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Ting SI, Snelson DW, Huffman TR, Kuroo A, Sato R, Shenvi RA. Synthesis of (-)-Cotylenol, a 14-3-3 Molecular Glue Component. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20634-20645. [PMID: 37683289 PMCID: PMC11022164 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules that modulate the 14-3-3 protein-protein interaction (PPI) network represent valuable therapeutics and tool compounds. However, access has been lost to 14-3-3 PPI molecular glues of the cotylenin class, leading to investigations into the practical chemical syntheses of congeners and analogues. Here we report a concise synthesis of (-)-cotylenol via a 10-step asymmetric entry into a diversifiable 5-8-5 core. This route features a mild Liebeskind-Srogl fragment coupling that tolerates unprecedented steric hindrance to produce a highly congested ketone, and a tandem Claisen-ene cascade that establishes the 8-membered ring. Late-stage control of stereochemistry and functionality leads to (-)-cotylenol and sets the stage for focused library synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen I. Ting
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dylan W. Snelson
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tucker R. Huffman
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Akihiro Kuroo
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryota Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan A. Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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2
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Orr SA, Andrews PC, Blair VL. Main Group Metal-Mediated Transformations of Imines. Chemistry 2021; 27:2569-2588. [PMID: 32761667 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Main-group-metal-mediated transformations of imines have earned a valued place in the synthetic chemist's toolbox. Their versatility allows the simple preparation of various nitrogen containing compounds. This review will outline the early discoveries including metallation, addition/cyclisation and metathesis pathways, followed by the modern-day use of imines in synthetic methodology. Recent advances in imine C-F activation protocols are discussed, alongside revisiting "classic" imine reactivity from a sustainable perspective. Developments in catalytic methods for hydroelementation of imines have been reviewed, highlighting the importance of s-block metals in the catalytic arena. Whilst stoichiometric transformations in alternative reaction media such as deep eutectic solvents or water have been summarised. The incorporation of imines into flow chemistry has received recent attention and is summarised within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Orr
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Philip C Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Victoria L Blair
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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3
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Guang J, Liu QP, Hopson R, Williard PG. Lithium pinacolone enolate solvated by hexamethylphosphoramide. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:7347-56. [PMID: 25933508 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the crystal structure of a substoichiometric, HMPA-trisolvated lithium pinacolone enolate tetramer (LiOPin)4·HMPA3 abbreviated as T3. In this tetramer one HMPA binds to lithium more strongly than the other two causing a reduction in spatial symmetry with corresponding loss of C3 symmetry. A variety of NMR experiments, including HMPA titration, diffusion coefficient-formula weight (D-FW) analysis, and other multinuclear one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques reveal that T3 is the major species in hydrocarbon solution when more than 0.6 equiv of HMPA is present. Due to a small amount of moisture from HMPA or air leaking into the solution, a minor complex was identified and confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis as a mixed aggregate containing enolate, lithium hydroxide, and HMPA in a 4:2:4 ratio, [(LiOPin)4·(LiOH)2·HMPA4], that we refer to as pseudo-T4. A tetra-HMPA-solvated lithium cyclopentanone enolate tetramer was also prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction, leading to the conclusion that steric effects dominate the formation and solvation of the pinacolone aggregates. An unusual mixed aggregate consisting of pinacolone enolate, lithium diisopropyl amide, lithium oxide, and HMPA in the ratio 5:1:1:2 is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Qiyong Peter Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Russell Hopson
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Paul G Williard
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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4
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Pöppler A, Granitzka M, Herbst‐Irmer R, Chen Y, Iversen BB, John M, Mata RA, Stalke D. Charakterisierung eines Mehrkomponenten‐Lithiumlithats durch eine Kombination von Röntgenstrukturanalyse, NMR‐Spektroskopie und theoretischen Studien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann‐Christin Pöppler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen (Deutschland)
| | - Markus Granitzka
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen (Deutschland)
| | - Regine Herbst‐Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen (Deutschland)
| | | | - Bo B. Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University (Dänemark)
| | - Michael John
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen (Deutschland)
| | - Ricardo A. Mata
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Universität Göttingen (Deutschland)
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen (Deutschland)
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5
