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Varlow C, Szames D, Dahl K, Bernard-Gauthier V, Vasdev N. Fluorine-18: an untapped resource in inorganic chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11835-11842. [PMID: 30191929 PMCID: PMC6849477 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04751k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the field of fluorine chemistry have been applied extensively to the syntheses of 18F-labelled organic compounds and radiopharmaceuticals. However, 18F has sparely been used as a tool to explore inorganic chemistry and can be viewed as a research area worthy of further development. This review highlights the application of 18F in development of inorganic fluorinating agents, mechanistic studies and imaging tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassis Varlow
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St. Toronto, ON M5T-1R8, Canada.
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Krzyczmonik A, Keller T, Kirjavainen AK, Lahdenpohja S, Forsback S, Solin O. Use of SF 6 for the production of electrophilic 18 F-fluorination reagents. J Fluor Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Antuganov D, Zykov M, Timofeeva K, Antuganova Y, Orlovskaya V, Krasikova R. Effect of Pyridine Addition on the Efficiency of Copper-Mediated Radiofluorination of Aryl Pinacol Boronates. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Antuganov
- Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre; PET Centre; 197341 2 Akkuratova street St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Michail Zykov
- Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre; PET Centre; 197341 2 Akkuratova street St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Ksenija Timofeeva
- Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre; PET Centre; 197341 2 Akkuratova street St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Yulija Antuganova
- Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre; PET Centre; 197341 2 Akkuratova street St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Victoriya Orlovskaya
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of Human Brain; Russian Academy of Science; Laboratory of Radiochemisty; 197376 9 Ak. Pavlova st. St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Raisa Krasikova
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of Human Brain; Russian Academy of Science; Laboratory of Radiochemisty; 197376 9 Ak. Pavlova st. St. Petersburg Russia
- St.-Petersburg State University; 199034 Universitetskaya Emb., 13B St. Petersburg Russia
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Methods for the synthesis of fluorine-18-labeled aromatic amino acids, radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET). Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-1037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Preshlock S, Tredwell M, Gouverneur V. (18)F-Labeling of Arenes and Heteroarenes for Applications in Positron Emission Tomography. Chem Rev 2016; 116:719-66. [PMID: 26751274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diverse radiochemistry is an essential component of nuclear medicine; this includes imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET). As such, PET can track diseases at an early stage of development, help patient care planning through personalized medicine and support drug discovery programs. Fluorine-18 is the most frequently used radioisotope in PET radiopharmaceuticals for both clinical and preclinical research. Its physical and nuclear characteristics (97% β(+) decay, 109.8 min half-life, 635 keV positron energy) and high specific activity make it an attractive nuclide for labeling and molecular imaging. Arenes and heteroarenes are privileged candidates for (18)F-incorporation as they are metabolically robust and therefore widely used by medicinal chemists and radiochemists alike. For many years, the range of (hetero)arenes amenable to (18)F-fluorination was limited by the lack of chemically diverse precursors, and of radiochemical methods allowing (18)F-incorporation in high selectivity and efficiency (radiochemical yield and purity, specific activity, and radio-scalability). The appearance of late-stage fluorination reactions catalyzed by transition metal or small organic molecules (organocatalysis) has encouraged much research on the use of these activation manifolds for (18)F-fluorination. In this piece, we review all of the reactions known to date to install the (18)F substituent and other key (18)F-motifs (e.g., CF3, CHF2, OCF3, SCF3, OCHF2) of medicinal relevance onto (hetero)arenes. The field has changed significantly in the past five years, and the current trend suggests that the radiochemical space available for PET applications will expand rapidly in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Preshlock
