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Lim SH, You H, Kim MJ, Wee KR, Cho DW. Triplet Energy Transfer (EnT)-Promoted 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of N-(Trimethylsilyl)methylphthalimide with Electron-Deficient Alkynes and Alkenes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:13150-13166. [PMID: 39225314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Triplet energy transfer (EnT)-promoted photochemical pathways, arisen by visible light and its photosensitizers, have gained significant attention as a complementary strategy for initiating organic transformations in photochemical reactions that are unlikely to occur through a single electron transfer (SET) process. In the present study, we investigated the triplet EnT-promoted 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of N-(trimethylsilyl)methylphthalimide with electron-deficient alkynyl and alkenyl dipolarophiles. The triplet excited state of N-(trimethylsilyl)methylphthalimide, promoted by the triplet EnT from thioxanthone (TXA) photosensitizer, underwent sequential intramolecular SET and carbon-to-oxygen migration of the silyl group to form azomethine ylide. This generated ylide cycloadded to alkynes or alkenes to regioselectively and stereospecifically produce a nitrogen-containing benzopyrrolizidine scaffold with multiple stereogenic centers. Crucially, the stereoselectivity of these cycloaddition reactions (i.e., endo versus exo addition) was influenced by the nature of the dipolarophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Hyun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeon You
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ryang Wee
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
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Kemp A, Durand M, Wall D, Szieber P, Hermanns MI, Oelgemöller M. Synthesis of 1H-isoindolin-1-ones via a simple photodecarboxylative addition of carboxylates to phthalimides and evaluation of their antibiotic activity. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1353-1360. [PMID: 38888704 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
A variety of 3-hydroxy-isoindolin-1-one derivatives were synthesized using the photodecarboxylative addition of carboxylates to phthalimide derivatives in aqueous media. Subsequent acid-catalyzed dehydration furnished 3-(alkyl and aryl)methyleneisoindolin-1-ones with variable E-diastereoselectivity in good to excellent overall yields. Noteworthy, the parent 3-phenylmethyleneisoindolin-1-one underwent isomerization and oxidative decomposition when exposed to light and air. Selected 3-hydroxy-isoindolin-1-one and 3-(alkyl and aryl)methyleneisoindolin-1-one derivatives showed moderate antibacterial activity that justifies future elaboration and study of these important bioactive scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiden Kemp
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Marine Durand
- Faculty of Chemistry & Biology, Hochschule Fresenius - University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Str. 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - Daniel Wall
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Peter Szieber
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - M Iris Hermanns
- Faculty of Chemistry & Biology, Hochschule Fresenius - University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Str. 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - Michael Oelgemöller
- Faculty of Chemistry & Biology, Hochschule Fresenius - University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Str. 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany.
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Cho DW, Mariano PS, Yoon UC. Direct and indirect single electron transfer (SET)-photochemical approaches for the preparation of novel phthalimide and naphthalimide-based lariat-type crown ethers. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:514-27. [PMID: 24605169 PMCID: PMC3943935 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we describe direct and indirect photochemical approaches that have been developed for the preparation of phthalimide- and naphthalimide-based, lariat-type crown ethers. The direct route utilizes a strategy in which nitrogen-linked side chains containing polyethoxy-tethered phthalimides and naphthalimides, possessing terminal α-trialkylsilyl groups, are synthesized utilizing concise routes and UV-irradiation to form macrocyclic ring systems. In contrast, the indirect route developed for the synthesis of lariat-type crown ethers employs sequences in which SET-promoted macrocyclization reactions of α-trialkylsilyl-terminated, polyethoxy-tethered phthalimides and naphthalimides are followed by a side chain introduction through substitution reactions at the amidol centers in the macrocyclic ethers. The combined observations made in these investigations demonstrate the unique features of SET-promoted photocyclization reactions that make them well-suited for the use in the synthesis of functionalized crown ethers. In addition, while some limitations exist for the general use of SET-photochemical reactions in large-scale organic synthesis, important characteristics of the photoinduced macrocyclization reactions make them applicable to unique situations in which high temporal and spatial control is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Won Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Korea
