1
|
Paradkar A, Jensen S, Mosher R. Comparative Genetics and Molecular Biology of ß-Lactam Biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1201/b14856-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
|
2
|
Hamed RB, Gomez-Castellanos JR, Henry L, Ducho C, McDonough MA, Schofield CJ. The enzymes of β-lactam biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:21-107. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np20065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
3
|
Teodoro JC, Baptista-Neto A, Araujo MLGC, Hokka CO, Badino AC. Influence of glycerol and ornithine feeding on clavulanic acid production by Streptomyces clavuligerus. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-66322010000400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
4
|
Demain AL, Vaishnav P. Involvement of nitrogen-containing compounds in beta-lactam biosynthesis and its control. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2006; 26:67-82. [PMID: 16809098 DOI: 10.1080/07388550600671466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics by fungi and actinomycetes is markedly affected by compounds containing nitrogen. The different processes employed by the spectrum of microbes capable of making these valuable compounds are affected differently by particular compounds. Ammonium ions, except at very low concentrations, exert negative effects via nitrogen metabolite repression, sometimes involving the nitrogen regulatory gene nre. Certain amino acids are precursors or inducers, whereas others are involved in repression and, in certain cases, as inhibitors of biosynthetic enzymes and of enzymes supplying precursors. The most important amino acids from the viewpoint of regulation are lysine, methionine, glutamate and valine. Surprisingly, diamines such as diaminopropane, putrescine and cadaverine induce cephamycin production by actinomycetes. In addition to penicillins and cephalosporins made by fungi and cephamycins made by actinomycetes, other beta-lactams are made by actinomycetes and unicellular bacteria. These include clavams (e.g., clavulanic acid), carbapenems (e.g., thienamycin), nocardicins and monobactams. Here also, amino acids are precursors and inhibitors, but only little is known about regulation. In the case of the simplest carbapenem made by unicellular bacteria, i.e., 1-carba-2-em-3-carboxylic acid, quorum sensors containing homoserine lactone are inducers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnold L Demain
- Charles A. Dana Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti, Drew University, Madison, NJ 07940, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Enhanced clavulanic acid production inStreptomyces clavuligerus NRRL3585 by overexpression of regulatory genes. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02931894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
6
|
Studies on the Biosynthesis of Tabtoxin (Wildfire Toxin). Origin of the Carbonyl C-Atom of the β-Lactam Moiety from the C1-Pool. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19870700220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
7
|
Kelly WL, Townsend CA. Mutational analysis and characterization of nocardicin C-9' epimerase. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:38220-7. [PMID: 15252031 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405450200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthetic gene cluster for the nocardicin A producer Nocardia uniformis subsp. tsuyamanensis ATCC 21806 was recently identified. Nocardicin A is the most potent of a series of monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotics produced by this organism. Its activity has been attributed to a syn-configured oxime moiety and a d-homoseryl side chain attached through an unusual ether linkage to the core nocardicin framework. Notably present in the nocardicin biosynthetic gene cluster is nocJ, encoding a protein with sequence similarity to the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminases. Insertional mutagenesis of nocJ abolished nocardicin A production, while the l-homoseryl isomer, isonocardicin A, was still observed. Expression of the disrupted nocJ gene in trans was sufficient to restore production of nocardicin A in the disruption mutant. Heterologous expression, purification, and in vitro characterization of NocJ by UV spectroscopy, cofactor reduction, chiral HPLC analysis of the products and their exchange behavior in deuterium oxide led to confirmation of its role as the PLP-dependent nocardicin C-9' epimerase responsible for interconversion of the nocardicin homoseryl side chain in both nocardicin A with isonocardicin A, and nocardicin C with isonocardicin C. NocJ is the first member of a new class of beta-lactam aminoacyl side chain epimerases, the first two classes being the evolutionarily distinct prokaryotic PLP-dependent isopenicillin N epimerase and the fungal isopenicillin N epimerase two protein system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lynch H, Yang Y. Degradation products of clavulanic acid promote clavulanic acid production in cultures of Streptomyces clavuligerus. Enzyme Microb Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2003.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
9
|
Chen KC, Lin YH, Wu JY, Hwang SCJ. Enhancement of clavulanic acid production in Streptomyces clavuligerus with ornithine feeding. Enzyme Microb Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00280-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
10
|
Abstract
