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Grant PS, Vavrík M, Porte V, Meyrelles R, Maulide N. Remote proton elimination: C-H activation enabled by distal acidification. Science 2024; 384:815-820. [PMID: 38753789 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi8997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Generally, the acidity of carbon-hydrogen bonds is most sensitive to functionality just one or two bonds away. Here, we present an approach to the formation of carbon-carbon σ bonds by remote proton elimination, a distinct mode of carbon-hydrogen activation enabled by distal acidification through five carbon-carbon bonds. Application of remote proton elimination to cyclodecyl cations unveiled an appealing method for the synthesis of decalins. The transformation is regioconvergent, proceeds without the need for a directing group or precious metal, and demonstrates exquisite site selectivity. An in-depth computational study illuminated the reaction mechanism. Additionally, we describe the complete stereoisomeric enrichment of the decalin products through epimerization mediated by hydrogen atom transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip S Grant
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Miloš Vavrík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vincent Porte
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ricardo Meyrelles
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Borodkin GI, Shubin VG. Rearrangements of cationic organic σ- and π-complexes. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1995v064n07abeh000167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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3
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Chistyakov AL, Stankevich IV, Gambaryan NP, Akhrem IS, Artyukhov VI. Quantum-chemical study of methane nitrosation with NO in the presence of superelectrophiles containing the trichloromethyl cation. DOKLADY PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012501607060036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Akhrem I, Orlinkov A. Polyhalomethanes Combined with Lewis Acids in Alkane Chemistry. Chem Rev 2007; 107:2037-79. [PMID: 17488061 DOI: 10.1021/cr970005n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Akhrem
- A.N.Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova Street, 117813 Moscow, Russia.
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Brookhart M, Green MLH, Wong LL. Carbon-Hydrogen-Transition Metal Bonds. PROGRESS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470166376.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Rademacher P, Mohr PC. Transannular 1,5-hydride shift in 5-hydroxycyclooctanone: an experimental and theoretical investigation. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:2698-703. [PMID: 18019545 DOI: 10.1039/b708448j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Rademacher
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
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Chistyakov AL, Stankevich IV, Gambaryan NP, Akhrem IS. Nucleophilic assistance in methane activation by superelectrophiles with halogen-centered cationic sites. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428006110029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Li Q, Hunter KC, Seitz C, East ALL. Geometry and torsional energies of a C–C-protonatedn-alkane. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1607959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Yang S, Kondo JN, Domen K. Formation of alkenyl carbenium ions by adsorption of cyclic precursors on zeolites. Catal Today 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-5861(01)00504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Taeschler C, Parvez M, Sorensen TS. Preparation of the tricyclo[5.3.1.13,9]dodeca-1,5-diyl dication: attempts to prepare a novel µ-H cation. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hofferberth JE, Lo HY, Paquette LA. Stereospecific anionically promoted transannular hydride shifts in medium-ring hydroxy ketones. Probe of their reversibility and the potential for regiocontrol. Org Lett 2001; 3:1777-80. [PMID: 11405709 DOI: 10.1021/ol0100733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Examples are provided of stereospecific transannular oxidation-reduction processes involving the conjugate bases of delta-hydroxy ketones in a nine-membered ring setting. The ability to control the direction of these equilibria by proper modulation of the solvent environment and level of hydroxyl group protection is demonstrated. MM3-derived steric energies of the isomer pairs suggest that the equilibrium distributions are the outcome of the extent to which intramolecular hydrogen bonding forces are disrupted by polar solvent molecules when present.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Hofferberth
- Evans Chemical Laboratories, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Heubes M, Dietz T, Quast H, Seefelder M, Witzel A, Gadgil VR, Williams RV. Lifting of the degeneracy in semibullvalenes by remote and direct substituents: a quantitative study using variable-temperature carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. J Org Chem 2001; 66:1949-60. [PMID: 11300887 DOI: 10.1021/jo001062a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of six 1,5-(ethylmethyl)semibullvalenes (1a <==> 1a', 2 <==> 2', 3 <==>3') and two 4(2)-substituted semibullvalenes (4 <==> 4'), each undergoing Cope equilibria between nondegenerate valence tautomers, was investigated by carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy at a range of temperatures in several different solvents. Gompper's treatment of substituent perturbation was extended, specifically accounting for the effects of the substituents on chemical shifts, to allow the determination of the thermodynamic parameters for these skewed equilibria. These new treatments were used to determine the population difference (f - f ') between the valence tautomers and the perturbation thermodynamic quantities DeltaH(P), DeltaS(P), and DeltaG(P). The slow-exchange limit was reached for the parent 1,5-(ethylmethyl)semibullvalenes 3a <==> 3a' from which it was established that the preferred valence tautomer is 3a with the ethyl group on the cyclopropane ring. Despite considerable effort, the slow-exchange limit could not be reached in any of our other remotely substituted semibullvalenes. Provided that the ethyl group always prefers the cyclopropyl position as in 3a, the 1-ethyl-5-methylsemibullvalenes 1a, 2, and 3 are more stable by DeltaH(P) = 0.7-1.7 kJ mol(-1) than their valence tautomers 1a', 2', and 3'. In the directly substituted semibullvalenes (4 left harpoon ovet right harpoon 4'), the preferred valence tautomers 4a and 4b have the bromine atom or the nitrile group on the vinyl position (C(4)) rather than on the cyclopropane ring (C(2)) and are more stable than 4a' and 4b' by DeltaH(P) = 4.8 and 7.0 kJ mol(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heubes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, PO Box 442343, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, USA
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Galasso V. Theoretical study of the structure and NMR properties of μ-hydrido-bridged carbocations and carbodications. Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(98)00412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Boronat M, Viruela P, Corma A. Theoretical Study on the Mechanism of the Hydride Transfer Reaction between Alkanes and Alkylcarbenium Ions. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9717352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Boronat
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, av/ dels Tarongers s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain, and Departament de Química Física, Universitat de València, c/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - P. Viruela
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, av/ dels Tarongers s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain, and Departament de Química Física, Universitat de València, c/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - A. Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, av/ dels Tarongers s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain, and Departament de Química Física, Universitat de València, c/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
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Hydride Shifts and Transfers. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(08)60158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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17
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Isotope Effects on nmr Spectra of Equilibrating Systems. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(08)60203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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The characterization of and the evolution of molecular hydrogen by the μ-hydrido-bridged cyclodecyl cation. Relevance to the question of hydrocarbon protonation by superacids. Tetrahedron 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)87510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Minyaev RM. Covalent chemical bonding through a bridging hydrogen atom in charged organic compounds. J STRUCT CHEM+ 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00763581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Degenerate Carbocation Rearrangements. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(08)60224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Visser CM. Evolutionary roots of catalysis by nicotinamide and flavins in C-H oxidoreductases and in photosynthesis. ORIGINS OF LIFE 1982; 12:165-79. [PMID: 6216447 DOI: 10.1007/bf00927143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary information obtained from sequencing proteins and RNA's fades out completely for early periods in evolution. Information for tracing evolution even further could stem from the analysis of coenzyme mechanisms. Likewise, placing cofactors in their proper evolutionary context gives new hints concerning their actual mechanisms of catalysis.
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The Influence of Structural Rigidity on the Stabilization of ?-Ferrocenyl Carbocations: Thecis-fixed Di-Ferrocenyl Carbenium Ion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198206860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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