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Lv X, Song J, Fu X, Guo S, Gu J, Meng L, Lu CZ. Enhancing Reverse Intersystem Crossing in Triptycene-TADF Emitters: Theoretical Insights into Reorganization Energy and Heavy Atom Effects. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1611-1619. [PMID: 38382059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters based on the triptycene skeleton demonstrate exceptional performance, superior stability, and low efficiency roll-off. Understanding the interplay between the luminescent properties of triptycene-TADF molecules and their assembly environments, along with their excited-state characteristics, necessitates a comprehensive theoretical exploration. Herein, we predict the photophysical properties of triptycene-TADF molecules in a thin film environment using the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics method and quantify their substantial dependency on the heavy atom effects and reorganization energies using the Marcus-Levich theory. Our calculated photophysical properties for two recently reported molecules closely align with experimental values. We design three novel triptycene-TADF molecules by incorporating chalcogen elements (O, S, and Se) to modify the acceptor units. These newly designed molecules exhibit reduced reorganization energies and enhanced reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) rates. The heavy atom effect amplifies spin-orbit coupling, thereby facilitating the RISC process, particularly at a remarkably high rate of ∼109 s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Jinhui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Xifeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Sai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Junjing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Lingyi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Can-Zhong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
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Vao-soongnern V, Sukhonthamethirat N, Rueangsri K, Sirirak K, Matsuba G. Molecular simulation of the structural formation of mono- and bidisperse polyethylene upon cooling from the melts. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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3
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Sun XW, Peng LY, Gao YJ, Fang Q, Cui G. Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence of a Pyromellitic Diimide Derivative in the Film Environment Investigated by Combined QM/MM and MS-CASPT2 Methods. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4176-4184. [PMID: 35737507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Arylene diimide compounds exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), but its mechanism remains elusive. Herein we studied the TADF mechanism of a carbazole-substituted pyromellitic diimide derivative (CzPhPmDI) in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film by using DFT, TD-DFT, and MS-CASPT2 methods within the QM/MM framework. We found that the TADF mechanism involves three electronic states (i.e., S0, S1, and T1), but the T2 state is not involved because its energy is higher than the S1 state by 6.9 kcal/mol. By contrast, the T1 state is only 3.2 kcal/mol lower than the S1 state and such small energy difference benefits the reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) process from T1 to S1 thereto TADF. This point is seconded by relevant radiative and nonradiative rates calculated. At room temperature, the ISC rate from S1 to T1 is calculated to be 6.1 × 106 s-1, which is larger than the fluorescence emission rate, 2.2 × 105 s-1; thus, the dominant S1 population converts to the T1 state. However, in the T1 state, the rISC process (1.8 × 104 s-1) becomes the most important channel because of the negligible phosphorescence emission rate (3.5 × 10-2 s-1). So, the T1 population is still converted back to the S1 state to fluoresce enabling TADF. Unfortunately, the rISC process is blocked in low temperature. Besides, we found that relevant Huang-Rhys factors have dominant contribution from low-frequency vibrational motion related to the torsional motion of functional groups. These gained insights could provide useful information for the design of organic TADF materials with excellent luminescence efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ling-Ya Peng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuan-Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qiu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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4
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Vao-soongnern V. Molecular simulation of molecular and surface properties of random copolymer nanoparticle. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Guo L, Dutton OJ, Kucukdisli M, Davy M, Wagnières O, Butts CP, Myers EL, Aggarwal VK. Conformationally Controlled Linear and Helical Hydrocarbons Bearing Extended Side Chains. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16682-16692. [PMID: 34590479 PMCID: PMC7612001 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Conformationally controlled flexible molecules are ideal for applications in medicine and materials, where shape matters but an ability to adapt to multiple and changing environments is often required. The conformation of flexible hydrocarbon chains bearing contiguous methyl substituents is controlled through the avoidance of syn-pentane interactions: alternating syn-anti isomers adopt a linear conformation while all-syn isomers adopt a helical conformation. From a simple diamond lattice analysis, larger substituents, which would be required for most potential applications, result in significant and unavoidable syn-pentane interactions, suggesting substantially reduced conformational control. Through a combination of computation, synthesis, and NMR analysis, we have identified a selection of substitution patterns that allow large groups to be incorporated on conformationally controlled linear and helical hydrocarbon chains. Surprisingly, when the methyl substituents of alternating syn-anti hydrocarbons are replaced with acetoxyethyl groups, the main chain of almost 95% of the population of molecules adopt a linear conformation. Here, the side chains adopt nonideal eclipsed conformations with the main chain, thus minimizing syn-pentane interactions. In the case of all-syn hydrocarbons, concurrent removal of some methyl groups on the main chain adjacent to the large substituents is required to maintain a high population of molecules adopting a helical conformation. This information can now be used to design flexible hydrocarbon chains displaying functional groups in a defined relative orientation for multivalent binding or cooperative reactivity, for example, in targeting the interfaces defined by disease-relevant protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Guo
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, BS8 1TS, Bristol, UK
| | - Oliver J. Dutton
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, BS8 1TS, Bristol, UK
| | - Murat Kucukdisli
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, BS8 1TS, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthew Davy
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, BS8 1TS, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Craig P. Butts
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, BS8 1TS, Bristol, UK
| | - Eddie L. Myers
- School of Chemistry, NUI Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
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Monte Carlo simulation of molecular and structural properties of random copolymer thin films. J Mol Model 2021; 27:301. [PMID: 34580771 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04927-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Molecular and structural properties of random copolymer thin films were studied by Monte Carlo simulation of coarse-grained copolymer model on the high coordination lattice. Random copolymer thin films with 50% comonomer fraction with varied interaction strength between comonomer units were studied. Intramolecular interaction was represented by Flory's rotational isomeric state (RIS) model of polyethylene (PE). The non-bonded interactions were treated by Lennard-Jones potential with different parameter sets for comonomer units. When the interaction strength of comonomer is increased, the density of thin films is higher in the inner region and significantly dropped near the free surface along the normal direction of the film. Higher bulk densities and narrower interfacial thicknesses are observed for random copolymer with stronger bead interaction. End beads were segregated at the free surface region and tend to orient perpendicularly to the surface. Copolymer size and shape were significantly changed as a function of bead interaction. For orientation of the whole chain, the largest molecular axis tends to orient along the film surface, but changed toward random orientation for weaker bead interaction. The intra-chain energies were decreased at the surface region while the non-bonded energies were increased. The stronger the comonomer bead attraction, the more change in energetics across the thin film.
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Interfacial Modeling of Fibrinogen Adsorption onto LiNbO 3 Single Crystal-Single Domain Surfaces. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115946. [PMID: 34073002 PMCID: PMC8199120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For the development of next-generation protein-based biosensor surfaces, it is important to understand how functional proteins, such as fibrinogen (FBG), interact with polar substrate surfaces in order to prepare highly sensitive points of medical care diagnostics. FBG, which is a fibrous protein with an extracellular matrix, has both positively and negatively charged regions on its 3-dimensional surface, which makes interpreting how it effectively binds to polarized surfaces challenging. In this study, single-crystal LiNbO3 (LNO) substrates that have surface charges were used to investigate the adsorption of FBG protruding polar fragments on the positively and negatively charged LNO surfaces. We performed a combination of experiments and multi-scale molecular modeling to understand the binding of FBG in vacuum and water-solvated surfaces of LNO. XPS measurements showed that the FBG adsorption on LNO increased with increment in solution concentration on surfaces independent of charges. Multi-scale molecular modeling employing Quantum Mechanics, Monte Carlo, and Molecular Mechanics addressed the phenomenon of FBG fragment bonding on LNO surfaces. The binding simulation validated the experimental observation using zeta potential measurements which showed presence of solvated medium influenced the adsorption phenomenon due to the negative surface potential.
