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Gould NS, Li S, Cho HJ, Landfield H, Caratzoulas S, Vlachos D, Bai P, Xu B. Understanding solvent effects on adsorption and protonation in porous catalysts. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1060. [PMID: 32103007 PMCID: PMC7044222 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Solvent selection is a pressing challenge in developing efficient and selective liquid phase catalytic processes, as predictive understanding of the solvent effect remains lacking. In this work, an attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy technique is developed to quantitatively measure adsorption isotherms on porous materials in solvent and decouple the thermodynamic contributions of van der Waals interactions within zeolite pore walls from those of pore-phase proton transfer. While both the pore diameter and the solvent identity dramatically impact the confinement (adsorption) step, the solvent identity plays a dominant role in proton-transfer. Combined computational and experimental investigations show increasingly favorable pore-phase proton transfer to pyridine in the order: water < acetonitrile < 1,4 – dioxane. Equilibrium methods unaffected by mass transfer limitations are outlined for quantitatively estimating fundamental thermodynamic values using statistical thermodynamics. Liquid phase reactions mediated by solid catalysts occur in the presence of solvents whose role needs to be understood. The authors use attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy to measure liquid-phase pyridine adsorption isotherms in zeolites, elucidating the effect of coadsorbed solvents on the interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Gould
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Sha Li
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Hong Je Cho
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Harrison Landfield
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Stavros Caratzoulas
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Dionisios Vlachos
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Peng Bai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Bingjun Xu
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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Raczkowska J, Stetsyshyn Y, Awsiuk K, Zemła J, Kostruba A, Harhay K, Marzec M, Bernasik A, Lishchynskyi O, Ohar H, Budkowski A. Temperature-responsive properties of poly(4-vinylpyridine) coatings: influence of temperature on the wettability, morphology, and protein adsorption. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07223b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(4-vinylpyridine)-grafted brushes demonstrate a thermal response of their wettability (stronger than that for spin-coated films), surface morphology, and protein adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Raczkowska
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-348 Kraków
- Poland
| | | | - Kamil Awsiuk
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-348 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Joanna Zemła
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-348 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Andrij Kostruba
- Lviv Academy of Commerce
- Lviv Institute for Physical Optics
- 79011 Lviv
- Ukraine
| | | | - Mateusz Marzec
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology
- 30-059 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Andrzej Bernasik
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology
- 30-059 Kraków
- Poland
- AGH University of Science and Technology
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science
| | | | - Halyna Ohar
- Lviv Polytechnic National University
- 79013 Lviv
- Ukraine
| | - Andrzej Budkowski
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-348 Kraków
- Poland
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da Silva EF, Alves WA. A Raman study on preferential interactions in the formamide/pyridine/pyridazine system and complementary thermodynamic information on the formamide/pyridazine mixture. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 102:71-74. [PMID: 23220520 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The formamide (FA)/pyridine (py)/pyridazine (prd) system was investigated by FT-Raman spectroscopy and the results in situ show that FA is preferentially bound to py, as experimentally pointed out by the proton affinity (PA) values of these azabenzenes. Temperature-dependent further investigations for the FA/prd mixture clearly show that the 2:1 FA:prd complex is more stable than the 1:1 FA:py adduct, even though its formation is influenced by the extremely negative entropy of the system, which becomes the spontaneously unfavorable global process. Linear relationships of the complex formation enthalpies (ΔH°) with band shifts (Δν) and dipole moments (μ) of these azabenzenes are observed and are in excellent agreement with our recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine F da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465/Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil
