1
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Che C, Lu YN, Wang CJ. Enantio- and Diastereoselective De Novo Synthesis of 3-Substituted Proline Derivatives via Cooperative Photoredox/Brønsted Acid Catalysis and Epimerization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2779-2786. [PMID: 36706215 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a novel strategy for the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of enantioenriched 3-cis- and 3-trans-substituted prolines has been successfully established via an unprecedented cascade radical addition/cyclization enabled by synergistic photoredox/Brønsted acid catalysis and subsequent base-assisted epimerization. The current protocol provides a unique de novo access to all four stereoisomers of 3-substituted prolines which are not readily achieved via currently established methods. This methodology could be further extended to the asymmetric synthesis of the full complement of stereoisomers of 3-substituted pipecolinic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Che
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yi-Nan Lu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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2
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Edelstein EK, Rankic DA, Dudley CC, McMinn SE, Adpressa DA. Synthesis of Proline Analogues via Rh-Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma K. Edelstein
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Danica A. Rankic
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Caroline C. Dudley
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Spencer E. McMinn
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Donovon A. Adpressa
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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3
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Fraley AE, Sherman DH. Enzyme evolution in fungal indole alkaloid biosynthesis. FEBS J 2020; 287:1381-1402. [PMID: 32118354 PMCID: PMC7317620 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The class of fungal indole alkaloids containing the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring is comprised of diverse molecules that display a range of biological activities. While much interest has been garnered due to their therapeutic potential, this class of molecules also displays unique chemical functionality, making them intriguing synthetic targets. Many elegant and intricate total syntheses have been developed to generate these alkaloids, but the selectivity required to produce them in high yield presents great barriers. Alternatively, if we can understand the molecular mechanisms behind how fungi make these complex molecules, we can leverage the power of nature to perform these chemical transformations. Here, we describe the various studies regarding the evolutionary development of enzymes involved in fungal indole alkaloid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Fraley
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - David H. Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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4
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Fraley AE, Caddell Haatveit K, Ye Y, Kelly SP, Newmister SA, Yu F, Williams RM, Smith JL, Houk KN, Sherman DH. Molecular Basis for Spirocycle Formation in the Paraherquamide Biosynthetic Pathway. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2244-2252. [PMID: 31904957 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The paraherquamides are potent anthelmintic natural products with complex heptacyclic scaffolds. One key feature of these molecules is the spiro-oxindole moiety that lends a strained three-dimensional architecture to these structures. The flavin monooxygenase PhqK was found to catalyze spirocycle formation through two parallel pathways in the biosynthesis of paraherquamides A and G. Two new paraherquamides (K and L) were isolated from a ΔphqK strain of Penicillium simplicissimum, and subsequent enzymatic reactions with these compounds generated two additional metabolites, paraherquamides M and N. Crystal structures of PhqK in complex with various substrates provided a foundation for mechanistic analyses and computational studies. While it is evident that PhqK can react with various substrates, reaction kinetics and molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the dioxepin-containing paraherquamide L is the favored substrate. Through this effort, we have elucidated a key step in the biosynthesis of the paraherquamides and provided a rationale for the selective spirocyclization of these powerful anthelmintic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kersti Caddell Haatveit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert M Williams
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States.,University of Colorado Cancer Center , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | | | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
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5