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9
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Wang H, Wang W, Lu W, Osa M, Kang NG, Hong K, Mays J. Effect of microstructure on chain flexibility and glass transition temperature of polybenzofulvene. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Vao-soongnern V. Structures and dynamics of polyethylene nanostructures with different free surface geometries: nanofilm, nanofiber and nanoparticle. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1997-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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Ma X, Zheng F, van Sittert CGCE, Lu Q. Role of Intrinsic Factors of Polyimides in Glass Transition Temperature: An Atomistic Investigation. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:8569-8579. [PMID: 31535861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b06585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyimides (PIs) are in high demand in the field of active matrix organic light-emitting diode displays because of their excellent heat resistance, chemical stability, and mechanical properties. However, the most critical key to their application is to further enhance their glass transition temperature (Tg), which directly affects the processing temperature of thin-film transistors on the PI films. Therefore, it is of great importance to study the factors that have an influence on the Tg of PIs. To accomplish this goal, PIs derived from pyromellitic acid dianhydride and three sets of isomeric imidazole-based diamines were investigated. The investigation, by computational methods, was to clarify the effect of intrinsic factors associated with the molecular structure of the PIs on their Tg and to construct a structure-Tg relationship for these PIs. For each model system, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations were used to identify and distinguish the effects of chain rigidity, fractional free volume (FFV), cohesive energy density, hydrogen-bonding interactions, and charge-transfer complex interactions on Tg. The results showed that the physical property, chain rigidity, has a direct impact on Tg regardless of the polymer backbone structure. A linear correlation between the increase of FFV and the decrease of Tg was not established due to the existence of hydrogen-bonding interactions, but the tendency was maintained. Furthermore, the formation of hydrogen bonds was found to have an indirect relationship with Tg. That is, the increase of intrachain hydrogen bonds would lead to a decrease in chain rigidity and consequently reduce the Tg value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Ma
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
| | - Feng Zheng
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
| | - Cornelia G C E van Sittert
- Laboratory for Applied Molecular Modelling, Chemical Resource Beneficiation Focus Area , North-West University , Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520 , South Africa
| | - Qinghua Lu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
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12
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Štejfa V, Fulem M, Růžička K. First-principles calculation of ideal-gas thermodynamic properties of long-chain molecules by R1SM approach—Application to n-alkanes. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:224101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5093767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Štejfa
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Fulem
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Květoslav Růžička
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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13
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Molecular simulation of structural and dynamic properties of polymer nanoparticles composed of linear and cyclic polyethylene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1797-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Zhang R, Xiao T, Graf R, De-Boer E, Verhoef R, Kentgens A, Yang G, Rastogi S, Yao YF. Chain packing in the noncrystalline region of deuterated UHMWPE: A solid-state 2H and 13C NMR study. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Sasanuma Y, Takahashi Y. Structure-Property Relationships of Poly(ethylene carbonate) and Poly(propylene carbonate). ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:4808-4819. [PMID: 31457761 PMCID: PMC6641952 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conformational characteristics of poly(ethylene carbonate) (PEC) and poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) have been revealed via molecular orbital (MO) calculations and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments on model compounds with the same bond sequences as those of the polycarbonates. Bond conformations derived from the MO calculations on the models were in exact agreement with those from the NMR experiments. Both PEC and PPC were indicated to adopt distorted conformations including a number of gauche bonds and cover themselves with negative charges, thus failing to form a regular packing and remaining amorphous. The MO data were applied to the refined rotational isomeric state (RIS) calculations to yield configurational properties such as the characteristic ratio, its temperature coefficient, the configurational entropy, and average geometrical parameters of unperturbed PEC and PPC chains. In the RIS calculations on PPC, the regio- and stereosequences were generated according to the Bernoulli trial or Markov stochastic process. In consequence, it was shown that the configurational properties of PPC do not depend significantly on its regio- and stereoregularities. The internal energy contribution to rubberlike chain elasticity, calculated from the temperature coefficient of the characteristic ratio, has indicated the possibility that PEC and PPC will behave as elastomers. The practical applications and potential utilizations of the polycarbonates are discussed on the basis of the conformational characteristics and configurational properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sasanuma
- E-mail: . Phone: +81 (0)43 290 3394. Fax: +81 (0)43 290
3394
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16
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Jones BH, Wheeler DR, Black HT, Stavig ME, Sawyer PS, Giron NH, Celina MC, Lambert TN, Alam TM. Stress Relaxation in Epoxy Thermosets via a Ferrocene-Based Amine Curing Agent. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brad H. Jones
- Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - David R. Wheeler
- Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Hayden T. Black
- Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Mark E. Stavig
- Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Patricia S. Sawyer
- Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Nicholas H. Giron
- Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Mathias C. Celina
- Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Timothy N. Lambert
- Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Todd M. Alam
- Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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17
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Csontos J, Nagy B, Gyevi-Nagy L, Kállay M, Tasi G. Enthalpy Differences of the n-Pentane Conformers. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:2679-88. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- József Csontos
- MTA-BME
Lendület Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical
Chemistry and Materials Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, P.O. Box
91, Hungary
| | - Balázs Nagy
- MTA-BME
Lendület Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical
Chemistry and Materials Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, P.O. Box
91, Hungary
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - László Gyevi-Nagy
- Department
of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich B. tér 1., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mihály Kállay
- MTA-BME
Lendület Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical
Chemistry and Materials Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, P.O. Box
91, Hungary
| | - Gyula Tasi
- Department
of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich B. tér 1., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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Pietrow M, Gagoś M, Misiak LE, Kornarzyński K, Szurkowski J, Rochowski P, Grzegorczyk M. Evidence for weakly bound electrons in non-irradiated alkane crystals: The electrons as a probe of structural differences in crystals. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:064502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4907262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Takhulee A, Vao-Soongnern V. Monte Carlo simulation study of the effect of chain tacticity on demixing of polyethylene/polypropylene blends. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x14060200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Bleckmann VP, Schrader B, Meier W, Takahashi H. Molekül- und Gitterschwingungen des orthorhombischen und ferroelektrischen Thioharnstoffs: II. Berechnung der innermolekularen und zwischenmolekularen Kraftkonstanten. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.197100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Lüttschwager NOB, Suhm MA. Stretching and folding of 2-nanometer hydrocarbon rods. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:4885-4901. [PMID: 24866111 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00508b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Linear alkanes CnH2n+2 in vacuum isolation are finite models for an infinite polyethylene chain. Using spontaneous Raman scattering in supersonic jet expansions for n = 13-21 in different spectral ranges, we determine the minimal chain length nh for the cohesion-driven folding of the preferred extended all-trans conformation into a hairpin structure. We treat fully stretched all-trans alkanes as molecular "nanorods" and derive Young's modulus E for the stretching of an isolated single-strand polyethylene fibre by extrapolating the longitudinal acoustic mode to infinite chain length. Two key quality parameters for accurate intra- and intermolecular force fields of hydrocarbons (nh = 18 ± 1, E = 305 ± 5 GPa) are thus derived with high accuracy from experimental spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils O B Lüttschwager
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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22
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Effect of monomer composition on structural properties of poly(ethylene-co-propylene) nanofiber by Monte Carlo simulation. Macromol Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-014-2070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Teplukhin AV. A simplified treatment of the deformations of covalent bonds and angles during the all-atom Monte Carlo simulation of polymers. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES C 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1811238213050044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Marsh D, Páli T. Orientation and conformation of lipids in crystals of transmembrane proteins. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2012; 42:119-46. [PMID: 22644500 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-012-0816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Orientational order parameters and individual dihedral torsion angles are evaluated for phospholipid and glycolipid molecules that are resolved in X-ray structures of integral transmembrane proteins in crystals. The order parameters of the lipid chains and glycerol backbones in protein crystals are characterised by a much wider distribution of orientational order than is found in fluid lipid bilayers and reconstituted lipid-protein membranes. This indicates that the lipids that are resolved in crystals of membrane proteins are mostly not representative of the entire lipid-protein interface. Much of the chain configurational disorder of the membrane-bound lipids in crystals arises from C-C bonds in energetically disallowed skew conformations. This suggests configurational heterogeneity of the lipids at a single binding site: eclipsed conformations occur also in the glycerol backbone torsion angles and the C-C torsion angles of the lipid head groups. Conformations of the lipid glycerol backbone in protein crystals are not restricted to the gauche C1-C2 rotamers found invariably in phospholipid bilayer crystals. Lipid head-group conformations in the protein crystals also do not conform solely to the bent-down conformation, with gauche-gauche configuration of the phosphodiester, that is characteristic of phospholipid bilayer membranes. Stereochemical violations in the protein-bound lipids are evidenced by ester carboxyl groups in non-planar configurations, and even in the cis configuration. Some lipids have the incorrect enantiomeric configuration of the glycerol backbone, and many of the branched methyl groups in the phytanyl chains associated with bacteriorhodopsin have the incorrect S configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Marsh
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37070, Göttingen, Germany.
