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Ohno R, Ota K, Nishimura N, Taniguchi K, Kurokawa S, Wakabayashi T, Hatanaka M, Rosas-Sánchez A, Hashizume D, Matsuo T. Silicon Analogues of Cyclopropyl Radical Derived from a Highly Stable Cyclic Disilene Compound Featuring a Si-Br Bond. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39189610 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
A halogen-substituted cyclic disilene compound, bromocyclotrisilene, Si3Br(Eind)3 (3a), bearing fused-ring bulky Eind (a: R1 = R2 = Et) groups, has been synthesized as an extraordinarily air-stable compound by the reduction of 1,2-dibromodisilene, (Eind)BrSi═SiBr(Eind) (2a), or tribromosilane, (Eind)SiBr3 (1a), with the Mg or Li metal. The X-ray diffraction analysis of 3a showed that the disilene moiety has an almost planar, but slightly trans-bent structure. Even though 3a is quite air-stable both in solutions and in the solid state, its Si-Br bond is reactive under reducing conditions. The further treatment of 3a with the Li metal leads to the formation of room-temperature thermally stable silicon homologues of the cyclopropyl radical, i.e., the cyclotrisilanyl radicals (6a) [6a(syn) and 6a(anti)], via intramolecular C-H bond activation in a transient silicon homologue of the cyclopropenyl radical, i.e., the cyclotrisilenyl radical, [Si3(Eind)3]• (5a). The formation mechanism of 6a from 5a is discussed based on the theoretical calculations. The unique structural and electronic properties of these Si3 three-membered ring species incorporating the Eind groups have been experimentally and theoretically investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Ohno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kei Ota
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Nagisa Nishimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kanta Taniguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shuma Kurokawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Tomonari Wakabayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Miho Hatanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Alfredo Rosas-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44430, México
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsuo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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Genossar N, Changala PB, Gans B, Loison JC, Hartweg S, Martin-Drumel MA, Garcia GA, Stanton JF, Ruscic B, Baraban JH. Ring-Opening Dynamics of the Cyclopropyl Radical and Cation: the Transition State Nature of the Cyclopropyl Cation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18518-18525. [PMID: 36174230 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We provide compelling experimental and theoretical evidence for the transition state nature of the cyclopropyl cation. Synchrotron photoionization spectroscopy employing coincidence techniques together with a novel simulation based on high-accuracy ab initio calculations reveal that the cation is unstable via its allowed disrotatory ring-opening path. The ring strains of the cation and the radical are similar, but both ring opening paths for the radical are forbidden when the full electronic symmetries are considered. These findings are discussed in light of the early predictions by Longuet-Higgins alongside Woodward and Hoffman; we also propose a simple phase space explanation for the appearance of the cyclopropyl photoionization spectrum. The results of this work allow the refinement of the cyclopropane C-H bond dissociation energy, in addition to the cyclopropyl radical and cation cyclization energies, via the Active Thermochemical Tables approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Genossar
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel.,Israel Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box 7061, Tel Aviv 61070, Israel
| | - P Bryan Changala
- Center for Astrophysics─Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Bérenger Gans
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, Orsay 91405, France
| | | | - Sebastian Hartweg
- Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des Merisiers, St. Aubin BP48, Gif sur Yvette F-91192, France
| | | | - Gustavo A Garcia
- Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des Merisiers, St. Aubin BP48, Gif sur Yvette F-91192, France
| | - John F Stanton
- Quantum Theory Project, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Branko Ruscic
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Joshua H Baraban
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
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3
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Monticelli S, Urban E, Langer T, Holzer W, Pace V. A Straightforward Homologation of Carbon Dioxide with Magnesium Carbenoids en Route to α-Halocarboxylic Acids. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Monticelli
- University of Vienna; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Althanstrasse 14-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Ernst Urban
- University of Vienna; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Althanstrasse 14-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- University of Vienna; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Althanstrasse 14-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of Vienna; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Althanstrasse 14-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Althanstrasse 14-1090 Vienna Austria
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Parent JF, Deslongchamps P. High-Temperature Isomerization of Benzenoid Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Analysis through the Bent Bond and Antiperiplanar Hypothesis Orbital Model. J Org Chem 2018; 83:3299-3304. [PMID: 29470083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
L. T. Scott has discovered the 1,2-swapping of carbon and hydrogen atoms which is known to take place on benzenoid aromatics (up to ∼1000 °C range). For example, 13C-1-naphthalene is specifically converted to 13C-2-naphthalene, and there is evidence that this occurs through the formation of benzofulvene and a naphthalene-carbene intermediate. Application of the bent bond/antiperiplanar hypothesis leads to the postulate that higher in energy pyramidal singlet diradical intermediates can be used to propose a mechanism that rationalizes various atom rearrangements on benzenoid aromatics and related isomeric compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Parent
