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Shalit H, Dyadyuk A, Pappo D. Selective Oxidative Phenol Coupling by Iron Catalysis. J Org Chem 2019; 84:1677-1686. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Shalit
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Alina Dyadyuk
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Doron Pappo
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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2
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Richmond E, Yi J, Vuković VD, Sajadi F, Rowley CN, Moran J. Ring-opening hydroarylation of monosubstituted cyclopropanes enabled by hexafluoroisopropanol. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6411-6416. [PMID: 30310570 PMCID: PMC6115651 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02126k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ring-opening hydroarylation of cyclopropanes is typically limited to substrates bearing a donor-acceptor motif. Here, the transformation is achieved for monosubstituted cyclopropanes by using catalytic Brønsted acid in hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) solvent, constituting a rare example where such cyclopropanes engage in intermolecular C-C bond formation. Branched products are obtained when electron-rich arylcyclopropanes react with a broad scope of arene nucleophiles in accord with a simple SN1-type ring-opening mechanism. In contrast, linear products are obtained when cyclopropylketones react with electron-rich arene nucleophiles. In the latter case, mechanistic experiments and DFT-calculations support a homo-conjugate addition pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Richmond
- University of Strasbourg , CNRS , ISIS UMR 7006 , 67000 Strasbourg , France .
| | - Jing Yi
- University of Strasbourg , CNRS , ISIS UMR 7006 , 67000 Strasbourg , France .
| | - Vuk D Vuković
- University of Strasbourg , CNRS , ISIS UMR 7006 , 67000 Strasbourg , France .
| | - Fatima Sajadi
- Memorial University of Newfoundland , 283 Prince Philip Drive , St. John's , NL , Canada A1B 3X7 .
| | - Christopher N Rowley
- Memorial University of Newfoundland , 283 Prince Philip Drive , St. John's , NL , Canada A1B 3X7 .
| | - Joseph Moran
- University of Strasbourg , CNRS , ISIS UMR 7006 , 67000 Strasbourg , France .
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3
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Arnold AM, Pöthig A, Drees M, Gulder T. NXS, Morpholine, and HFIP: The Ideal Combination for Biomimetic Haliranium-Induced Polyene Cyclizations. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:4344-4353. [PMID: 29412652 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to Nature that accomplishes polyene cyclizations seemingly with ease, such transformations are difficult to conduct in the lab. In our program dealing with the development of selective halogenations of alkenes, we now asserted that standard X+ reagents are perfectly suited for the biomimetic cation-π cyclization of both electron rich and poor linear polyenes in the presence of the Lewis base morpholine and the Lewis acid HFIP. The method stands out due to its broad substrate scope and practicability together with high chemical yields and excellent selectivities, even for highly challenging chloriranium-induced polyene cyclizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Arnold
- Biomimetic Catalysis, Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany.,Catalysis Research Center , Technical University of Munich , Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Alexander Pöthig
- Catalysis Research Center , Technical University of Munich , Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Markus Drees
- Catalysis Research Center , Technical University of Munich , Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Tanja Gulder
- Biomimetic Catalysis, Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany.,Catalysis Research Center , Technical University of Munich , Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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Tian Y, Xu X, Zhang L, Qu J. Tetraphenylphosphonium Tetrafluoroborate/1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (Ph4PBF4/HFIP) Effecting Epoxide-Initiated Cation–Olefin Polycyclizations. Org Lett 2016; 18:268-71. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tian
- State Key Laboratory
and
Institute of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory
and
Institute of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
and
Institute of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jin Qu
- State Key Laboratory
and
Institute of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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5
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Marchetti F, Pampaloni G, Pinzino C, Zacchini S. Stable [M2F11]-(M = Nb, Ta) Salts of Protonated 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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6
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Novel electrolytes for electrochemical double layer capacitors based on 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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McIlroy S, Falvey DE. Reactions of nitrenium ions with arenes: laser flash photoylsis detection of a sigma-complex between N,N-diphenylnitrenium ion and alkoxybenzenes. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:11329-30. [PMID: 11697991 DOI: 10.1021/ja016557b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S McIlroy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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8