Clavulanic acid is only a modestly effective antibiotic against bacterial infections in humans, but a potent inhibitor/inactivator of beta-lactamase enzymes that confer bacterial resistance. The biosynthetic pathway to clavulanic acid is considerably more complex than that to the structurally related penicillins and cephalosporins and has revealed several interesting reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pérez-Redondo R, Rodríguez-García A, Martín JF, Liras P. Deletion of the pyc gene blocks clavulanic acid biosynthesis except in glycerol-containing medium: evidence for two different genes in formation of the C3 unit. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:6922-8. [PMID: 10559157 PMCID: PMC94166 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.22.6922-6928.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The beta-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid is formed by condensation of a pyruvate-derived C3 unit with a molecule of arginine. A gene (pyc, for pyruvate converting) located upstream of the bls gene in the clavulanic acid gene cluster of Streptomyces clavuligerus encodes a 582-amino-acid protein with domains recognizing pyruvate and thiamine pyrophosphate that shows 29.9% identity to acetohydroxyacid synthases. Amplification of the pyc gene resulted in an earlier onset and higher production of clavulanic acid. Replacement of the pyc gene with the aph gene did not cause isoleucine-valine auxotrophy in the mutant. The pyc replacement mutant did not produce clavulanic acid in starch-asparagine (SA) or in Trypticase soy broth (TSB) complex medium, suggesting that the pyc gene product is involved in the conversion of pyruvate into the C3 unit of clavulanic acid. However, the beta-lactamase inhibitor was still formed at the same level as in the wild-type strain in defined medium containing D-glycerol, glutamic acid, and proline (GSPG medium) as confirmed by high-pressure liquid chromatography and paper chromatography. The production of clavulanic acid by the replacement mutant was dependent on addition of glycerol to the medium, and glycerol-free GSPG medium did not support clavulanic acid biosynthesis, suggesting that an alternative gene product catalyzes the incorporation of glycerol into clavulanic acid in the absence of the Pyc protein. The pyc replacement mutant overproduces cephamycin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Pérez-Redondo
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Khaleeli N, Li R, Townsend CA. Origin of the β-Lactam Carbons in Clavulanic Acid from an Unusual Thiamine Pyrophosphate-Mediated Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9923134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Khaleeli
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Rongfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Craig A. Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Paradkar AS, Aidoo KA, Jensen SE. A pathway-specific transcriptional activator regulates late steps of clavulanic acid biosynthesis in Streptomyces clavuligerus. Mol Microbiol 1998; 27:831-43. [PMID: 9515708 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A Streptomyces clavuligerus gene (designated claR) located downstream from the gene encoding clavaminate synthase in the clavulanic acid biosynthetic gene cluster is involved in regulation of the late steps in clavulanic acid biosynthesis. Nucleotide sequence analysis and database searching of ClaR identified a significant similarity to the helix-turn-helix motif (HTH) region of LysR transcriptional regulators. A gene replacement mutant disrupted in claR was unable to produce clavulanic acid, suggesting that claR is essential for clavulanic acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, the accumulation of clavaminic acid in the claR mutant suggested that ClaR regulates the late steps in the clavulanic acid pathway, i.e. those involved in the conversion of clavaminic acid to clavulanic acid. Transcriptional analysis using RNA isolated from the wild type and the claR mutant showed that the expression of the putative late genes, but not the early genes, was regulated by ClaR. High-resolution S1 nuclease analysis of claR suggested that it is expressed as a monocistronic transcript and also as a bicistronic transcript along with the late gene orf-9. The transcription start site of the monocistronic claR transcript was identified as a C residue 155 nucleotides upstream from the claR start codon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Paradkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ives PR, Bushell ME. Manipulation of the physiology of clavulanic acid production in Streptomyces clavuligerus. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1997; 143 ( Pt 11):3573-3579. [PMID: 9387236 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-143-11-3573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a novel use of cluster analysis for the identification of intermediary metabolites that are produced at rates closely correlated with those of antibiotic biosynthesis. This information was used to devise culture feeds resulting in enhanced production of clavulanic acid, an antibiotic of current worldwide commercial interest. The feeding strategies apparently alleviated a rate-limiting supply of the C3 precursor of clavulanic acid. C3 limitation may be a consequence of unusual nitrogen and carbon metabolism in Streptomyces clavuligerus. This approach has potential as a generic method for influencing biosynthetic pathway fluxes using feeds without knowledge of the biosynthetic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Ives
- Microbial Physiology and Ecology Group, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH, UK
| | - Michael E Bushell
- Microbial Physiology and Ecology Group, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Baggaley KH, Brown AG, Schofield CJ. Chemistry and biosynthesis of clavulanic acid and other clavams. Nat Prod Rep 1997; 14:309-33. [PMID: 9281835 DOI: 10.1039/np9971400309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K H Baggaley
- Dyson Perrins Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Baldwin J, Adlington RM, Bryans JS, Lloyd MD, Sewell TJ, Schofield CJ, Baggaley KH, Cassels R. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of bicyclic γ-lactams using clavaminic acid synthase. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)00399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
17
|