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Pöppler AC, Granitzka M, Herbst-Irmer R, Chen YS, Iversen BB, John M, Mata RA, Stalke D. Characterization of a Multicomponent Lithium Lithiate from a Combined X-Ray Diffraction, NMR Spectroscopy, and Computational Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13282-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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6
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Assem N, Hili R, He Z, Kasahara T, Inman BL, Decker S, Yudin AK. Role of Reversible Dimerization in Reactions of Amphoteric Aziridine Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2012; 77:5613-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3007418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naila Assem
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Ryan Hili
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Zhi He
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Takahito Kasahara
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Brittany L. Inman
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Shannon Decker
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Andrei K. Yudin
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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7
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Hoepker AC, Collum DB. Computational studies of lithium diisopropylamide deaggregation. J Org Chem 2011; 76:7985-93. [PMID: 21888365 DOI: 10.1021/jo2015642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory computations [MP2/6-31G(d)//B3LYP/6-31G(d)] on the deaggregation of lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) dimer solvated by two tetrahydrofuran ligands to give the corresponding trisolvated monomer show eight structurally distinct minima. The barriers to exchange are comparable to those expected from experimental studies showing rate-limiting deaggregations. The role of conformational isomerism in deaggregation and the extent that deaggregation rates dictate LDA reactivity under synthetically important conditions are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Hoepker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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8
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Gupta L, Ramírez A, Collum DB. Reaction of lithium diethylamide with an alkyl bromide and alkyl benzenesulfonate: origins of alkylation, elimination, and sulfonation. J Org Chem 2010; 75:8392-9. [PMID: 21077695 DOI: 10.1021/jo101505x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A combination of NMR, kinetic, and computational methods are used to examine reactions of lithium diethylamide in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with n-dodecyl bromide and n-octyl benzenesulfonate. The alkyl bromide undergoes competitive S(N)2 substitution and E2 elimination in proportions independent of all concentrations except for a minor medium effect. Rate studies show that both reactions occur via trisolvated-monomer-based transition structures. The alkyl benzenesulfonate undergoes competitive S(N)2 substitution (minor) and N-sulfonation (major) with N-sulfonation promoted at low THF concentrations. The S(N)2 substitution is shown to proceed via a disolvated monomer suggested computationally to involve a cyclic transition structure. The dominant N-sulfonation follows a disolvated-dimer-based transition structure suggested computationally to be a bicyclo[3.1.1] form. The differing THF and lithium diethylamide orders for the two reactions explain the observed concentration-dependent chemoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekha Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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9
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Bhadbhade M, Clentsmith GKB, Field LD. Sterically Hindered Diazabutadienes (DABs): Competing Reaction Pathways with MeLi. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100850p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Beaumont S, Ilardi EA, Tappin NDC, Zakarian A. Marine Toxins with Spiroimine Rings: Total Synthesis of Pinnatoxin A. European J Org Chem 2010; 2010:5743-5765. [PMID: 21461316 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This microreview provides a compilation of synthetic approaches and total syntheses of pinnatoxin A in a survey of the literature up to early 2010. Pinnatoxin A is the first discovered and representative member of a fascinating group of potent marine toxins that share a spiroimine subunit as a unifying structural element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Beaumont
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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11
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Zhao J, Liu Y, He Q, Li Y, Ma S. Experimental and theoretical study of tunable 1,3-lithium shift of propargylic/allenylic species, transmetallation, and Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Chemistry 2010; 15:11361-72. [PMID: 19760707 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The highly selective tuning of the isomerization from 1-arylalka-1,2-dien-1-yllithium to 1-arylalka-1,2-dien-3-yllithium has been realized in the deprotonation of 1-arylalk-1-yne (conditions A and B) and carbolithiation of 1-arylbut-3-en-1-yne with alkyllithium (conditions C and D). Subsequent transmetallation and Pd-catalyzed Negishi coupling reactions afforded 1,1-diaryl or 1,3-diaryl allenes with high selectivity. Deuterium-labeling cross experiments indicated that an intermolecular lithiation process occurred in both 1,3-lithium shift conditions (conditions B and D). 