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Abramovitch RA, Beckert JM, Gibson HH, Belcher A, Hundt G, Sierra T, Olivella S, Pennington WT, Solé A. The 1,2,4-triazolyl cation: thermolytic and photolytic studies. J Org Chem 2001; 66:1242-51. [PMID: 11312954 DOI: 10.1021/jo001382u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The generation of the 1,2,4-triazolyl cation (1) has been attempted by the thermolysis and photolysis of 1-(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate (2) and the thermolysis of 1- and 4-diazonium-1,2,4-triazoles, using mainly mesitylene as the trapping agent. Thermolysis of 2 gave mostly 1,2,4-triazole, together with 3-(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, 4-(1,2,4-triazol-4-ylmethyl)-2,6-dimethylpyridine, and 4-(2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl)-2,6-dimethylpyridine. Thermolysis of each of the diazonium salts in the presence of mesitylene again gave mainly triazole together with very low yields of 1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene and the corresponding -4-yl isomer in about the same ratio. On the other hand, photolysis of 2 in mesitylene gave mainly 1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene. A photoinduced electron transfer from mesitylene to 2 has been observed and preliminary laser flash photolyses of 2 and the corresponding 2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium salt have been carried out. The observed transients are explained as arising from the first excited states of the pyridinium salts rather than from 1. Ab initio MO calculations are reported and indicate that the predicted electronic ground-state of the triazolyl cation is a triplet state of B1 symmetry with five pi electrons, which corresponds to a diradical cation (1c). Possible mechanisms for the formation of the various products are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Abramovitch
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973, USA.
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Burdinski D, Wieghardt K, Steenken S. Intramolecular Electron Transfer from Mn or Ligand Phenolate to Photochemically Generated RuIII in Multinuclear Ru/Mn Complexes. Laser Flash Photolysis and EPR Studies on Photosystem II Models. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja991402d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Burdinski
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, D-45413 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Karl Wieghardt
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, D-45413 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Steen Steenken
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, D-45413 Mülheim, Germany
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10
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Pezacki JP, Shukla D, Lusztyk J, Warkentin J. Lifetimes of Dialkylcarbocations Derived from Alkanediazonium Ions in Solution: Cyclohexadienyl Cations as Kinetic Probes for Cation Reactivity1. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9840807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Paul Pezacki
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1, and the Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1, and the Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Janusz Lusztyk
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1, and the Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - John Warkentin
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1, and the Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
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11
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Kido Y, Yoshimura S, Yamaguchi M, Uchimaru T. Aromaticβ-Silylethenylation Reactions via Organogallium Compounds. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1999. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.72.1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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McClelland RA, Ahmad A, Dicks AP, Licence VE. Spectroscopic Characterization of the Initial C8 Intermediate in the Reaction of the 2-Fluorenylnitrenium Ion with 2‘-Deoxyguanosine. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9836702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. McClelland
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5A 3H6, Canada
| | - Abid Ahmad
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5A 3H6, Canada
| | - Andrew P. Dicks
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5A 3H6, Canada
| | - Victoria E. Licence
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5A 3H6, Canada
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Steenken S, Ashokkumar M, Maruthamuthu P, McClelland RA. Making Photochemically Generated Phenyl Cations Visible by Addition to Aromatics: Production of Phenylcyclohexadienyl Cations and Their Reactions with Bases/Nucleophiles. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja980712d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Steenken
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, D-45413 Mülheim, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Canada M5S 1A1
| | - M. Ashokkumar
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, D-45413 Mülheim, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Canada M5S 1A1
| | - P. Maruthamuthu
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, D-45413 Mülheim, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Canada M5S 1A1
| | - R. A. McClelland
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, D-45413 Mülheim, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Canada M5S 1A1