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Liu X, Sobolewski AL, Borrelli R, Domcke W. Computational investigation of the photoinduced homolytic dissociation of water in the pyridine–water complex. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:5957-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44585b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Additivity of substituent effects on the proton affinity and gas-phase basicity of pyridines. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Gromov SP, Nazarov VB, Avakyan VG, Fomina MV, Vedernikov AI, Kuz’mina LG, Vershinnikova TG, Lobova NA, Rudyak VY, Alfimov MV, Howard JA. Photoinduced protonation and mechanical motion in the cyclodextrin cavity: Synthesis, structure and spectral properties of 4-(2-napthyl)pyridine and their pseudorotaxane complexes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nazarov VB, Avakyan VG, Gromov SP, Vedernikov AI, Fomina MV, Vershinnikova TG, Gak VY, Lobova NA, Rudyak VY, Alfimov MV. Spectroscopic properties, structure, and photoinduced motion of 4-(2-naphthyl)pyridine in cyclodextrin cavities. Russ Chem Bull 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-010-0188-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Olesen SG, Hammerum S. Redshift or adduct stabilization--a computational study of hydrogen bonding in adducts of protonated carboxylic acids. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2009; 15:239-248. [PMID: 19423909 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
It is generally expected that the hydrogen bond strength in a D-H(***)A adduct is predicted by the difference between the proton affinities (DeltaPA) of D and A, measured by the adduct stabilization and demonstrated by the infrared (IR) redshift of the D-H bond stretching vibrational frequency. These criteria do not always yield consistent predictions, as illustrated by the hydrogen bonds formed by the E and Z OH groups of protonated carboxylic acids. The DeltaPA and the stabilization of a series of hydrogen bonded adducts indicate that the E OH group forms the stronger hydrogen bonds, whereas the bond length changes and the redshift favor the Z OH group, matching the results of NBO and AIM calculations. This reflects that the thermochemistry of adduct formation is not a good measure of the hydrogen bond strength in charged adducts, and that the ionic interactions in the E and Z adducts of protonated carboxylic acids are different. The OH bond length and IR redshift afford the better measure of hydrogen bond strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Gaarn Olesen
- De partment of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Solomonov BN, Novikov VB. Solution calorimetry of organic nonelectrolytes as a tool for investigation of intermolecular interactions. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Briand GG, Smith AD, Schatte G, Rossini AJ, Schurko RW. Probing lead(II) bonding environments in 4-substituted pyridine adducts of (2,6-Me2C6H3S)2Pb: an X-ray structural and solid-state 207Pb NMR study. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:8625-37. [PMID: 17867676 DOI: 10.1021/ic700738w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of subtle changes in the sigma-electron donor ability of 4-substituted pyridine ligands on the lead(II) coordination environment of (2,6-Me(2)C(6)H(3)S)(2)Pb (1) adducts has been examined. The reaction of 1 with a series of 4-substituted pyridines in toluene or dichloromethane results in the formation of 1:1 complexes [(2,6-Me(2)C(6)H(3)S)(2)Pb(pyCOH)](2) (3), [(2,6-Me(2)C(6)H(3)S)(2)Pb(pyOMe)](2) (4), and (2,6-Me(2)C(6)H(3)S)(2)Pb(pyNMe(2)) (5) (pyCOH = 4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde; pyOMe = 4-methoxypyridine; pyNMe2 = 4-dimethylaminopyridine), all of which have been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. The structures of 3 and 4 are dimeric and have psi-trigonal bipyramidal S(3)N bonding environments, with the 4-substituted pyridine nitrogen and bridging sulfur atoms in axial positions and two thiolate sulfur atoms in equatorial sites. Conversely, compound 5 is monomeric and exhibits a psi-trigonal pyramidal S(2)N bonding environment at lead(II). The observed structures may be rationalized in terms of a simple valence bond model and the sigma-electron donor ability of the 4-pyridine ligands as derived from the analysis of proton affinity values. Solid-state (207)Pb NMR experiments are applied in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations to provide further insight into the nature of bonding in 4, 5, and (2,6-Me(2)C(6)H(3)S)(2)Pb(py)(2) (2). The lead chemical shielding (CS) tensor parameters of 2, 4, and 5 reveal some of the largest chemical shielding anisotropies (CSA) observed in lead coordination complexes to date. DFT calculations using the Amsterdam Density Functional (ADF) program, which take into account relativistic effects using the zeroth-order regular approximation (ZORA), yield lead CS tensor components and orientations. Paramagnetic contributions to the lead CS tensor from individual pairs of occupied and virtual molecular orbitals (MOs) are examined to gain insight into the origin of the large CSA. The CS tensor is primarily influenced by mixing of the occupied MOs localized on the sulfur and lead atoms with virtual MOs largely comprised of lead 6p orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen G Briand
- Department of Chemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada E4L 1G8.
