 nm at atmospheric pressure by dynamic light scattering (DLS), indicating that a single lipase molecule is stabilized by surrounding surfactant molecules. The complex formed a highly stable colloidal dispersion in both liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide at high CO2 densities (>0.92 and 0.847 g/mL, respectively), with 4% by volume PFMC as a cosolvent, yielding a fluid that was orange, optically translucent, and very nearly transparent. DLS demonstrated aggregation of the enzyme-surfactant complexes in CO2 at 25 and 40 degrees C and various pressures (2000-5000 psia) with hydrodynamic diameters ranging from 50 to 200 nm. The mechanism by which the enzyme-surfactant particles aggregate was shown to be via condensation due to very low polydispersities as characterized by the size distribution moments. Interparticle interactions were investigated with respect to density and temperature, and it was shown that on decreasing the CO2 density, the particle size increased, and the stability against settling decreased. Particle size also decreased as the temperature was increased to 40 degrees C, at constant CO2 density. Nanoparticle aggregates of an enzyme-surfactant complex in CO2, which are nearly optically transparent and stable to settling, are a promising new alternative to previous types of dispersions of proteins in CO2 that either required water/CO2 microemulsions or were composed of large particles unstable to settling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Adkins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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38
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Depp V, Kaar JL, Russell AJ, Lele BS. Enzyme Sheathing Enables Nanoscale Solubilization of Biocatalyst and Dramatically Increases Activity in Organic Solvent. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:1348-51. [DOI: 10.1021/bm701281x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Depp
- ICX-Agentase, 2240 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238, and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 100 Technology Drive, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Joel L. Kaar
- ICX-Agentase, 2240 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238, and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 100 Technology Drive, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Alan J. Russell
- ICX-Agentase, 2240 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238, and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 100 Technology Drive, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Bhalchandra S. Lele
- ICX-Agentase, 2240 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238, and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 100 Technology Drive, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
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39
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Castillo B, Solá RJ, Ferrer A, Barletta G, Griebenow K. Effect of PEG modification on subtilisin Carlsberg activity, enantioselectivity, and structural dynamics in 1,4-dioxane. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 99:9-17. [PMID: 17546684 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The employment of enzymes as catalysts within organic media has traditionally been hampered by the reduced enzymatic activities when compared to catalysis in aqueous solution. Although several complementary hypotheses have provided mechanistic insights into the causes of diminished activity, further development of biocatalysts would greatly benefit from effective chemical strategies (e.g., PEGylation) to ameliorate this event. Herein we explore the effects of altering the solvent composition from aqueous buffer to 1,4-dioxane on structural, dynamical, and catalytic properties of the model enzyme subtilisin Carlsberg (SBc). Furthermore, we also investigate the effects of dissolving the enzyme in 1,4-dioxane through chemical modification with poly(ethylene)-glycol (PEG, M(W) = 20 kDa) on these enzyme properties. In 1,4-dioxane a 10(4)-fold decrease in the enzyme's catalytic activity was observed for the hydrolysis reaction of vinyl butyrate with D(2)O and a 50% decrease in enzyme structural dynamics as evidenced by reduced amide H/D exchange kinetics occurred. Attaching increasing amounts of PEG to the enzyme reversed some of the activity loss. Evaluation of the structural dynamic behavior of the PEGylated enzyme within the organic solvent revealed an increase in structural dynamics at increased PEGylation. Correlation analysis between the catalytic and structural dynamic parameters revealed that the enzyme's catalytic activity and enantioselectivity depended on the changes in protein structural dynamics within 1,4-dioxane. These results demonstrate the importance of protein structural dynamics towards regulating the catalytic behavior of enzymes within organic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betzaida Castillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
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40
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Hobbs HR, Kirke HM, Poliakoff M, Thomas NR. Homogeneous Biocatalysis in both Fluorous Biphasic and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:7860-3. [PMID: 17823904 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Hobbs
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG72RD, UK
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41
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Hobbs H, Kirke H, Poliakoff M, Thomas N. Homogeneous Biocatalysis in both Fluorous Biphasic and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200701488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Dai WG, Dong LC. Characterization of physiochemical and biological properties of an insulin/lauryl sulfate complex formed by hydrophobic ion pairing. Int J Pharm 2007; 336:58-66. [PMID: 17174492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An insulin/lauryl sulfate complex was prepared by hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP). The physiochemical and biological properties of the HIP complex were characterized using octanol/water partition measurement, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), ultraviolet-circular dichroism (UV-CD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) bound to the insulin in a stoichiometric manner. The formed complex exhibited lipophilicity, and its insulin retained its native structure integrity. The in vivo bioactivity of the complex insulin was evaluated in rats by monitoring the plasma glucose level after intravenous (i.v.) injection, and the glucose level was compared with that for free insulin. The pharmacodynamic study result in rats showed that the complex insulin had in vivo bioactivity comparable to free insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Guo Dai
- ALZA Corporation, 1900 Charleston Road, Mountain View, CA 94039, USA.