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14
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Macknight E, McClelland RA. A photochemical retro-Friedel–Crafts alkylation. Rapid rearrangement of cyclohexadienyl cations. CAN J CHEM 1996. [DOI: 10.1139/v96-282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the use of laser flash photolysis (LFP) techniques to show that cyclohexadienyl cations (σ complexes) of the Friedel–Crafts reaction of 1,3-dimethoxybenzene and the diphenylmethyl cation rearrange on the ns time scale without separating the aromatic compound and the electrophile. This is demonstrated through a study of the photochemical behaviour of 2-diphenylmethyl-1,3-dimethoxybenzene (4) in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafIuoroisopropyl alcohol (HFIP). Derivatives of 1,3-dimethoxybenzene have previously been found to selectively protonate at C2 upon excitation in HFIP, and indeed the principal products with 4 are 1,3-dimethoxybenzene (6) and Ph2CHOCH(CF3)2 (7), the species expected if the cyclohexadienyl cation formed in the C2 protonation cleaved Ph2CH+. These products are, however, accompanied by 4-diphenylmethyl- 1,3-dimethoxybenzene (8), a rearranged isomer of 4. A portion of this product is explained by the combination of Ph2CH+ and 1,3-dimethoxybenzene as the latter accumulates during the irradiation. However, 11.5% of 8 is also seen upon extrapolation to zero time. LFP experiments on the ps time scale reveal that the C2 protonated cation, the 1-diphenylmethyl-2,6-dimethoxybenzenium ion (5), is formed within 100–200 ps, and reacts with k = 9 × 108 s−1, with absorbance for Ph2CH+ growing in as 5 decays. LFP studies on the ns time scale reveal that there is a second quantity of Ph2CH+ that grows in, with k = 5.0 × 105 s−1. The precursor for this has been identified as the 1-diphenylmethyl-2,4-dimethoxybenzenium ion (10), the thermodynamically more stable isomer of 5. A mechanistic model is proposed in which excited 4 is C2 protonated in HFIP with k ≥ 1 × 1010 s−1 to form 5, which loses Ph2CH+ with k = 3 × 108 s−1 in competition with rearrangement to 10 with k = 6 x 108 s−1. The cation 10 serves as the second source of Ph2CH+, losing Ph2CH+ with k = 4 × 105 s−1; in competition 10 is deprotonated by HFIP to give 8 with k = 8 × 104 s−1. The 11.5 % of the rearranged 8 that is observed at zero conversion is thus shown to come from an intramolecular pathway in which the key step is the migration of a diphenylmethyl group without separation: 4 → 4* → 5 → 10 → 8. Key words: cyclohexadienyl, photoprotonation, Friedel–Crafts, diphenylmethyl, 1,3-dimethoxybenzene.
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Robbins RJ, Laman DM, Falvey DE. Substituent Effects on the Lifetimes and Reactivities of Arylnitrenium Ions Studied by Laser Flash Photolysis and Photothermal Beam Deflection. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja961518z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Robbins
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - David M. Laman
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Daniel E. Falvey
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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McClelland RA, Kahley MJ, Davidse PA, Hadzialic G. Acid−Base Properties of Arylnitrenium Ions. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja954248d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. McClelland
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Mary Jo Kahley
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - P. Adriaan Davidse
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Gordana Hadzialic
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
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McClelland RA, Cozens FL, Li J, Steenken S. Flash photolysis study of a Friedel–Crafts alkylation. Reaction of the photogenerated 9-fluorenyl cation with aromatic compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1039/p29960001531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Arnaut LG, Formosinho SJ. Excited-state proton transfer reactions I. Fundamentals and intermolecular reactions. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(93)80157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Vasella A, Dhar P, Witzig C. Glycosylidene Carbenes Part 12. A new synthesis and some reactions of spirooxiranes. Helv Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19930760433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Maslak P. Fragmentations by photoinduced electron transfer. Fundamentals and practical aspects. PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER V 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-56746-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Wan P, Zhang G. Proton transfer to photoexcited aromatic compounds in solution. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 1993. [DOI: 10.1163/156856793x00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cozens F, Li J, McClelland RA, Steenken S. Carbokationen vom Cyclohexadienyl-Typ bei der Friedel-Crafts-Alkylierung von Benzolderivaten durch das 9-Fluorenyl-Kation — eine Laserblitz-photolyse-Studie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19921040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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McClelland RA, Chan C, Cozens F, Modro A, Steenken S. Erzeugung, UV-VIS/Spektren und Reaktivitäten von Phenylcarbenium-Ionen in Trifluorethanol und Hexafluor-2-propanol, zum UV-Spektrum des Benzyl-Kations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19911031036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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