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Klas KR, Kato H, Frisvad JC, Yu F, Newmister SA, Fraley AE, Sherman DH, Tsukamoto S, Williams RM. Structural and stereochemical diversity in prenylated indole alkaloids containing the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system from marine and terrestrial fungi. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:532-558. [PMID: 29632911 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to February 2017 Various fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Malbranchea produce prenylated indole alkaloids possessing a bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system. After the discovery of distinct enantiomers of the natural alkaloids stephacidin A and notoamide B, from A. protuberus MF297-2 and A. amoenus NRRL 35660, another fungi, A. taichungensis, was found to produce their diastereomers, 6-epi-stephacidin A and versicolamide B, as major metabolites. Distinct enantiomers of stephacidin A and 6-epi-stephacidin A may be derived from a common precursor, notoamide S, by enzymes that form a bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane core via a putative intramolecular hetero-Diels-Alder cycloaddition. This review provides our current understanding of the structural and stereochemical homologies and disparities of these alkaloids. Through the deployment of biomimetic syntheses, whole-genome sequencing, and biochemical studies, a unified biogenesis of both the dioxopiperazine and the monooxopiperazine families of prenylated indole alkaloids constituted of bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring systems is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Klas
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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6
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Lou S, McKenna GM, Tymonko SA, Ramirez A, Benkovics T, Conlon DA, González-Bobes F. Syn-Selective Synthesis of β-Branched α-Amino Acids by Alkylation of Glycine-Derived Imines with Secondary Sulfonates. Org Lett 2015; 17:5000-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Lou
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Grace M. McKenna
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Steven A. Tymonko
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Antonio Ramirez
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Tamas Benkovics
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - David A. Conlon
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Francisco González-Bobes
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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7
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Liu Y, Usui A, Shirakawa S, Maruoka K. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of 3-Substituted Proline Derivatives by Using Phase-Transfer-Catalyzed Conjugate Addition. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Finefield JM, Frisvad JC, Sherman DH, Williams RM. Fungal origins of the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system of prenylated indole alkaloids. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:812-33. [PMID: 22502590 PMCID: PMC3485739 DOI: 10.1021/np200954v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Over eight different families of natural products consisting of nearly 70 secondary metabolites that contain the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system have been isolated from various Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Malbranchea species. Since 1968, these secondary metabolites have been the focus of numerous biogenetic, synthetic, taxonomic, and biological studies and, as such, have made a lasting impact across multiple scientific disciplines. This review covers the isolation, biosynthesis, and biological activity of these unique secondary metabolites containing the bridging bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system. Furthermore, the diverse fungal origin of these natural products is closely examined and, in many cases, updated to reflect the currently accepted fungal taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Finefield
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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9
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Studies on Paraherquamide Biosynthesis: Synthesis of Deuterium-Labeled 7-Hydroxy-Pre-Paraherquamide, a Putative Precursor of Paraherquamides A, E & F. Tetrahedron 2009; 65:3246-3260. [PMID: 20161298 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The stereocontrolled, asymmetric synthesis of triply deuterium-labeled 7-hydroxy-pre-paraherquamide (27) was accomplished, employing a diastereoselective intramolecular S(N)2' cyclization strategy. The deuterium-labeled substrate was interrogated in a precursor incorporation experiment in the paraherquamide-producing organism Penicillium fellutanum. The isolated sample of paraherquamide A revealed incorporation of one of the two geminal deuterons of the CD(2)-group at C-12 exclusively. The lack of signals for the second deuteron of the CD(2)-group at C-12 and for the CH(2)D-group (C-22/C-23) suggests that this substrate suffered an unexpectedly selective catabolic degradation and metabolic re-incorporation of deuterium thus casting doubt on the proposed biosynthetic intermediacy of 27. Consideration of alternative biosynthetic pathways, including oxidation of the indole C-6 position prior to hydroxylation at C-7 or oxidative spiro-contraction of pre-paraherquamide prior to construction of the dioxepin is discussed. The synthesis of 27 also provides for a concise, asymmetric stereocontrolled synthesis of an advanced intermediate that will be potentially useful in the synthesis of paraherquamide E & F.