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Taft RW. Protonic Acidities and Basicities in the Gas Phase and in Solution: Substituent and Solvent Effects. PROGRESS IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470171936.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Solomonov BN, Varfolomeev MA, Novikov VB. A new method for the determination of cooperative hydrogen bonding enthalpy of proton acceptors with associated species of alcohols. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Sicilia MC, Muñoz-Caro C, Niño A. Theoretical Analysis of Pyridine Protonation in Water Clusters of Increasing Size. Chemphyschem 2004; 6:139-47. [PMID: 15688657 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200400344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The protonation of pyridine in water clusters as a function of the number of water molecules was theoretically analyzed as a prototypical case for the protonation of organic bases. We determined the variation of structural, bonding, and energetic properties on protonation, as well as the stabilization of the ionic species formed. Thus, we used supermolecular models in which pyridine interacts with clusters of up to five water molecules. For each complex, we determined the most stable unprotonated and protonated structures from a simulated annealing at the semi ab initio level. The structures were optimized at the B3LYP/cc-pVDZ level. We found that the hydroxyl group formed on protonation of pyridine abstracts a proton from the ortho-carbon atom of the pyridine ring. The "atoms in molecules" theory showed that this C-H group loses its covalent character. However, starting with clusters of four water molecules, the C-H bond recovers its covalent nature. This effect is associated with the presence of more than one ring between the water molecules and pyridine. These rings stabilize, by delocalization, the negative charge on the hydroxyl oxygen atom. Considering the protonation energy, we find that the protonated forms are increasingly stabilized with increasing size of the water cluster. When zero-point energy is included, the variation follows closely an exponential decrease with increasing number of water molecules. Analysis of the vibrational modes for the strongest bands in the IR spectra of the complexes suggests that the protonation of pyridine occurs by concerted proton transfers among the different water rings in the structure. Symmetric water stretching was found to be responsible for hydrogen transfer from the water molecule to the pyridine nitrogen atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Sicilia
- Grupo de Química Computacional y Computación de Alto Rendimiento, E. S. Informática, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Paseo de la Universidad, 4. 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Catalan J, Cabildo P, Elguero J, Gómez J, Laynez J. Calorimetric study of the effect ofN-methylation in azoles: Loss of an active centre of solvation. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.610020807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Voets R, François JP, Martin JML, Mullens J, Yperman J, Van Poucke LC. Theoretical study of the proton affinities of 2-, 3-, and 4-monosubstituted pyridines in the gas phase by means of MINDO/3, MNDO, and AM1. J Comput Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.540100403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Martin JML, François JP, Gijbels R. Ab initiostudy of the proton affinity of a number of ortho-substituted pyridines. J Comput Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.540100308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Raczyńska ED, Darowska M, Cyrański MK, Makowski M, Rudka T, Gal JF, Maria PC. Ab initiostudy of tautomerism and of basicity center preference in histamine, from gas phase to solution-comparison with experimental data (gas phase, solution, solid state). J PHYS ORG CHEM 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pawelka Z, Zeegers-Huyskens T. Alkyl substituent effect on the polarity of phenols-tri-n-alkylamine complexes. CAN J CHEM 2003. [DOI: 10.1139/v03-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The formation constants and the dipole moments of the H-bonded adducts of 1:1 and 2:1 stoichiometries formed between three different phenols (phenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and 2,4-dinitrophenol) and different tri-n-alkylamines are determined in solvents of weak polarity. The polarity of the 1:1 complexes of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol with tri-n-alkylamines markedly increases with increasing degree of amine alkylation, in contrast with the complexes involving the two other phenols. The influence of the basicity and steric hindrance of the tri-n-alkylamines on the proton-transfer constant is discussed and quantitative correlations are deduced.Key words: phenols, tri-n-alkylamines, H-bonded complexes, proton transfer, polarity, steric effect.
