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Zhang Y, Lund E, Gossweiler GR, Lee B, Niu Z, Khripin C, Munch E, Couty M, Craig SL. Molecular Damage Detection in an Elastomer Nanocomposite with a Coumarin Dimer Mechanophore. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000359. [PMID: 32761960 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular force probes that generate optical responses to critical levels of mechanical stress (mechanochromophores) are increasingly attractive tools for identifying molecular sites that are most prone to failure. Here, a coumarin dimer mechanophore whose mechanical strength is comparable to that of the sulfur-sulfur bonds found in vulcanized rubbers is reported. It is further shown that the strain-induced scission of the coumarin dimer within the matrix of a particle-reinforced polybutadiene-based co-polymer can be detected and quantified by fluorescence spectroscopy, when cylinders of the nanocomposite are subjected to unconstrained uniaxial stress. The extent of the scission suggests that the coumarin dimers are molecular "weak links" within the matrix, and, by analogy, sulfur bridges are likely to be the same in vulcanized rubbers. The mechanophore is embedded in polymer main chains, grafting agent, and cross-linker positions in a polymer composite in order to generate experimental data to understand how macroscopic mechanical stress is transferred at the molecular scale especially in highly entangled cross-linked polymer nanocomposite. Finally, the extent of activation is enhanced by approximately an order of magnitude by changing the regiochemistry and stereochemistry of the coumarin dimer and embedding the mechanophore at the heterointerface of the particle-reinforced elastomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Ethen Lund
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | - Bobin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Zhenbin Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | | | - Etienne Munch
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes Dechaux, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marc Couty
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes Dechaux, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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Hunger K, Schmeling N, Jeazet HBT, Janiak C, Staudt C, Kleinermanns K. Investigation of cross-linked and additive containing polymer materials for membranes with improved performance in pervaporation and gas separation. MEMBRANES 2012; 2:727-63. [PMID: 24958427 PMCID: PMC4021918 DOI: 10.3390/membranes2040727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pervaporation and gas separation performances of polymer membranes can be improved by crosslinking or addition of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Crosslinked copolyimide membranes show higher plasticization resistance and no significant loss in selectivity compared to non-crosslinked membranes when exposed to mixtures of CO2/CH4 or toluene/cyclohexane. Covalently crosslinked membranes reveal better separation performances than ionically crosslinked systems. Covalent interlacing with 3-hydroxypropyldimethylmaleimide as photocrosslinker can be investigated in situ in solution as well as in films, using transient UV/Vis and FTIR spectroscopy. The photocrosslinking yield can be determined from the FTIR-spectra. It is restricted by the stiffness of the copolyimide backbone, which inhibits the photoreaction due to spatial separation of the crosslinker side chains. Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) with MOFs as additives (fillers) have increased permeabilities and often also selectivities compared to the pure polymer. Incorporation of MOFs into polysulfone and Matrimid® polymers for MMMs gives defect-free membranes with performances similar to the best polymer membranes for gas mixtures, such as O2/N2 H2/CH4, CO2/CH4, H2/CO2, CH4/N2 and CO2/N2 (preferentially permeating gas is named first). The MOF porosity, its particle size and content in the MMM are factors to influence the permeability and the separation performance of the membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hunger
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.
| | - Nadine Schmeling
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.
| | - Harold B Tanh Jeazet
- Institute of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institute of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.
| | - Claudia Staudt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.
| | - Karl Kleinermanns
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.
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De Schryver FC, Boens N, Put J. Excited Slate Behavior of Some Bichroniophoric Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470133408.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Nakagaki R, Sakuragi H, Mutai K. Switching of reaction pathways due to methylene chain length effects. J PHYS ORG CHEM 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.610020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ashikaga K, Ito S, Yamamoto M, Nishijima Y. Intramolecular End-to-End Reactions of Photoactive Terminal Groups Linked by Poly(oxyethylene) Chains. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1988. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.61.2443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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The Photochemistry of Oxygen- and Sulfur-Containing Heterocycles. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(08)60051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Tanaka H, Takamuku S, Sakurai H. Photoisomerization and Photodimerization of 3-(1- and 2-Naphthyl)acrylate in Bichromophoric Systems. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1979. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.52.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kamijo T, Irie M, Hayashi K. Solvent Effects on Intramolecular Photocycloaddition of Poly(1-vinylnaphthalene). BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1978. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.51.3286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Compernolle F, Schouteden E, De Schryver FC. Reversible cyclomerization and long range hydrogen abstraction by electron impact of 7-coumarinyl diesters ROOC(CH2)nCOOR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210120410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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