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie , 1045 avenue de la médecine , Université Laval , Québec , QC G1 V 0A6 , Canada
| | - Pierre Deslongchamps
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie , 1045 avenue de la médecine , Université Laval , Québec , QC G1 V 0A6 , Canada
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Walton JC, McFadden TR, Curran DP. Generation and Structure of Unique Boriranyl Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16514-16517. [PMID: 29099598 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three-member ring boracyclopropanes (boriranes) with N-heterocyclic carbene substituents were prepared by a recently discovered route. H atoms were selectively abstracted from the boron atoms by t-butoxyl radicals and this enabled boriranyl radicals to be detected and characterized by EPR spectroscopy for the first time. Their EPR parameters indicated they had planar π-character. From competition experiments, the rate constant for H atom abstraction was determined and found to be about 2 orders of magnitude less than for NHC-boranes. The B-H BDE of an NHC-borirane was estimated to be about 95 kcal mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Walton
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews , St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy R McFadden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Dennis P Curran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Wu X, Lei C, Yue G, Zhou JS. Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Cyclopropylation of Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9601-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Wu X, Lei C, Yue G, Zhou JS. Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Cyclopropylation of Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Dong F, Davis S, Nesbitt DJ. Slit Discharge IR Spectroscopy of a Jet-Cooled Cyclopropyl Radical: Structure and Intramolecular Tunneling Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2005; 110:3059-70. [PMID: 16509627 DOI: 10.1021/jp053994u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution infrared spectra of a jet-cooled cyclopropyl radical are reported for the first time, specifically sampling the in-phase antisymmetric CH2 stretch (nu7) vibration. In addition to yielding the first precise gas-phase structural information, the spectra reveal quantum level doubling into lower (+) and upper (-) states due to tunneling of the lone alpha-CH with respect to the CCC plane. The bands clearly reveal intensity alternation due to H atom nuclear spin statistics (6:10 and 10:6 for even:odd Ka+Kc in lower (+) and upper (-) tunneling levels, respectively) consistent with C2v symmetry of the cyclopropyl-tunneling transition state. The two ground-state-tunneling levels fit extremely well to a rigid asymmetric rotor Hamiltonian, but there is clear evidence for both local and global state mixing in the vibrationally excited nu7 tunneling levels. In particular, the upper (-) tunneling component of the nu7 state is split by anharmonic coupling with a nearly isoenergetic dark state, which thereby acquires oscillator strength via intensity sharing with this bright state. From thermal Boltzmann analysis of fractional populations, tunneling splittings for a cyclopropyl radical are estimated to be 3.2 +/- 0.3 cm(-1) and 4.9 +/- 0.3 cm(-1) in the ground and nu7-excited states, respectively. This analysis indicates ground-state stereoracemization of the alpha-CH radical center to be a very fast process [k approximately 2.0(4) x 10(11) s(-1)], with the increase in the tunneling rate upon CH2 in-phase asymmetric stretch excitation consistent with ab initio predictions of equilibrium vs transition-state zero-point energies. Modeling of the ground-state-tunneling splittings with high level ab initio 1D potentials indicates an improved V0 = 1115 +/- 35 cm(-1) barrier height for alpha-CH inversion through the cyclopropyl CCC plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Dong
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Johnson WTG, Borden WT. Why Are Methylenecyclopropane and 1-Methylcylopropene More “Strained” than Methylcyclopropane? J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9638061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William T. G. Johnson
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700
| | - Weston Thatcher Borden
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700
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Surman PWJ, Anderson RF, Packer JE, Taylor MJ. Generation of Tris(dialkylamino)cyclopropenyl Radical Dications by Pulse Radiolysis and Redox Potential Determination for the C 3(NEt 2) 3•2+/C 3(NEt 2) 3+ and C 3(NC 5H 10) 3•2+/C 3(NC 5H 10) 3+ Couples. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9638144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. J. Surman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Auckland, P.O. Box 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert F. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Auckland, P.O. Box 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John E. Packer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Auckland, P.O. Box 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael J. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Auckland, P.O. Box 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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Barone V, Minichino C, Faucher H, Subra R, Grand A. Theoretical investigation of the EPR spectrum of the cyclopropyl radical. Chem Phys Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(93)89250-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Benderskii VA, Goldanskii VI. Tunnelling of heavy particles in the low temperature chemistry. INT REV PHYS CHEM 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/01442359209353265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Intermediaires radicalaires lors de la reduction d'halogenocyclopropanes par l'hydrure de lithium et d'aluminium. Tetrahedron 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)88372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Free radical chlorination and one-electron oxidation of arylcyclopropanes. Designer probes for cytochrome P-450 hydroxylation mechanisms. Tetrahedron Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)99390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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