| | - Patrick S Mariano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ung Chan Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
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Park HJ, Ryu YJ, Kim KM, Yoon UC, Kim E, Sohn Y, Cho DW, Mariano PS. Comparison of Photocyclization Reactions of Fluoro- vs Nonfluoro-Substituted Polymethyleneoxy Donor Linked Phthalimides. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.4.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cho DW, Lee CW, Park JG, Oh SW, Sung NK, Park HJ, Kim KM, Mariano PS, Yoon UC. Exploration of photochemical reactions of N-trimethylsilylmethyl-substituted uracil, pyridone, and pyrrolidone derivatives. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1169-80. [PMID: 21472163 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00372g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions of N-trimethylsilylmethyl-substituted uracil, pyridone and pyrrolidone derivatives were carried out to determine if silicone containing substituents have an impact on excited state reaction profiles. The results show that ultraviolet irradiation of N-trimethylsilylmethyl substituted uracils in the presence of substituted alkenes leads to efficient formation of both dimeric and cross [2+2]-cycloaddition products. Qualitatively similar observations were made in a study of the photochemistry of N-trimethylsilylmethyl-2-pyridone. The combined results demonstrate that [2+2]-photocycloaddition is a more efficient excited state reaction pathway for the uracil and pyridone substrates as compared to other processes, such as ylide-forming trimethylsilyl group C-to-O migration. Finally, photoreactions of N-trimethylsilylmethyl-2-pyrrolidone in solutions containing dipolarophiles, such as methyl acrylate, lead to the formation of the desilylation product, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone by way of a simple, non-ylide generating, protodesilylation process. In addition, observations were made which show that orbital symmetry allowed photocycloreversion reactions of dimeric uracil derivatives, involving cyclobutane ring splitting, to take place. These processes, which lead to the formation of monomeric uracils, appear to be stimulated by the presence of electron donor groups on the cyclobutane ring, a likely result of a new SET promoted cyclobutane ring cleavage pathway. In the cases of N-trimethylsilylmethyl-substituted cyclobutane derivatives that possess phthalimide groups, highly efficient excited state cleavage of the cyclobutane moiety occurs to produce uracil derivatives and corresponding vinyl phthalimide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Won Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Korea
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Cho DW, Yoon UC, Mariano PS. Studies leading to the development of a single-electron transfer (SET) photochemical strategy for syntheses of macrocyclic polyethers, polythioethers, and polyamides. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:204-15. [PMID: 21197953 DOI: 10.1021/ar100125j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Organic photochemists began to recognize in the 1970s that a new mechanistic pathway involving excited-state single-electron transfer (SET) could be used to drive unique photochemical reactions. Arnold's seminal studies demonstrated that SET photochemical reactions proceed by way of ion radical intermediates, the properties of which govern the nature of the ensuing reaction pathways. Thus, in contrast to classical photochemical reactions, SET-promoted excited-state processes are controlled by the nature and rates of secondary reactions of intermediate ion radicals. In this Account, we discuss our work in harnessing SET pathways for photochemical synthesis, focusing on the successful production of macrocyclic polyethers, polythioethers, and polyamides. One major thrust of our studies in SET photochemistry has been to develop new, efficient reactions that can be used for the preparation of important natural and non-natural substances. Our efforts with α-silyl donor-tethered phthalimides and naphthalimides have led to the discovery of efficient photochemical processes in which excited-state SET is followed by regioselective formation of carbon-centered radicals. The radical formation takes place through nucleophile-assisted desilylation of intermediate α-silyl-substituted ether-, thioether-, amine-, and amide-centered cation radicals. Early laser flash photolysis studies demonstrated that the rates of methanol- and water-promoted bimolecular desilylations of cation radicals (derived from α-silyl electron donors) exceeded the rates of other cation radical α-fragmentation processes, such as α-deprotonation. In addition, mechanistic analyses of a variety of SET-promoted photocyclization reactions of α-silyl polydonor-linked phthalimides and naphthalimides showed that the chemical and quantum efficiencies of the processes are highly dependent on the lengths and types of the chains connecting the imide acceptor and α-silyl electron donor centers. We also observed that reaction efficiencies are controlled by the rates of desilylation at the α-silyl donor cation radical moieties in intermediate zwitterionic biradicals that are formed by either direct excited-state intramolecular SET or by SET between the donor sites in the intervening chains. It is important to note that knowledge about how these factors govern product yields, regiochemical selectivities, and quantum efficiencies was crucial for the design of synthetically useful photochemical reactions of linked polydonor-acceptor substrates. The fruits of these insights are exemplified by synthetic applications in the concise preparation of cyclic peptide mimics, crown ethers and their lariat- and bis-analogs, and substances that serve as fluorescence sensors for important heavy metal cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Won Cho