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Tredwell
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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Campbell MG, Ritter T. Modern carbon-fluorine bond forming reactions for aryl fluoride synthesis. Chem Rev 2014; 115:612-33. [PMID: 25474722 DOI: 10.1021/cr500366b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Campbell
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Pascali G, Watts P, Salvadori PA. Microfluidics in radiopharmaceutical chemistry. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:776-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lu S, Pike VW. Synthesis of [F]Xenon Difluoride as a Radiolabeling Reagent from [F]Fluoride Ion in a Micro-reactor and at Production Scale. J Fluor Chem 2010; 131:1032-1038. [PMID: 20871806 PMCID: PMC2944032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
[(18)F]Xenon difluoride ([(18)F]XeF(2)), was produced by treating xenon difluoride with cyclotron-produced [(18)F]fluoride ion to provide a potentially useful agent for labeling novel radiotracers with fluorine-18 (t(1/2) = 109.7 min) for imaging applications with positron emission tomography, Firstly, the effects of various reaction parameters, for example, vessel material, solvent, cation and base on this process were studied at room temperature. Glass vials facilitated the reaction more readily than polypropylene vials. The reaction was less efficient in acetonitrile than in dichloromethane. Cs(+) or K(+) with or without the cryptand, K 2.2.2, was acceptable as counter cation. The production of [(18)F]XeF(2) was retarded by K(2)CO(3), suggesting that generation of hydrogen fluoride in the reaction milieu promoted the incorporation of fluorine-18 into xenon difluoride. Secondly, the effect of temperature was studied using a microfluidic platform in which [(18)F]XeF(2) was produced in acetonitrile at elevated temperature (≥ 85 °C) over 94 s. These results enabled us to develop a method for obtaining [(18)F]XeF(2) on a production scale (up to 25 mCi) through reaction of [(18)F]fluoride ion with xenon difluoride in acetonitrile at 90 °C for 10 min. [(18)F]XeF(2) was separated from the reaction mixture by distillation at 110 °C. Furthermore, [(18)F]XeF(2) was shown to be reactive towards substrates, such as 1-((trimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohexene and fluorene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiyu Lu
- PET Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Section, Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B3 C346, Bethesda, MD 20892-1003, USA
| | - Victor W. Pike
- PET Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Section, Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B3 C346, Bethesda, MD 20892-1003, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Cai
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892‐1003, USA, Fax: +1‐301‐480‐5112
| | - Shuiyu Lu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892‐1003, USA, Fax: +1‐301‐480‐5112
| | - Victor W. Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892‐1003, USA, Fax: +1‐301‐480‐5112
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Brady F, Clark JC, Luthra SK. Building on a 50-year legacy of the MRC Cyclotron Unit: the Hammersmith radiochemistry pioneering journey. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Coenen HH. Fluorine-18 labeling methods: Features and possibilities of basic reactions. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2007:15-50. [PMID: 17172151 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-49527-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Many experimental and established tracers make fluorine- 18 the most widely used radionuclide in positron emission tomography with an increasing demand for new or simpler 18F-labeling procedures. After a brief summary of the advantages of the nuclide and its major production routes, the basic features of the principal radiofluorination methods are described. These comprise direct electrophilic and nucleophilic processes, or in case of more complex molecules, the labeling of synthons and prosthetic groups for indirect built-up syntheses. While addressing the progress of no-carrier-added 18F-labeling procedures, the following chapters on more specific topics in this book are introduced. Emphasis is given to radiofluorination of arenes--especially with iodonium leaving groups. Examples of radiopharmaceutical syntheses are mentioned in order to illustrate strategic concepts of labeling with fluorine-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Coenen
- Institut für Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany.