1-Arylalka-1,2-diene was confirmed experimentally to be the intermediate. A computational study at the B3LYP level for the isomerization indicated that the acidity of H at the 3-position is higher than that of the H at the 1-position of 1-phenyl-1,2-butadiene. Under conditions B, iPr(2)NH acts as a proton carrier to finish the 1,3-lithium shift. The overall activation barrier for the rate-determining step in the solvated models is approximately 21.0 kcal mol(-1), indicating that the isomerization is reasonable at room temperature. For the isomerization under conditions D, DFT calculations indicated that the addition of TMEDA (tetramethylethylenediamine) and HMPA (hexamethylphosphoramide) changes the global minimum of the system; among the possible mechanisms (P1-P5) considered, the mechanism catalyzed by dilithiated species (P5) is the most probable one. The overall activation barriers for isomerization in THF and TMEDA solvated models are 22.6 and 19.7 kcal mol(-1), respectively, proving that the isomerization may proceed at RT in THF or at -78 degrees C with TMEDA, due to the fact that the solvation of the additives may increase the concentration of 1-phenyl-1,2-butadienyllithium monomer by a deaggregation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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12
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Denmark SE, Ares JJ. Stereoselective alkylations of chiral nitro imine and nitro hydrazone dianions. Synthesis of enantiomerically enriched 3-substituted 1-nitrocyclohexenes. J Org Chem 2008; 73:9647-56. [PMID: 18855478 PMCID: PMC3199965 DOI: 10.1021/jo801790r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dianions of chiral nitro imines (generated by a combination of LDA and s-BuLi) underwent diastereoselective alkylation with methyl, butyl, isopropyl, allyl, and methallyl iodides. In contrast to the behavior of simple metalloenamines, the most selective auxiliary contained no coordinating groups but did possess a large steric difference between the two substituents. The yield and selectivity of the alkylations were improved by the addition of HMPA or DMPU. The use of (S)-1-naphthylethylamine as the auxiliary afforded the R absolute configuration of the alkylation products. This stereochemical outcome could be rationalized by simple steric approach controlled alkylation in a conformationally fixed, internally coordinated dianion. A SAMP nitro hydrazone gave poorer yields and selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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13
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Godenschwager P, Collum DB. Lithium hexamethyldisilazide-mediated enolizations: influence of triethylamine on E/Z selectivities and enolate reactivities. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:8726-32. [PMID: 18557616 PMCID: PMC3021125 DOI: 10.1021/ja800250q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) in triethylamine (Et 3N)/toluene is shown to enolize acyclic ketones and esters rapidly and with high E/ Z selectivity. Mechanistic studies reveal a dimer-based mechanism consistent with previous studies of LiHMDS/Et 3N. E/ Z equilibration occurs when <2.0 equiv of LiHMDS are used. Studies of the aldol condensation and Ireland-Claisen rearrangement of the resulting Et 3N-solvated enolates show higher and often complementary diastereoselectivities when compared with analogous reactions in THF. The Et 3N-solvated enolates also display a marked (20-fold) acceleration of the Ireland-Claisen rearrangement with evidence of autocatalysis. A possible importance of amine-solvated enolates is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Godenschwager
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - David B. Collum
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
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14
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Ma Y, Collum DB. Lithium diisopropylamide-mediated reactions of imines, unsaturated esters, epoxides, and aryl carbamates: influence of hexamethylphosphoramide and ethereal cosolvents on reaction mechanisms. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:14818-25. [PMID: 17985891 DOI: 10.1021/ja074554e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several reactions mediated by lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) with added hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) are described. The N-isopropylimine of cyclohexanone lithiates via an ensemble of monomer-based pathways. Conjugate addition of LDA/HMPA to an unsaturated ester proceeds via di- and tetra-HMPA-solvated dimers. Deprotonation of norbornene epoxide by LDA/HMPA proceeds via an intermediate metalated epoxide as a mixed dimer with LDA. Ortholithiation of an aryl carbamate proceeds via a mono-HMPA-solvated monomer-based pathway. Dependencies on THF and other ethereal cosolvents suggest that secondary-shell solvation effects are important in some instances. The origins of the inordinate mechanistic complexity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
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15
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He X, Morris JJ, Noll BC, Brown SN, Henderson KW. Kinetics and mechanism of ketone enolization mediated by magnesium bis(hexamethyldisilazide). J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:13599-610. [PMID: 17031975 DOI: 10.1021/ja064927w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium bis(hexamethyldisilazide), Mg(HMDS)(2), reacts with substoichiometric amounts of propiophenone in toluene solution at ambient temperature to form a 74:26 mixture of the enolates (E)- and (Z)-[(HMDS)(2)Mg(2)(mu-HMDS){mu-OC(Ph)=CHCH(3)}], (E)-1 and (Z)-1, which contain a pair of three-coordinate metal centers bridged by an amide and an enolate group. The compositions of (E)-1 and (Z)-1 were confirmed by solution NMR studies and also by crystallographic characterization in the solid state. Rate studies using UV-vis spectroscopy reveal the rapid and complete formation of a reaction intermediate, 2, between the ketone and magnesium, which undergoes first-order decay with rate constants independent of the concentration of excess Mg(HMDS)(2) (DeltaH++ = 17.2 +/- 0.8 kcal/mol, DeltaS++ = -11 +/- 3 cal/mol.K). The intermediate 2 has been characterized by low-temperature (1)H NMR, diffusion-ordered NMR, and IR spectroscopy and investigated by computational studies, all of which are consistent with the formulation of 2 as a three-coordinate monomer, (HMDS)(2)Mg{eta(1)-O=C(Ph)CH(2)CH(3)}. Further support for this structure is provided by the synthesis and structural characterization of two model ketone complexes, (HMDS)(2)Mg(eta(1)-O=C(t)Bu(2)) (3) and (HMDS)(2)Mg{eta(1)-O=C((t)Bu)Ph} (4). A large primary deuterium isotope effect (k(H)/k(D) = 18.9 at 295 K) indicates that proton transfer is the rate-limiting step of the reaction. The isotope effect displays a strong temperature dependence, indicative of tunneling. In combination, these data support the mechanism of enolization proceeding through the single intermediate 2 via intramolecular proton transfer from the alpha carbon of the bound ketone to the nitrogen of a bound hexamethyldisilazide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5670, USA
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16
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Collum DB, McNeil AJ, Ramirez A. Lithium diisopropylamide: solution kinetics and implications for organic synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:3002-17. [PMID: 17387670 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) is a prominent reagent used in organic synthesis. In this Review, rate studies of LDA-mediated reactions are placed in the broader context of organic synthesis in three distinct segments. The first section provides a tutorial on solution kinetics, emphasizing the characteristic rate behavior caused by dominant solvation and aggregation effects. The second section summarizes substrate- and solvent-dependent mechanisms that reveal basic principles of solvation and aggregation. The final section suggests how an understanding of mechanism might be combined with empirical methods to optimize yields, rates, and selectivities of organolithium reactions and applied to organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301, USA.
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17
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Collum D, McNeil A, Ramirez A. Lithiumdiisopropylamid: Reaktionskinetik in Lösung und Folgerungen für die organische Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Popenova S, Mawhinney RC, Schreckenbach G. Density Functional Study of Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) Complexes: Effects of Solvation and Aggregation. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:3856-64. [PMID: 17432844 DOI: 10.1021/ic061599s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS), has been studied using modern quantum-chemical methods in the form of the B3LYP approach. Monomers, dimers, trimers, and tetramers, microsolvated with up to four THF molecules have been considered. The choice of model complex is seen to be important-for instance, the simpler water molecule is shown to be an inappropriate substitute for the THF solvent. Calculated lithium NMR shieldings are reported, but by themselves, they seem to be insufficient for unequivocal assignments of the different species. The energetics of aggregation and solvation have been studied. Temperature effects are seen to be important, and the degrees of solvation and aggregation are higher at 0 K than at 298 K. The highest degree of THF solvation for the monomer and dimer is found to be three (0 K) and two (298 K), respectively. The highest possible degree of aggregation for unsolvated LiHMDS is four. However, in nonpolar solvents, formation of the LiHDMS dimer from the trimer is thermodynamically preferred. The pathway is likely to involve an intermediate tetramer. In THF solution, di-solvated monomers and dimers are the most likely species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Popenova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal QC, Canada H3G 1M8
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19
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Ma Y, Ramirez A, Singh KJ, Keresztes I, Collum DB. Lithium Diisopropylamide Solvated by Hexamethylphosphoramide: Substrate-Dependent Mechanisms for Dehydrobrominations. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:15399-404. [PMID: 17132006 DOI: 10.1021/ja060964b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lithium diisopropylamide-mediated dehydrobrominations of exo-2-bromonorbornane, 1-bromocyclooctene, and cis-4-bromo-tert-butylcyclohexane were studied in THF solutions and THF solutions with added hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA). Rate studies reveal a diverse array of mechanisms based on mono-, di-, and trisolvated monomers as well as triple ions. The results are contrasted with analogous eliminations in THF in the absence of HMPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
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20
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Green JR, Majewski M, Snieckus V. Deprotonation of β,β-disubstituted α,β-unsaturated amides - Mechanism and stereochemical consequences. CAN J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/v06-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A detailed study of the lithium dialkylamide induced deprotonation of β,β-disubstituted α,β-unsaturated amides is presented. The preferential γ-Z-deprotonation and stereochemical outcome of substituents on the γ-Z carbon atom are rationalized in terms of a cyclic eight-membered transition state, which is supported by DFT calculations. Analogous deprotonations on cyclohexylidenecarboxamides reveal a delicate balance of the preference for the eight-membered cyclic transition state with the effects of existing substituents on the ring and the intervention of a twist-boat transition state.Key words: dienolate, amide, deprotonation mechanism, transition state, enolization, regioselectivity, stereoselectivity.