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10
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Michaux J, Niel G, Campagne JM. Stereocontrolled routes to β,β′-disubstituted α-amino acids. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:2093-116. [DOI: 10.1039/b812116h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Ding Y, Gruschow S, Greshock TJ, Finefield JM, Sherman DH, Williams RM. Detection of VM55599 and preparaherquamide from Aspergillus japonicus and Penicillium fellutanum: biosynthetic implications. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:1574-8. [PMID: 18754595 PMCID: PMC2834492 DOI: 10.1021/np800292n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The secondary metabolites VM55599 (4) and preparaherquamide (5) have been identified by LC-MS(n) analysis as natural metabolites in cultures of Penicillium fellutanum, whereas preparaherquamide has been identified only in cultures of Aspergillus japonicus. In accord with a previous proposal, the identification of both metabolites, which have a diastereomeric relationship, provides indirect support for a unified biosynthetic scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousong Ding
- Center for Chemical Genomics, Life Sciences Institute, The University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216
| | - Sabine Gruschow
- Center for Chemical Genomics, Life Sciences Institute, The University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216
| | - Thomas J. Greshock
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | | | - David H. Sherman
- Center for Chemical Genomics, Life Sciences Institute, The University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216
| | - Robert M. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO 80045
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12
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Sommer K, Williams RM. Studies Towards Paraherquamides E & F and Related C-labeled Putative Biosynthetic Intermediates: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of the α-Alkyl-β-Methylproline Ring System. Tetrahedron 2008; 64:7106-7111. [PMID: 20336192 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A substituted 2R-allyl-3S-methylproline ethyl ester suitable for elaboration to paraherquamides E, F and related (13)C-labelled putative biosynthesis intermediates have been prepared efficiently in six steps and 24% overall yield. The key steps are a 5-exo-trig cyclization of a zinc enolate on an unactivated alkene and a stereocontrolled alkylation of the enolate formed from 3S-methyl-pyrrolidine-1,2R-dicarboxylic acid 1-tert-butyl ester 2-ethyl ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Sommer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
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13
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Pichowicz M, Simpkins NS, Blake AJ, Wilson C. Studies towards complex bridged alkaloids: regio- and stereocontrolled enolate chemistry of 2,5-diketopiperazines. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Pichowicz M, Simpkins NS, Blake AJ, Wilson C. Synthesis towards complex bridged alkaloids derived from diketopiperazines: a cationic cascade approach to stephacidins, paraherquamides and related systems. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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López-Gresa MP, González MC, Ciavatta L, Ayala I, Moya P, Primo J. Insecticidal activity of Paraherquamides, including paraherquamide H and paraherquamide I, two new alkaloids isolated from Penicillium cluniae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:2921-5. [PMID: 16608209 DOI: 10.1021/jf0530998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Paraherquamide H (1) and paraherquamide I (2), two new compounds of the paraherquamide (PHQ) family, together with the already known paraherquamide A (3), paraherquamide B (4), paraherquamide E (5), VM55596 (N-oxide paraherquamide) (6), paraherquamide VM55597 (7), and five known diketopiperazines (8-12) have been isolated from the culture broth of Penicillium cluniae Quintanilla. The structure of 1 and 2, on the basis of NMR and MS analysis, was established. It is worth noticing that, in both cases, an unusual oxidative substitution in C-16 was found, which had only previously been detected in PHQ 7. Isolated compounds were tested for insecticidal activity against the hemipteran Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas. Mortality data have allowed preliminary structure activity relationships to be proposed. The most potent product was 5 with a LD(50) of 0.089 microg/nymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar López-Gresa
- Centro de Ecología Química Agrícola, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Campus de Vera, Edificio 9B, Laboratorio 111, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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16
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Williams RM, Cao J, Tsujishima H, Cox RJ. Asymmetric, Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of Paraherquamide A. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:12172-8. [PMID: 14519003 DOI: 10.1021/ja036713+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of paraherquamide A, a potent anthelmintic agent isolated from various Penicillium sp. with promising activity against drug-resistant intestinal parasites, is reported. Key steps in this asymmetric, stereocontrolled total synthesis include a new enantioselective synthesis of alpha-alkylated-beta-hydroxyproline derivatives to access the substituted proline nucleus and a highly diastereoselective intramolecular S(N)2' cyclization to generate the core bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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17
