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Comparative study of the interaction of some meso-substituted anionic cyanine dyes with human serum albumin. Biophys Chem 2020; 261:106378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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2
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Isomerization and Dimerization of Indocyanine Green and a Related Heptamethine Dye. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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3
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Abstract
One of the important features of polymethine (cyanine) dyes is isomerization about one of C–C bonds of the polymethine chain. In this review, spectral properties of the isomers, photoisomer-ization and thermal back isomerization of carbocyanine dyes, mostly meso-substituted carbocy-anine dyes, are considered. meso-Alkyl-substituted thiacarbocyanine dyes are present in polar solvents mainly as cis isomers and, hence, exhibit no photoisomerization, whereas in nonpolar solvents, in which the dyes are in the trans form, photoisomerization takes place. In contrast, the meso-substituted dyes 3,3′-dimethyl-9-phenylthiacarbocyanine and 3,3′-diethyl-9-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)thiacarbocyanine occur as trans isomers and exhibit photoisomerization in both polar and nonpolar solvents. The behavior of these dyes may be ex-plained by the fact that the phenyl ring of the substituent in their molecules can be twisted at some angle, removing the substituent from the plane of the molecule and reducing its steric ef-fect on the conformation of the trans isomer. In some cases, photoisomerization of cis isomers of meso-substituted carbocyanine dyes is also observed (for some meso-alkyl-substituted dyes com-plexed with DNA and chondroitin-4-sulfate; for 3,3′-diethyl-9-methoxythiacarbocyanine in moderate polarity solvents). The cycle photoisomerization–thermal back isomerization of cya-nine dyes can be used in various systems of information storage and deserves further investiga-tion using modern research methods.
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Abstract
One of the important features of polymethine (cyanine) dyes is isomerization around one of C–C bonds of the polymethine chain. In this review, spectral properties of the isomers, photoisomerization and thermal back isomerization of carbocyanine dyes, mostly meso-substituted carbocyanine dyes, are considered. meso-Alkyl-substituted thiacarbocyanine dyes are present in polar solvents mainly as cis isomers and, hence, exhibit no photoisomerization, whereas in nonpolar solvents, in which the dyes are in the trans form, photoisomerization takes place. In contrast, the meso-substituted dyes 3,3′-dimethyl-9-phenylthiacarbocyanine and 3,3′-diethyl-9-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)thiacarbocyanine occur as trans isomers and exhibit photoisomerization in both polar and nonpolar solvents. The behavior of these dyes may be explained by the fact that the phenyl ring of the substituent in their molecules can be twisted at some angle, removing the substituent from the plane of the molecule and reducing its steric effect on the conformation of the trans isomer. In some cases, photoisomerization of cis isomers of meso-substituted carbocyanine dyes is also observed (for some meso-alkyl-substituted dyes complexed with DNA and chondroitin-4-sulfate; for 3,3′-diethyl-9-methoxythiacarbocyanine in moderate polarity solvents). The cycle photoisomerization–thermal back isomerization of cyanine dyes can be used in various systems of information storage and deserves further investigation using modern research methods.
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Tatikolov AS. UV–vis spectral study of the isomeric equilibrium for the anionic polymethine dyes – oxonols in different solvents. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Pronkin PG, Tatikolov AS. Study of cis-trans equilibrium of oxacarbocyanine dyes in solution and in a complex with DNA. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143912040157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ryabitskii AB, Bricks JL, Kachkovskii AD, Kurdyukov VV. Conformational analysis of polymethine dyes derived from the 2-azaazulene. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Ryabitskii AB, Bricks JL, Kachkovskii AD, Chernega AN, Vlasenko YG. Conformational structure of the unsymmetrical monomethine cyanine bearing 2-azaazulene and 2-benzothiazole residues as terminal groups: Experimental and quantum-chemical investigation. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Petrov N, Ivanov D, Golubkov D, Gromov S, Alfimov M. The effect of cucurbit[7]uril on photophysical properties of aqueous solution of 3,3′-diethylthiacarbocyanine iodide dye. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mustroph H, Reiner K, Mistol J, Ernst S, Keil D, Hennig L. Relationship between the Molecular Structure of Cyanine Dyes and the Vibrational Fine Structure of their Electronic Absorption Spectra. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:835-40. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Descalzo A, Rurack K. On the Signalling Pathways and CuII-Mediated Anion Indication ofN-meso-Substituted Heptamethine Cyanine Dyes. Chemistry 2009; 15:3173-85. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Vladimirova KG, Freidzon AY, Bagatur—yants AA, Zakharova GV, Chibisov AK, Alfimov MV. Modeling the structure, absorption spectra, and cis-trans isomerization of thiacarbocyanine dyes. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143908040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Allmann R, Anis HJ, Benn R, Grahn W, Olejnek S, Waśkowska A. Erstmaliger Nachweis von di-, tri- und all-cis-Konformationen bei sterisch gehinderten Trimethincyaninen (Carbocyaninen) der Indolin- und Benzothiazolreihe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19830951116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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The Study of cis-trans Equilibrium and Complexation with DNA of meso-Substituted Carbocyanine Dyes. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10733-005-0048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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The Solitonic Nature of the Electronic Structure of the Ions of Linear Conjugated Systems. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11237-005-0034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Dähne S, Kulpe S. Alternierende und nichtalternierende Polymethine - eine Verallgemeinerung bisheriger Farbregeln. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19783200306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Yu A, Tolbert CA, Farrow DA, Jonas DM. Solvatochromism and Solvation Dynamics of Structurally Related Cyanine Dyes. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0205867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anchi Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - Catherine A. Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - Darcie A. Farrow
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - David M. Jonas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
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Guo C, Xiang J, Feng J, Tang Y, Chen C, Xu G. Effect of TiO2 Colloids on the Fluorescence Behavior of Two Cyanine Dyes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2002; 246:401-9. [PMID: 16290429 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2001.7912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2000] [Accepted: 08/17/2001] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of two typical cyanine dyes [3,3'-diethyl-9-methyl-thiacarbocyanine iodide (dye A) and anhydro-3,3'-disulfopropyl-5,5'-diphenyl-9-ethyloxacarbocyanine hydroxide (dye B)] in the absence and presence of TiO(2) colloids have been investigated by UV-visible spectroscopy, (1)H-NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence lifetime measurements, and ESR measurements. It was found from the absorption spectra and NMR results that there are two isomers in the ground state of these dyes. Steady-state fluorescence spectra show that the fluorescence intensities of dye A and dye B are enhanced and quenched by TiO(2) colloids, respectively. Time-resolved fluorescence lifetime measurements indicate that the lifetimes of dye A and dye B in the presence of TiO(2) colloids are longer and shorter than those obtained in the absence of TiO(2) colloids, respectively. ESR measurements demonstrate that the electron transfer efficiency from (1)dye B* to the conduction band of TiO(2) is much larger than that from (1)dye A* to the conduction band of TiO(2). The different fluorescence behavior of dye A and dye B can be intepreted in terms of whether phi(Tr,nr)(0)-phi(Tr,nr) (the reduction of the quantum yield for radiationless transition in the excited singlet state (1)dye* caused by the TiO(2) colloids) is larger or smaller than phi(ET) (the quantum yield of electron transfer from (1)dye* to the conduction band of TiO(2) colloids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Changning Guo
- Center for Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
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Vranken N, Jordens S, De Belder G, Lor M, Rousseau E, Schweitzer G, Toppet S, Van der Auweraer M, De Schryver FC. The Influence of Meso-Substitution on the Photophysical Behavior of Some Thiacarbocyanine Dyes in Dilute Solution. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0123536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Vranken
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics and Spectroscopy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Sven Jordens
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics and Spectroscopy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Gino De Belder
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics and Spectroscopy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Marc Lor
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics and Spectroscopy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Els Rousseau
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics and Spectroscopy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Gerd Schweitzer
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics and Spectroscopy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Suzanne Toppet
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics and Spectroscopy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Mark Van der Auweraer
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics and Spectroscopy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Frans C. De Schryver
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics and Spectroscopy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Xiang J, Chen C, Zhou B, Xu G. Abnormal fluorescence behavior of some cyanine dyes in a cyanine dye–TiO2 colloids system. Chem Phys Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(99)01046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Owen DJ, VanDerveer D, Schuster GB. Cyanine Borate Penetrated Ion Pair Structures in Solution and the Solid State: Induced Circular Dichroism. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja973812c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Owen
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400
| | - Donald VanDerveer
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400
| | - Gary B. Schuster
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400
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23
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Owen DJ, Schuster GB. Induced Circular Dichroism in Cyanine Borate Penetrated Ion Pairs. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9532300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Owen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400
| | - Gary B. Schuster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400