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21
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Singh KJ, Collum DB. Lithium Diisopropylamide-Mediated Ortholithiation and Anionic Fries Rearrangement of Aryl Carbamates: Role of Aggregates and Mixed Aggregates. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:13753-60. [PMID: 17044703 DOI: 10.1021/ja064655x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Structural and mechanistic studies of the lithium diisopropylamide (LDA)-mediated anionic Fries rearrangements of aryl carbamates are described. Substituents at the meta position of the arene (H, OMe, F) and the dialkylamino moiety of the carbamate (Me(2)N, Et(2)N, and i-Pr(2)N) markedly influence the relative rates of ortholithiation and subsequent Fries rearrangement. Structural studies using (6)Li and (15)N NMR spectroscopies on samples derived from [(6)Li,(15)N]LDA reveal an LDA dimer, LDA dimer-arene complexes, an aryllithium monomer, LDA-aryllithium mixed dimers, an LDA-lithium phenolate mixed dimer, and homoaggregated lithium phenolates. The highly insoluble phenolate was characterized as a dimer by X-ray crystallography. Rate studies show monomer- and dimer-based ortholithiations as well as monomer- and mixed dimer-based Fries rearrangements. Density functional theory computational studies probe experimentally elusive structural and mechanistic details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Jit Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
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22
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Ramirez A, Sun X, Collum DB. Lithium Diisopropylamide-Mediated Enolization: Catalysis by Hemilabile Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:10326-36. [PMID: 16881665 DOI: 10.1021/ja062147h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structural, kinetic, and computational studies reveal the mechanistic complexities of a lithium diisopropylamide (LDA)-mediated ester enolization. Hemilabile amino ether MeOCH2CH2NMe2, binding as an eta1 (ether-bound) ligand in the reactant and as an eta2 (chelating) ligand in the transition structure, accelerates the enolization 10,000-fold compared with n-BuOMe. At the onset of the reaction, a dimer-based enolization prevails. As the reaction proceeds, significantly less reactive LDA-enolate mixed dimers appear and divert the reaction through monomer- and mixed dimer-based pathways. The mechanistic and computational investigations lead to a proof-of-principle ligand-catalyzed enolization in which an ancillary ligand allows the catalytic ligand to re-enter the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
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23
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MacQuarrie-Hunter S, Carlier PR. Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Rigid, Quaternary 1,4-Benzodiazepine-2,5-diones Derived from Proline. Org Lett 2005; 7:5305-8. [PMID: 16268564 DOI: 10.1021/ol052182d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Proline-derived 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-diones are extremely useful scaffolds in medicinal chemistry. In this paper, we describe a protocol for retentive C3 alkylation of these materials, thus accomplishing the direct synthesis of enantiopure quaternary 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-diones. The high enantioselectivities (up to 99.5%) are attributed to memory of chirality.
