1
|
Zhang FG, Chen Z, Tang X, Ma JA. Triazines: Syntheses and Inverse Electron-demand Diels-Alder Reactions. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14555-14593. [PMID: 34586777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Triazines are an important class of six-membered aromatic heterocycles possessing three nitrogen atoms, resulting in three types of regio-isomers: 1,2,4-triazines (a-triazines), 1,2,3-triazines (v-triazines), and 1,3,5-triazines (s-triazines). Notably, the application of triazines as cyclic aza-dienes in inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) cycloaddition reactions has been established as a unique and powerful method in N-heterocycle synthesis, natural product preparation, and bioorthogonal chemistry. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the advances in the construction of these triazines via annulation and ring-expansion reactions, especially emphasizing recent developments and challenges. The synthetic transformations of triazines are focused on IEDDA cycloaddition reactions, which have allowed access to a wide scope of heterocycles, including pyridines, carbolines, azepines, pyridazines, pyrazines, and pyrimidines. The utilization of triazine IEDDA reactions as key steps in natural product synthesis is also discussed. More importantly, a particular attention is paid on the bioorthogonal application of triazines in fast click ligation with various strained alkenes and alkynes, which opens a new opportunity for studying biomolecules in chemical biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang J, Shukla V, Boger DL. Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Reactions of Heterocyclic Azadienes, 1-Aza-1,3-Butadienes, Cyclopropenone Ketals, and Related Systems. A Retrospective. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9397-9445. [PMID: 31062977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A summary of the investigation and applications of the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction is provided that have been conducted in our laboratory over a period that now spans more than 35 years. The work, which continues to provide solutions to complex synthetic challenges, is presented in the context of more than 70 natural product total syntheses in which the reactions served as a key strategic step in the approach. The studies include the development and use of the cycloaddition reactions of heterocyclic azadienes (1,2,4,5-tetrazines; 1,2,4-, 1,3,5-, and 1,2,3-triazines; 1,2-diazines; and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles), 1-aza-1,3-butadienes, α-pyrones, and cyclopropenone ketals. Their applications illustrate the power of the methodology, often provided concise and nonobvious total syntheses of the targeted natural products, typically were extended to the synthesis of analogues that contain deep-seated structural changes in more comprehensive studies to explore or optimize their biological properties, and highlight a wealth of opportunities not yet tapped.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Vyom Shukla
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Png ZM, Zeng H, Ye Q, Xu J. Inverse-Electron-Demand Diels-Alder Reactions: Principles and Applications. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:2142-2159. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Mao Png
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Huining Zeng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Qun Ye
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Total syntheses of (-)-pyrimidoblamic acid and P-3A are disclosed. Central to the convergent approach is a powerful inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction between substituted electron-deficient 1,2,3-triazines and a highly functionalized and chiral primary amidine, which forms the pyrimidine cores and introduces all necessary stereochemistry in a single step. Intrinsic in the convergent approach is the potential it provides for the late stage divergent synthesis of modified analogs bearing deep-seated changes in either the pyrimidine cores or the highly functionalized C2 side chain common to both natural products. The examination of the key cycloaddition reaction revealed that the inherent 1,2,3-triazine mode of cycloaddition (C4/N1 vs C5/N2) as well as the amidine regioselectivity were unaffected by introduction of two electron-withdrawing groups (-CO2R) at C4 and C6 of the 1,2,3-triazine even if C5 is unsubstituted (Me or H), highlighting the synthetic potential of the powerful pyrimidine synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Duerfeldt
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hren J, Požgan F, Bunič A, Parvulescu VI, Polanc S, Kočevar M. An expeditious synthesis of β-pyrimidyl-α,β-didehydro-α-amino acid derivatives and pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidines using microwave-assisted conditions. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
6
|
Zou Y, Fahmi NE, Vialas C, Miller GM, Hecht SM. Total synthesis of deamido bleomycin a(2), the major catabolite of the antitumor agent bleomycin. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:9476-88. [PMID: 12167044 DOI: 10.1021/ja012741l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic inactivation of the antitumor antibiotic bleomycin is believed to be mediated exclusively via the action of bleomycin hydrolase, a cysteine proteinase that is widely distributed in nature. While the spectrum of antitumor activity exhibited by the bleomycins is believed to reflect the anatomical distribution of bleomycin hydrolase within the host, little has been done to characterize the product of the putative inactivation at a chemical or biochemical level. The present report describes the synthesis of deamidobleomycin demethyl A(2) (3) and deamido bleomycin A(2) (4), as well as the respective aglycones. These compounds were all accessible via the key intermediate N(alpha)-Boc-N(beta)-[1-amino-3(S)-(4-amino-6-carboxy-5-methylpyrimidin-2-yl)propion-3-yl]-(S)-beta-aminoalanine tert-butyl ester (16). Synthetic deamido bleomycin A(2) was shown to be identical to the product formed by treatment of bleomycin A(2) with human bleomycin hydrolase, as judged by reversed-phase HPLC analysis and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Deamido bleomycin A(2) was found to retain significant DNA cleavage activity in DNA plasmid relaxation assays and had the same sequence selectivity of DNA cleavage as bleomycin A(2). The most significant alteration of function noted in this study was a reduction in the ability of deamido bleomycin A(2) to mediate double-strand DNA cleavage, relative to that produced by BLM A(2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zou
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22901, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu Y, Miller MJ. Total Syntheses of Mycobactin Analogues as Potent Antimycobacterial Agents Using a Minimal Protecting Group Strategy. J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jo980063o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Marvin J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Diastereoselective construction of small building blocksvia [2+2] cycloadditions involving ketenes: A direct incorporation of ?-, ?-, and ?-amino acids into peptides. Russ Chem Bull 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01431099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
9
|
Boger DL, Menezes RF, Honda T. Totalsynthese von (-)-Pyrimidoblamsäure und Deglycobleomycin A2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19931050240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
10
|
Boger DL, Menezes RF, Dang Q, Yang W. Deglyco GABA-Gly-desacetamidobleomycin A2: a simplified synthetic model for bleomycin A2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)81076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
11
|
Boger DL, Dang Q. Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Reactions of 2,4,6-(ethoxycarbonyl)-l,3,5-triazine and 2,4,6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine: Pyrimidine Introduction. Tetrahedron 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)85973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
12
|
Sato M, Ogasawara H, Kato T. Reaction of β-aminocrotonamide with dibasic acid derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570200120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|