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Baraldi I, Carnevali A, Momicchioli F, Ponterini G. Electronic spectra and trans—cis photoisomerism of carbocyanines. A theoretical (CS INDO CI) and experimental study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0584-8539(93)80190-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Katayama N, Ozaki Y, Yasui S, Iriyama K. Spectroscopic studies of thiatri-, penta- and heptamethine cyanine dyes I. Structure of thiatri-, penta- and heptamethine cyanine dyes in solutions studied by NMR. J Mol Struct 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2860(92)80156-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Fujimoto Y, Katayama N, Ozaki Y, Yasui S, Iriyama K. Spectroscopic studies of thiatri-, penta- and heptamethine cyanine dyes II. Infrared and resonance Raman spectra of thiatri-, penta- and heptamethine cyanine dyes. J Mol Struct 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2860(92)80157-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Orrit M, Bernard J, Mouhsen A, Talon H, Möbius D, Personov R. Stark effect in Langmuir—Blodgett films studied by hore-burning. Chem Phys Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(91)87029-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ponterini G, Momicchioli F. Trans-cis photoisomerization mechanism of carbocyanines: experimental check of theoretical models. Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(91)80011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Katayama N, Ozaki Y, Araki T, Iriyama K. Attenuated total reflection/FT-IR studies on Langmuir-Blodgett films of 3-octadecyl-2-[3-(3-octadecyl-2-benzothiazolinylidene)-1-propenyl] benzothiazolium iodide. J Mol Struct 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2860(91)87124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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32
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Kolesnikov AM, Povolotskii MI. Use of nuclear overhauser effect to determine conformation of NH-cyanine. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00531201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Katsumata M, Kasatani K, Kawasaki M, Sato H. Resonance CARS and resonance raman spectra of a cyanine dye: Detection of bands ascribable to a photoisomer. Chem Phys Lett 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(88)87374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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34
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Calculation of conformational equilibrium of biscarbocyanines from their absorption spectra. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00523818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Ishchenko AA, Derevyanko NA, Zubarovskii VM, Tolmachev AI. Influence of length of the polymethine chain on width of absorption bands of symmetric cyanine byes. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00516576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Allmann R, Anis HJ, Benn R, Grahn W, Olejnek S, Wa?kowska A. Konformationsanalyse von Polymethinen I. Erstmaliger Nachweis vondi-,tri- undall-cis-Konformationen bei sterisch gehinderten Trimethincyaninen (Carbocyaninen) der Indolin- und Benzothiazolreihe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198311470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Allmann R, Anis HJ, Benn R, Grahn W, Olejnek S, Wa?kowska A. First Proof of di-, tri-, and all-cis-Conformations in Sterically Hindered Trimethinecyanines (Carbocyanines) of the Indoline and Benzothiazole Series. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198308761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Huebner JS, Jr WEV. THE QUANTUM EFFICIENCY OF DYE-INDUCED PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECTS IN BILAYER MEMBRANES. Photochem Photobiol 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1982.tb03823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Useful theories and models of the color and constitution of unsaturated organic compounds have been sought for more than a century. The promises of quantum chemistry have not yet been realized satisfactorily. The polymethine concept, a modern chemical theory of constitution, is an auspicious development.
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Huebner JS. Cyanine dye structural and voltage-induced variations in photo-voltages of bilayer membranes. J Membr Biol 1978; 39:97-132. [PMID: 641979 DOI: 10.1007/bf01870328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Flash illumination alters the voltage across bilayer lipid membranes in the presence of certain cyanine dyes. The waveforms of the photo-voltage vary systematically with dye structure and imposed transmembrane voltage. Experimental results are reported for 27 positively charged cyanine dyes, primarily oxazole derivatives, using lecithin/oxidized cholesterol bilayer membranes and 10-mM sodium chloride solutions. Several dyes do not induce any photo-voltages. Examples are 3,3' diethyl 9 ethyl 2,2' oxacarbocyanine iodide, 3,3' diethyl 2 oxa 2" thiacyanine iodide, and 3,3' dimethyl 2,2' indocarbocyanine iodide. Several dyes, when added to one side of the membranes, induce monophasic waveforms. Examples are 3,3' dimethyl 2,2' oxacarbocyanine chloride, and 3,4,3',4' tetramethyl 2,2' oxazalinocarbocyanine iodide. Other dyes induce a photo-voltage only if transmembrane voltages are imposed. These waveforms are biphasic with some dyes (3,3' diethyl 2,2' oxacarbocyanine iodide, for example) and monophasic with other dyes (3,3' dibutyl 2,2' oxacarbocyanine iodide, for example). The photo-voltage waveforms are explained by models that consider the movement of charged dye molecules within the membrane, following optical excitation. The dye movements are probably induced through charge rearrangements in the dye associated with long-lived triplet states, isomerization, or through excimer formation. These results provide information on the location and orientation of the dye molecules within bilayer membranes. The variations which occur in the waveforms with applied voltage indicate that these membranes are fluid in the direction perpendicular to the membrane plane.
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