Egan LA, Busby RW, Iwata-Reuyl D, Townsend CA. Probable Role of Clavaminic Acid as the Terminal Intermediate in the Common Pathway to Clavulanic Acid and the Antipodal Clavam Metabolites. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja963107o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Egan
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Robert W. Busby
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Dirk Iwata-Reuyl
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Craig A. Townsend
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Paradkar AS, Jensen SE. Functional analysis of the gene encoding the clavaminate synthase 2 isoenzyme involved in clavulanic acid biosynthesis in Streptomyces clavuligerus. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:1307-14. [PMID: 7868606 PMCID: PMC176738 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.5.1307-1314.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A Streptomyces clavuligerus mutant disrupted in cas2, encoding the clavaminate synthase (CAS2) isoenzyme, was constructed by a gene replacement procedure. The resulting cas2 mutant showed no clavulanic acid production when grown in starch-asparagine medium. However, in soy medium, the cas2 mutant did produce clavulanic acid, although in amounts less than those produced by wild-type cultures. This medium-dependent leaky phenotype correlated well with the presence of the cas1 transcript, encoding the CAS1 isoenzyme, in cultures grown in soy medium and with its absence from those grown in starch-asparagine medium. This suggested that CAS1 and CAS2 both contribute to clavulanic acid production but that their production is regulated differently. Under nutritional conditions in which cas1 expression is blocked, cas2 becomes essential for clavulanic acid production. Northern (RNA) analysis revealed that while cas1 is transcribed as a 1.4-kb monocistronic transcript only, cas2 is transcribed both as a 1.2-kb monocistronic transcript and as part of a 5.3-kb polycistronic transcript. High-resolution S1 nuclease analysis located the transcription start point of the monocistronic cas2 transcript at a C residue 103 nucleotides upstream from the cas2 start codon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Paradkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Affiliation(s)
- S E Jensen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alberta Edmonton, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Aidoo KA, Wong A, Alexander DC, Rittammer RA, Jensen SE. Cloning, sequencing and disruption of a gene from Streptomyces clavuligerus involved in clavulanic acid biosynthesis. Gene X 1994; 147:41-6. [PMID: 8088547 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
During the purification of delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine synthetase (ACVS) from Streptomyces clavuligerus, a small protein (CLA) involved in clavulanic acid production co-purified with ACVS. A 24-mer mixed-DNA probe based on the N-terminal amino-acid sequence of CLA was used to isolate the corresponding gene (cla), located near one end of the known cluster of penicillin and cephamycin biosynthetic genes, 5.7 kb downstream from the pcbC gene which encodes isopenicillin-N synthase. The sequence of cla would encode a protein of 313 aa with a high degree of similarity to amidinohydrolase enzymes. The cla gene is located immediately upstream from the previously described clavaminate synthase 2-encoding gene (cs2), and cla homologs were only present in streptomycetes which produced clavam compounds. Replacement of cla with a disrupted copy of the gene blocked the production of clavulanic acid in starch asparagine medium (SA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Aidoo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Expression in Escherichia coli of a clavaminic acid synthase isozyme: A trifunctional oxygenase involved in clavulanic acid biosynthesis. Tetrahedron 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)85347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
23
|
Ward JM, Hodgson JE. The biosynthetic genes for clavulanic acid and cephamycin production occur as a 'super-cluster' in three Streptomyces. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993; 110:239-42. [PMID: 8349096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The cosmid cloning vector pHC79 has been used to clone fragments of chromosomal DNA from the Streptomyces: S. clavuligerus, S. jumonjinensis and S. katsurahamanus. These strains all produce both the beta-lactam antibiotic, cephamycin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor, clavulanic acid. Although structurally related these two beta-lactams are known to be derived from different biosynthetic precursors. Hybridisation studies and restriction mapping have shown that the gene clusters encoding the two biosynthetic pathways are chromosomally adjacent in these strains, thus creating a 'super-cluster' of genes involved in both the production and enhancement of activity of a beta-lactam antibiotic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Ward
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Brockham Park Research Centre, Betchworth, Surrey, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mcllwaine DB, Townsend CA. Evidence for distinct mechanisms of monocyclic β-lactam biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1039/c39930001346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
25
|
Baldwin JE, Adlington RM, Bryans JS, Bringhen AO, Coates JB, Crouch NP, Lloyd MD, Schofield CJ, Elson SW, Baggaley KH, Cassels R, Nicholson N. Isolation of dihydroclavaminic acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of clavulanic acid. Tetrahedron 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)86446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
26
|
Chapter 13. β-Lactam Antibiotics. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
27
|
Affiliation(s)
- L C Vining
- Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|