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Roithová J, Exner O. Protonation of alkylpyridines: polarizability and steric effects in the base and in the cation. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ford G, Wang B. Implicit allowance for “specific” hydrogen bonding contributions to hydration energies in quantum chemically based continuum models: a phenomenological perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(99)00071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lee C, Parrillo DJ, Gorte RJ, Farneth WE. Relationship between Differential Heats of Adsorption and Brønsted Acid Strengths of Acidic Zeolites: H-ZSM-5 and H-Mordenite. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja953452y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Lee
- Contribution from the Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6393, and E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Central Science and Engineering Department, Experimental Station 356/307, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0356
| | - D. J. Parrillo
- Contribution from the Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6393, and E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Central Science and Engineering Department, Experimental Station 356/307, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0356
| | - R. J. Gorte
- Contribution from the Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6393, and E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Central Science and Engineering Department, Experimental Station 356/307, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0356
| | - W. E. Farneth
- Contribution from the Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6393, and E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Central Science and Engineering Department, Experimental Station 356/307, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0356
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Reis JCR, Segurado MAP, De Oliveira JDG. Plurilinear improvement of the Hammett equation. J PHYS ORG CHEM 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.610081006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Headley AD, Starnes SD, Cheung ET, Malone PL. Solvation effects on the relative basicity of propylamines. J PHYS ORG CHEM 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.610080106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Headley AD, McMurry ME. The influence of solvents on the basicity of dipolar amines. J PHYS ORG CHEM 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.610070203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Eichmann ES, Brodbelt JS. Effects of functional group interactions on the dissociation reactions of protonated amino alcohols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210280603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Eichmann ES, Brodbelt JS. An investigation of site-selective gas-phase reactions of amino alcohols with dimethyl ether ions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1993; 4:230-241. [PMID: 24234852 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(93)85086-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/1992] [Accepted: 11/02/1992] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of dimethyl ether ions with neutral amino alcohols were examined in both a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. These ion-molecule reactions produced two types of ions: the protonated species [M+l](+) and a more complex product at [M+13](+). The abundance of the [M+13](+) ions relative to that of the [M+1](+) ions decreases with increasing formal interfunctional distance. Multistage collision-activated dissociation techniques were used to characterize the [M+13](+) product ions, their reactivities, and the mechanisms for their formation and dissociation. In addition, molecular semiempirical calculation methods were used to probe the thermochemistry of these reactions. Reaction at the amino alcohol nitrogen site is favored, and the resulting [M+13](+) addition products may cyclize for additional stabilization. Comparisons were made among the behavior of related compounds, such as alcohols, diols, amines, and diamines. The alcohols reacted only to form the protonated species, but the diols, amines, and diamines all formed significant amounts of [M+13](+) ions or related dissociation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Eichmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 78712-1167, Austin, TX, USA
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Eichmann ES, Brodbelt JS. Functional group-selective ion-molecule reactions of ethylene glycol and its monomethyl and dimethyl ethers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1993; 4:97-105. [PMID: 24234787 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(93)85064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/1992] [Revised: 09/25/1992] [Accepted: 09/26/1992] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The selective methylation and methylene substitution reactions of dimethyl ether ions with ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether were investigated in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Whereas the reactions of ethylene glycol and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether with the methoxymethylene cation 45(+) gave only [M + 13](+) product ions, the reaction of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether with the same reagent ion yielded exclusively [M + 15](+) ions. The relative rates of formation of these products and those from competing reactions were examined and rationalized on the basis of structural and electronic considerations. The heats of formation for various relevant species were estimated by computational methods and showed that the reactions leading to the [M + 13](+) ions were more energetically favorable than those leading to the [M + 15](+) products for cases in which both reactions are possible. Finally, the collision-induced dissociation behavior of the [M + H](+), [M + 13](+), and [M + 15](+) ions indicated that the and [M + H](+) rons dissociated by analogous pathways and were thus structurally similar, whereas the [M + 13](+) ions possessed distinctly different structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Eichmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, 78712, Austin, TX, USA
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Janakiram Rao C, C. Agosta W. 5-Acyl-2,4-dicyanopyridines from free radical acylation of 2,4-dicyanopyridine. Tetrahedron Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)74671-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Stivers JT, Washabaugh MW. Normal acid behavior for C(α)-proton transfer from a thiazolium lon. Bioorg Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0045-2068(91)90020-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bromilow J, Marriott S, Partridge A, Taft RW, Topsom RD. Experimental and theoretical studies of the effects of hydration on proton exchange equilibria. J PHYS ORG CHEM 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.610040803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Salcedo R, Cardoso J, Manero O, Monroy V, Escobar J, Rubio-Arroyo M. A theoretical approach to zwitterionic derivatives of 4-vinylpyridine. POLYMER 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(89)90340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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