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Ung Chan Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Patrick S. Mariano
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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Cho DW, Oh SW, Kim DU, Park HJ, Xue JY, Yoon UC, Mariano PS. Studies of Silyl-Transfer Photochemical Reactions of N-[(Trimethylsilyl)alkyl]saccharins. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.9.2453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ma G, Liu H, Zhang W. Photochemistry of N-alkylsuccinimide in methanol and ethanol: An experimental and calculated investigation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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The Synthetic Potential of SET Photochemistry of Silicon-Substituted Polydonor-Linked Phthalimides. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2006. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2006.27.8.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
The authors' studies in the area of phthalimide photochemistry are discussed in the context of the development of new methods for N-heterocycle synthesis. Emphasis is given to reactions which are initiated by both intermolecular and intramolecular SET from silicon-containing electron donors to excited states of phthalimides and related maleimides and conjugated imides. The photoaddition and photocyclization processes which ensue follow mechanistic pathways, in which efficient desilylation of initially formed radical cation occurs to generate radical pair and biradical intermediates that serve as precursors of the products. Several examples that demonstrate the preparative potential of these reactions are presented. These are taken from the authors' investigations of (1) phthalimido-alkylsilane photocyclization reactions, (2) azomethine ylide-forming excited-state processes of N-(trimethylsilylmethyl)phthalimide, and (3) photoaddition and photocyclization reactions of phthalimide alpha-silyl ether, thioether, amine, and amide systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- U C Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Korea
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Yoon UC, Lee CW, Oh SW, Mariano PS. Exploratory studies probing the intermediacy of azomethine ylides in the photochemistry of N-phthaloyl derivatives of α-amino acids and β-amino alcohols. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yoon UC, Oh SW, Lee SM, Cho SJ, Gamlin J, Mariano PS. A Solvent Effect That Influences the Preparative Utility of N-(Silylalkyl)phthalimide and N-(Silylalkyl)maleimide Photochemistry. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo990087a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ung Chan Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Sun Wha Oh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Soo Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Sung Ju Cho
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Janet Gamlin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Patrick S. Mariano
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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Suau R, García-Segura R, Sánchez C, Pedraza AM. Photophthalimidation of unactivated double bonds. Synthesis of protected phenethylamines. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)00103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Novel heterocyclic ring-expansion and/or dehydration-hydration reactions of propargylic and allenylic hydroxy γ-lactams in the presence of strong base or Lewis acid. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ung CY, Dong UK, Kim JC, Jong GL, Mariano PS, Yean JL, Ammon HL. A novel azomethine ylid forming photoreaction of N-trimethylsilylmethylphthalimides. Tetrahedron Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)73798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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The Photochemistry of Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(08)60029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Kaupp G. Photochemische Umlagerungen und Fragmentierungen von Benzol-Derivaten und anellierten Arenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1980. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19800920405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ishida S, Hashida Y, Shizuka H, Matsui K. Photochemical Reactions ofN-Acyl-2,3-dihydrobenzoxazol-2-ones. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1979. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.52.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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