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Hoffmann D, Hevel JM, Moore RE, Moore BS. Sequence analysis and biochemical characterization of the nostopeptolide A biosynthetic gene cluster from Nostoc sp. GSV224. Gene 2003; 311:171-80. [PMID: 12853152 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(03)00587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The cloning, sequencing, annotation and biochemical analysis of the nostopeptolide (nos) biosynthetic gene cluster from the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. GSV224 is described. Nostopeptolides A1 and A2 are cyclic peptide-polyketide hybrid natural products possessing nine amino acid residues, a butyric acid group, and an internal acetate-derived unit that are linked by peptide and ester bonds. The nos gene cluster includes eight ORFs encompassing 40 kb and includes most of the genes predicted to be involved in the biosynthesis and transport of this group of nonapeptolides. The genetic architecture and domain organization of the nos synthetase, a mixed non-ribosomal peptide synthetase-polyketide synthase, is co-linear in arrangement with respect to the putative order of the biosynthetic assembly of the lipopeptolide. Biochemical analysis of the NosA1, NosC1 and NosD1 adenylation domains coupled with the recent characterization of the nosE and nosF gene products, which are involved in the biosynthesis of the rare non-proteinogenic amino acid residue L-4-methylproline from L-leucine, support the involvement of this gene cluster in nostopeptolide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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18
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Williams RM, Cox RJ. Paraherquamides, brevianamides, and asperparalines: laboratory synthesis and biosynthesis. An interim report. Acc Chem Res 2003; 36:127-39. [PMID: 12589698 DOI: 10.1021/ar020229e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies from our laboratories on the paraherquamide, brevianamide, and asperparaline families of natural products are reviewed. It has been proposed that the unique core ring system that is common to this family of compounds arises by a biological intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction. Key biosynthetic studies are described, along with classical synthetic approaches as well as those inspired by Nature for the synthesis of these interesting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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19
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Luesch H, Hoffmann D, Hevel JM, Becker JE, Golakoti T, Moore RE. Biosynthesis of 4-methylproline in cyanobacteria: cloning of nosE and nosF genes and biochemical characterization of the encoded dehydrogenase and reductase activities. J Org Chem 2003; 68:83-91. [PMID: 12515465 DOI: 10.1021/jo026479q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the unusual amino acid 4-methylproline in the Nostoc genus of cyanobacteria was investigated on the genetic and enzymatic level. Two genes involved in the biosynthesis were cloned and the corresponding enzymes, a zinc-dependent long-chain dehydrogenase and a Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (P5C) reductase homologue, were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and biochemically characterized. Putative substrates were synthesized to test enzyme substrate specificities, and deuterium labeling studies were carried out to reveal the stereospecificities of the enzymatic reactions with respect to the substrates as well as to the coenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
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20
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Williams RM. Total synthesis and biosynthesis of the paraherquamides: an intriguing story of the biological Diels-Alder construction. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2002; 50:711-40. [PMID: 12045324 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.50.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses and biosyntheses of the paraherquamide and brevianamide families of prenylated indole-derived alkaloids are reviewed. It has been proposed that the unique bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctan ring system that is common to this family of natural products, arises by a biological intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction. Both synthetic approaches and total syntheses of several members of this family of natural products are reviewed. The biosynthesis of these alkaloids has also constituted an active area of research and the current state of knowledge on the biosynthesis of these natural products are reviewed.
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21
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Sanz-Cervera JF, Williams RM. Asymmetric total synthesis of (-)-VM55599: establishment of the absolute stereochemistry and biogenetic implications. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:2556-9. [PMID: 11890806 DOI: 10.1021/ja017425l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first asymmetric biomimetic total synthesis of VM55599 (13) has been achieved utilizing an intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition as a key step. The synthetic material was utilized to elucidate the absolute stereochemistry of the natural product. The results are discussed in terms of a unified biogenesis of the paraherquamides and VM55599.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Sanz-Cervera
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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22
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