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Nyffeler PT, Durón SG, Burkart MD, Vincent SP, Wong CH. Selectfluor: Mechanismen und Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200400648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Nyffeler PT, Durón SG, Burkart MD, Vincent SP, Wong CH. Selectfluor: Mechanistic Insight and Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004; 44:192-212. [PMID: 15578736 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200400648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The replacement of hydrogen atoms with fluorine substituents in organic substrates is of great interest in synthetic chemistry because of the strong electronegativity of fluorine and relatively small steric footprint of fluorine atoms. Many sources of nucleophilic fluorine are available for the derivatization of organic molecules under acidic, basic, and neutral conditions. However, electrophilic fluorination has historically required molecular fluorine, whose notorious toxicity and explosive tendencies limit its application in research. The necessity for an electrophilic fluorination reagent that is safe, stable, highly reactive, and amenable to industrial production as an alternative to very hazardous molecular fluorine was the inspiration for the discovery of selectfluor. This reagent is not only one of the most reactive electrophilic fluorinating reagents available, but it is also safe, nontoxic, and easy to handle. In this Review we document the many applications of selectfluor and discuss possible mechanistic pathways for its reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Nyffeler
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, BCC 357, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Yu CS, Oberdorfer F. Synthesis of a novel aldehyde: 4-O-methyl-5-formylmethyl-2'-deoxyuridine. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2004; 22:71-84. [PMID: 12708802 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120018624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the blocked nucleoside 3',5'-di-O-p-toluoyl-4-O-methyl-5-formylmethyl-2'-deoxyuridine was accomplishied in eleven steps from gamma-butyrolactone. This aldehyde, which should facilitate the synthesis of nucleosides containing 18F. was converted to the corresponding blocked dithianyl nucleoside, and also to 5-(2,2-difluoroethyl)-substituted derivatives of 2'-deoxyuridine and 2'-deoxycytidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Shan Yu
- Abteilung E0300-Radiochemie und Radiopharmakologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Vasdev N, Pointner BE, Chirakal R, Schrobilgen GJ. On the preparation of fluorine-18 labelled XeF(2) and chemical exchange between fluoride ion and XeF(2). J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:12863-8. [PMID: 12392433 DOI: 10.1021/ja020604y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A recent report claims to have prepared [18F]XeF2 by exchange between a large stoichiometric excess of XeF2 and no-carrier-added 18F-, as salts of the [2,2,2-crypt-M+] (M = K or Cs) cations, in CH2Cl2 or CHCl3 solvents at room temperature. Attempts to repeat this work have proven unsuccessful and have led to a critical reinvestigation of chemical exchange between fluoride ion, in the form of anhydrous [N(CH3)4][F] and [2,2,2-crypt-K][F], and XeF2 in dry CH2Cl2 and CH3CN solvents. It was shown, by use of 19F and 1H NMR spectroscopies, that [2,2,2-crypt-K][F] rapidly reacts with CH3CN solvent to form HF2-, and with CH2Cl2 solvent to form HF2-, CH2ClF, and CH2F2 at room temperature. Moreover, XeF2 rapidly oxidizes 2,2,2-crypt in CH2Cl2 solvent at room temperature to form HF and HF2-. Thus, the exchange between XeF2 and no-carrier-added 18F- reported in the prior work arises from exchange between XeF2 and HF/HF2-, and does not involve fluoride ion. However, naked fluoride ion has been shown to undergo exchange with XeF2 under rigorously anhydrous and HF-free conditions. A two-dimensional 19F-19F EXSY NMR study demonstrated that [N(CH3)4][F] exchanges with XeF2 in CH3CN solvent, but exchange of HF2- with either XeF2 or F- is not detectable under these conditions. The exchange between XeF2 and F- is postulated to proceed by the formation of XeF3- as the exchange intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Vasdev
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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Abstract
Recently, with the appearance of electrophilic sources of fluorine including the commercially available N-F reagents, the concept of electrophilic fluorodesilylation has emerged as a new strategy to prepare a variety of fluorine containing compounds. This paper highlights how this concept has been applied to the preparation of a series of fluorinated molecules including fluoroaromatic compounds, fluoroalkenes, difluoroamides, difluoroalcohols, difluoroethers and alpha-fluorinated carbonyl derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Gouverneur
- University of Oxford, The Dyson Perrins Laboratory South Parks Road, OX1 3QY Oxford, UK.
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Lasne MC, Perrio C, Rouden J, Barré L, Roeda D, Dolle F, Crouzel C. Chemistry of β +-Emitting Compounds Based on Fluorine-18. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-46009-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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