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43
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Akbar U, Aschenbrenner CD, Harper MR, Johnson HR, Dordick JS, Clark DS. Direct solubilization of enzyme aggregates with enhanced activity in nonaqueous media. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 96:1030-9. [PMID: 17171716 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A protein solubilization method has been developed to directly solubilize protein clusters into organic solvents containing small quantities of surfactant and trace amounts of water. Termed "direct solubilization," this technique was shown to solubilize three distinct proteins - subtilisin Carlsberg, lipase B from Candida antarctica, and soybean peroxidase - with much greater efficiencies than extraction of the protein from aqueous solution into surfactant-containing organic solvents (referred to as extraction). More significant, however, was the dramatic increase in directly solubilized enzyme activity relative to extracted enzyme activity, particularly for subtilisin and lipase in polar organic solvents. For example, in THF the initial rate towards bergenin transesterification was ca. 70 times higher for directly solubilized subtilisin than for the extracted enzyme. Furthermore, unlike their extracted counterparts, the directly solubilized enzymes yielded high product conversions across a spectrum of non-polar and polar solvents. Structural characterization of the solubilized enzymes via light scattering and atomic force microscopy revealed soluble proteins consisting of active enzyme aggregates containing approximately 60 and 100 protein molecules, respectively, for subtilisin and lipase. Formation of such clusters appears to provide a microenvironment conducive to catalysis and, in polar organic solvents at least, may protect the enzyme from solvent-induced inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Akbar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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44
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GANDHI NEENAN, PATIL NITINS, SAWANT SUDHIRPRAKASHB, JOSHI JYESHTHARAJB, WANGIKAR PRAMODP, MUKESH D. Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/cr-100101953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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45
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Single enzyme nanoparticles in nanoporous silica: A hierarchical approach to enzyme stabilization and immobilization. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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46
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Kim J, Kosto TJ, Manimala JC, Nauman EB, Dordick JS. Preparation of enzyme-in-polymer composites with high activity and stability. AIChE J 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.690470124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Kim J, Lee J, Na HB, Kim BC, Youn JK, Kwak JH, Moon K, Lee E, Kim J, Park J, Dohnalkova A, Park HG, Gu MB, Chang HN, Grate JW, Hyeon T. A magnetically separable, highly stable enzyme system based on nanocomposites of enzymes and magnetic nanoparticles shipped in hierarchically ordered, mesocellular, mesoporous silica. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2005; 1:1203-7. [PMID: 17193420 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200500245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jungbae Kim
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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48
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Ragheb AM, Hileman OE, Brook M. The use of poly(ethylene oxide) for the efficient stabilization of entrapped α-chymotrypsin in silicone elastomers: A chemometric study. Biomaterials 2005; 26:6973-83. [PMID: 15992922 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme alpha-chymotrypsin, a model for catalytic proteins, was entrapped in different silicone elastomers that were formed via the condensation-cure room temperature vulcanization (CC-RTV) of silanol terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) with tetraethyl orthosilicate as a crosslinker, in the presence of different poly(ethylene oxide) oligomers that were functionalized with triethoxysilyl groups. The effects of various chemical factors on both the activity and entrapping efficiency of proteins (leaching) were studied using a 2-level fractional factorial design--a chemometrics approach. The factors studied include the concentration and chain length of poly(ethylene oxide), enzyme content, and crosslinker (TEOS) concentration. The study indicated that poly(ethylene oxide) can stabilize the entrapped alpha-chymotrypsin in silicone rubber: the specific activity can be maximized by incorporating a relatively high content of short chain, functional PEO. Increased enzyme concentration was found to adversely affect the specific activity. The effect of TEOS was found to be insignificant when PEO was present in the elastomer, however, it does affect the activity positively in the case of simple elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro M Ragheb
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, ON Canada
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jegan Roy
- Biochemical Processing Section, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Trivandrum 695 019, India
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50
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Yang L, Dordick JS, Garde S. Hydration of enzyme in nonaqueous media is consistent with solvent dependence of its activity. Biophys J 2005; 87:812-21. [PMID: 15298890 PMCID: PMC1304491 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.041269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Water plays an important role in enzyme structure and function in aqueous media. That role becomes even more important when one focuses on enzymes in low water media. Here we present results from molecular dynamics simulations of surfactant-solubilized subtilisin BPN' in three organic solvents (octane, tetrahydrofuran, and acetonitrile) and in pure water. Trajectories from simulations are analyzed with a focus on enzyme structure, flexibility, and the details of enzyme hydration. The overall enzyme and backbone structures, as well as individual residue flexibility, do not show significant differences between water and the three organic solvents over a timescale of several nanoseconds currently accessible to large-scale molecular dynamics simulations. The key factor that distinguishes molecular-level details in different media is the partitioning of hydration water between the enzyme and the bulk solvent. The enzyme surface and the active site region are well hydrated in aqueous medium, whereas with increasing polarity of the organic solvent (octane --> tetrahydrofuran --> acetonitrile) the hydration water is stripped from the enzyme surface. Water stripping is accompanied by the penetration of tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile molecules into crevices on the enzyme surface and especially into the active site. More polar organic solvents (tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile) replace mobile and weakly bound water molecules in the active site and leave primarily the tightly bound water in that region. In contrast, the lack of water stripping in octane allows efficient hydration of the active site uniformly by mobile and weakly bound water and some structural water similar to that in aqueous solution. These differences in the active site hydration are consistent with the inverse dependence of enzymatic activity on organic solvent polarity and indicate that the behavior of hydration water on the enzyme surface and in the active site is an important determinant of biological function especially in low water media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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