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24
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Mangelinckx S, Giubellina N, De Kimpe N. 1-Azaallylic Anions in Heterocyclic Chemistry. Chem Rev 2004; 104:2353-99. [PMID: 15137794 DOI: 10.1021/cr020084p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Mangelinckx
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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25
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Zhao P, Condo A, Keresztes I, Collum DB. Reaction of Ketones with Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide: Competitive Enolizations and 1,2-Additions. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:3113-8. [PMID: 15012141 DOI: 10.1021/ja030582v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of 2-methylcyclohexanone with lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS, TMS(2)NLi) displays highly solvent-dependent chemoselectivity. LiHMDS in THF/toluene effect enolization. Rate studies using in situ IR spectroscopy are consistent with a THF concentration-dependent monomer-based pathway. LiHMDS in pyrrolidine/toluene affords exclusively 1,2-addition of the pyrrolidine fragment to form an alpha-amino alkoxide-LiHMDS mixed dimer shown to be a pair of conformers by using (6)Li, (15)N, and (13)C NMR spectroscopies. Rate studies are consistent with a monomer-based transition structure [(TMS(2)NLi)(ketone)(pyrrolidine)(3)](). The partitioning between enolization and 1,2-addition is kinetically controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinjing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
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26
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Suzuki M, Koyama H, Noyori R. Effects of HMPA on the Structure and Reactivity of the Lithium Enolate of Cyclopentanone in THF: The Dimer is Responsible for Alkylation and Proton Exchange Reactions. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.77.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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27
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Liao S, Collum DB. Lithium Diisopropylamide-Mediated Lithiations of Imines: Insights into Highly Structure-Dependent Rates and Selectivities. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:15114-27. [PMID: 14653747 DOI: 10.1021/ja030409z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lithium diisopropylamide-mediated lithiations of N-alkyl ketimines derived from cyclohexanones reveal that simple substitutions on the N-alkyl side chain and the 2-position of the cyclohexyl moiety afford a 60,000-fold range of rates. Detailed rate studies implicate monosolvated monomers at the rate-limiting transition structures in all instances. Comparisons of experimentally derived regioselectivities and rates, taken in conjunction with density functional theory computational studies, reveal a number of factors that influence reactivities including: (a) axial versus equatorial disposition of the proton on the cyclohexane ring, (b) syn versus anti orientation of the lithiation relative to the N-alkyl group, (c) the presence or absence of a potentially chelating methoxy moiety on the N-alkyl group, (d) the presence of a 2-methyl substituent at the geminal or distal alpha-carbon, and (e) branching in the N-alkyl group. The isolated contributions are not large, yet they display a strong and predictable additivity leading to a kinetic resolution of imines derived from racemic 2-methylcyclohexanone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songping Liao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
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28
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Ramírez A, Lobkovsky E, Collum DB. Hemilabile Ligands in Organolithium Chemistry: Substituent Effects on Lithium Ion Chelation. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:15376-87. [PMID: 14664582 DOI: 10.1021/ja030322d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lithium diisopropylamide-mediated 1,2-elimination of 1-bromocyclooctene to provide cyclooctyne is investigated using approximately 50 potentially hemilabile polyethers and amino ethers. Rate laws for selected ligands reveal chelated monomer-based pathways. The dependence of the rates on ligand structure shows that anticipated rate accelerations based on the gem-dimethyl effect are nonexistent and that substituents generally retard the reaction. With the aid of semiempirical and DFT computational studies, the factors influencing chelation are discussed. It seems that severe buttressing within chelates of the substitutionally rich ligands precludes a net stabilization of the chelates relative to nonchelated (eta(1)-solvated) forms. One ligand-MeOCH(2)CH(2)NMe(2)-appears to promote elimination uniquely by a higher-coordinate monomer-based pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ramírez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301, USA
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29
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Carlier PR. Configurational stability of chiral lithiated cyclopropylnitriles: a density functional study. Chirality 2003; 15:340-7. [PMID: 12666242 DOI: 10.1002/chir.10222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chiral, configurationally stable lithiated nitriles would be valuable intermediates for asymmetric carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions. To gain insight into the design of such species, Walborsky's attempted enantioselective deprotonation/trapping reactions of a chiral cyclopropylnitrile were studied computationally up to the MP2(fc)/6-31+G* and B3LYP/6-31+G* levels. Investigation of cyclopropylnitrile/LiNH(2) deprotonation transition structures demonstrated a significant (20-23 kcal/mol) kinetic preference for N-lithiation, and a facile (4-6 kcal/mol barrier) "conducted tour" racemization pathway for the N-lithiated nitrile product. Addition of a model directing group (formyl) to the beta-carbon of the cyclopropyl ring is predicted to significantly favor C-lithiation over N-lithiation, both kinetically and thermodynamically. Thus, chiral beta-Lewis base substituted cyclopropylnitriles may serve as precursors to chiral, configurationally stable organolithium reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Carlier
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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30
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Computational study of the syn,anti-selective aldol additions of lithiated bis-lactim ether to 1,3-dioxolane-4-carboxaldehydes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(02)00479-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Carlier PR, Madura JD. Effective computational modeling of constitutional isomerism and aggregation states of explicit solvates of lithiated phenylacetonitrile. J Org Chem 2002; 67:3832-40. [PMID: 12027700 DOI: 10.1021/jo0255633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present the first calculations which accurately account for the position of metalation and aggregation state of lithiated nitriles. Solvation is found to be a key determinant of structure. Five known solvates of lithiated phenylacetonitrile were examined computationally to determine the minimum level of theory required to reproduce the observed X-ray and multinuclear NMR structures. In all cases Hartree-Fock 3-21G energies of explicit solvates calculated at PM3 geometries correctly predict the observed N-lithiated constitutional isomer. Selected density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31+G*//PM3) energy calculations reproduce this trend. We also show that 3-21G//PM3 calculations which do not include explicit solvent molecules, or which include water as a model for diethyl ether, may lead to incorrect predictions of the preferred constitutional isomer. 3-21G//PM3 energies also adequately account for observed aggregation states of the TMEDA, diethyl ether, and THF solvates. Finally, calculations of THF-solvated monomers up to the B3LYP/6-31+G*//B3LYP/6-31+G level indicate a significant (6.8 kcal/mol) preference for N-lithiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Carlier
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
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32
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Desymmetrisation of meso-methylcyclooctanones. Highly enantioselective synthesis of C8 syn-isoprenoid and syn,syn-deoxypropionate subunits from a bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane precursor. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Rutherford JL, Hoffmann D, Collum DB. Consequences of correlated solvation on the structures and reactivities of RLi-diamine complexes: 1,2-addition and alpha-lithiation reactions of imines by TMEDA-solvated n-butyllithium and phenyllithium. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:264-71. [PMID: 11782178 DOI: 10.1021/ja002979u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
6Li and (13)C NMR spectroscopic studies were carried out on [(6)Li]n-BuLi and [(6)Li]PhLi (RLi) in toluene-d(8) containing the following diamines: N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), N,N,N',N'-tetraethylethylenediamine, 1,2-dipyrrolidinoethane, 1,2-dipiperidinoethane, N,N,N',N'-tetramethylpropanediamine, trans-(R,R)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylcyclohexanediamine, and (-)-sparteine. Dimers of general structure (RLi)(2)S(2) (S = chelating diamine) are formed in each case. Treatment of RLi with two different diamines (S and S') affords homosolvates (RLi)(2)S(2) and (RLi)(2)S'(2) along with a heterosolvate (RLi)(2)SS'. Relative binding constants and associated free energies for the sequential solvent substitutions are obtained by competing pairs of diamines. The high relative stabilities of certain heterosolvates indicate that solvent binding to the RLi dimer can be highly correlated. Rate studies of both the 1,2-addition of RLi/TMEDA to the N-isopropylimine of cyclohexane carboxaldehyde and the RLi/TMEDA-mediated alpha-lithiation of the N-isopropylimine of cyclohexanone reveal monomer-based transition structures, [(RLi)(TMEDA)(imine)], in all cases. The complex relationships of solvent binding constants and relative reactivities toward 1,2-additions and alpha-lithiations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Rutherford
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
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34
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Fort Y, Gros P, Rodriguez AL. First one-pot chemo-, regio- and enantioselective functionalisation of pyridine compounds mediated by BuLi-(S)-(−)-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidine methoxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(01)00454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Briggs TF, Winemiller MD, Xiang B, Collum DB. Solution structures of the mixed aggregates derived from lithium acetylides and a camphor-derived amino alkoxide. J Org Chem 2001; 66:6291-8. [PMID: 11559177 DOI: 10.1021/jo010305b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Low-temperature (6)Li, (13)C, and (15)N NMR spectroscopies reveal that mixtures of lithium cyclopropylacetylide or lithium phenylacetylide (RCCLi) and a vicinal amino alkoxide derived from camphor (R*OLi) in THF/pentane afford an asymmetric (RCCLi)(3)(R*OLi) mixed tetramer and a C(2)-symmetric (RCCLi)(2)(R*OLi)(2) mixed tetramer depending on the stoichiometries. The corresponding (RCCLi)(R*OLi)(3) mixed tetramer is not observed. R*OLi-mediated additions of PhCCLi to benzaldehyde proceed with up to an 8:1 enantiomeric ratio that depend on both the choice of R*OLi and the PhCCLi/R*OLi stoichiometries. The results are considered in light of a previously proposed mechanism for the 1,2-addition to a trifluoromethyl ketone.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Briggs
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301, USA
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36
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Fredrik Hæffner,*, Sun C, Williard PG. Mechanistic Variations Due to the Solvation State in the Reaction of MeLi in Dimer and Trimer Aggregates with Formaldehyde. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja002380u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Hæffner,*
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Chengzao Sun
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Paul G. Williard
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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37
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Nakamura E, Mori S. Warum denn Kupfer? – Strukturen und Reaktionsmechanismen von Organocupratclustern in der Organischen Chemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20001103)112:21<3902::aid-ange3902>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Nakamura E, Mori S. Wherefore Art Thou Copper? Structures and Reaction Mechanisms of Organocuprate Clusters in Organic Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000; 39:3750-3771. [PMID: 11091452 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20001103)39:21<3750::aid-anie3750>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organocopper reagents provide the most general synthetic tools in organic chemistry for nucleophilic delivery of hard carbanions to electrophilic carbon centers. A number of structural and mechanistic studies have been reported and have led to a wide variety of mechanistic proposals, some of which might even be contradictory to others. With the recent advent of physical and theoretical methodologies, the accumulated knowledge on organocopper chemistry is being put together into a few major mechanistic principles. This review will summarize first the general structural features of organocopper compounds and the previous mechanistic arguments, and then describe the most recent mechanistic pictures obtained through high-level quantum mechanical calculations for three typical organocuprate reactions, carbocupration, conjugate addition, and S(N)2 alkylation. The unified view on the nucleophilic reactivities of metal organocuprate clusters thus obtained has indicated that organocuprate chemistry represents an intricate example of molecular recognition and supramolecular chemistry, which chemists have long exploited without knowing it. Reasoning about the uniqueness of the copper atom among neighboring metal elements in the periodic table will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry The University of Tokyo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 (Japan)
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39
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Sun X, Collum DB. Lithium Diisopropylamide-Mediated Enolizations: Solvent-Independent Rates, Solvent-Dependent Mechanisms. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja992062z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Sun
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - David B. Collum
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
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40
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Nilsson Lill SO, Arvidsson PI, Ahlberg P. Computational study of solvation and stereoselectivity in deprotonation of cyclohexene oxide by a chiral lithium amide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(98)00501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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41
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New chelating silylamido ligands: syntheses and X-ray crystal structures of lithium and magnesium derivatives of [t-Bu–HN–SiMe2–o-C6H4–X] (X=OMe, NMe2, CH2NMe2, CF3). J Organomet Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(97)00580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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42
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Henderson KW, Dorigo AE, Liu QY, Williard PG. Effect of Polydentate Donor Molecules on Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide Aggregation: An X-ray Crystallographic and a Combination Semiempirical PM3/Single Point ab Initio Theoretical Study. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja971920t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W. Henderson
- Contribution from the Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK, and Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Andrea E. Dorigo
- Contribution from the Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK, and Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Qi-Yong Liu
- Contribution from the Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK, and Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Paul G. Williard
- Contribution from the Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK, and Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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43
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Fressigné C, Corruble A, Valnot JY, Maddaluno J, Giessner-Prettre C. Ab initio theoretical study of 3-aminopyrrolidines lithium amides as chiral ligands for butyllithium. J Organomet Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(97)00592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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44
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Nakamura E, Mori S, Morokuma K. Reaction Pathway of the Conjugate Addition of Lithium Organocuprate Clusters to Acrolein. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja964209h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Nakamura
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 152, Japan, and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Seiji Mori
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 152, Japan, and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Keiji Morokuma
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 152, Japan, and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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45
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Pratt LM, Szostak R, Khan IM, Bibler J. Alkaline Degradation of Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Resins: Solid-State NMR, Thermal Adsorption and Desorption Analysis, and Molecular Modeling. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/10601329708014955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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46
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Toriyama M, Sugasawa K, Shindo M, Tokutake N, Koga K. Stereochemistry of enantioselective deprotonation of 4-substituted cyclohexanones by chiral bidentate lithium amides. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(96)02373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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47
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48
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Sugasawa K, Shindo M, Noguchi H, Koga K. Solution structures of a monodentate chiral lithium amide in the presence of lithium halide. Tetrahedron Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(96)01681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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