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Khan MK, Sundararajan PR. Effects of Carbon Atom Parity and Alkyl Side Chain Length on the Crystallization and Morphology of Biscarbamates, A Set of Model Compounds for Polyurethanes. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:8696-706. [DOI: 10.1021/jp203790f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mostofa Kamal Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Pudupadi R. Sundararajan
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
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Autieri E, Chiessi E, Lonardi A, Paradossi G, Sega M. Conformation and Dynamics of Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) Trimers in Water: A Molecular Dynamics and Metadynamics Simulation Study. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:5827-39. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2020929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Autieri
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Ester Chiessi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica I, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Lonardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica I, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gaio Paradossi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica I, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Sega
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy
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Maçanita AL, Zachariasse KA. Viscosity dependence of intramolecular excimer formation with 1,5-bis(1-pyrenylcarboxy)pentane in alkane solvents as a function of temperature. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:3183-95. [PMID: 21434671 DOI: 10.1021/jp111519s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intramolecular excimer formation with 1,5-bis(1-pyrenylcarboxy)pentane, (1PC(5)1PC) is studied as a function of temperature in a series of alkane solvents and in toluene, covering a wide range of solvent viscosities η, from 0.2 to 125 cP. The rate constant k(a) of the monomer → excimer reaction is determined from the effectively single exponential monomer fluorescence decays. For the viscosity dependence of k(a) in n-alkanes, the Stokes-Einstein relation k(a) ∼ η(-1.0) does not hold. Instead, k(a) is proportional to η(-α), with α increasing upon cooling, from 0.56 at 85 °C to 0.86 at -30 °C. The activation energy E(a) of excimer formation with 1PC(5)1PC, always larger than the activation energy E(T/η) of solvent viscous flow, decreases when the solvent viscosity becomes smaller, from 20.7 kJ/mol in n-hexadecane to 11.8 kJ/mol in n-butane, approaching a value of 11-12 kJ/mol for the low viscosity solvents. As the excimer formation process depends on the restricted diffusion of the 1PC end groups as well as on the C-O and C-C rotations in the -O(CH(2))(5)O- chain, the limiting barrier of 11-12 kJ/mol is attributed to the activation energy E(c) of the multiple bond rotations. This fractional viscosity dependence (α < 1.0) is caused by the multidimensional character of the barrier crossing in the excimer formation process. This multidimensional character should also be taken into account in investigations of polymers and biological media employing excimer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- António L Maçanita
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, Göttingen, Germany
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Doruker P, Mattice WL. Dynamics of bulk polyethylene on a high coordination lattice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19981330107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tonelli AE. Modeling the conformations and motions of isolated polymer chains in the narrow channels of their crystalline inclusion compounds with small-molecule, host clathrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19930650116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hori Y, Pei N, Kumagai R, Sasanuma Y. Poly(N-protected ethylene imine-alt-ethylene sulfide) block to functionalize polymeric materials. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00264c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Simulation of chain folding in polyethylene: A comparison of united atom and explicit hydrogen atom models. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Oliveira RG, Schneck E, Quinn BE, Konovalov OV, Brandenburg K, Gutsmann T, Gill T, Hanna CB, Pink DA, Tanaka M. Crucial roles of charged saccharide moieties in survival of gram negative bacteria against protamine revealed by combination of grazing incidence x-ray structural characterizations and Monte Carlo simulations. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 81:041901. [PMID: 20481747 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.81.041901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Grazing incidence x-ray scattering techniques and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are combined to reveal the influence of molecular structure (genetic mutation) and divalent cations on the survival of gram negative bacteria against cationic peptides such as protamine. The former yields detailed structures of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) membranes with minimized radiation damages, while the minimal computer model based on the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann theory allows for the simulation of conformational changes of macromolecules (LPSs and peptides) that occur in the time scale of ms. The complementary combination of the structural characterizations and MC simulation demonstrates that the condensations of divalent ions (Ca2+ or Mg2+) in the negatively charged core saccharides are crucial for bacterial survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael G Oliveira
- Biophysics Laboratory E22, Technical University Munich, D85748 Garching, Germany
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Pink DA, Hanna CB, Sandt C, MacDonald AJ, MacEachern R, Corkery R, Rousseau D. Modeling the solid-liquid phase transition in saturated triglycerides. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:054502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3276108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Yang F, Forrest SR. Photocurrent generation in nanostructured organic solar cells. ACS NANO 2008; 2:1022-1032. [PMID: 19206500 DOI: 10.1021/nn700447t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Photocurrent generation in nanostructured organic solar cells is simulated using a dynamical Monte Carlo model that includes the generation and transport properties of both excitons and free charges. Incorporating both optical and electrical properties, we study the influence of the heterojunction nanostructure (e.g., planar vs bulk junctions) on donor-acceptor organic solar cell efficiencies based on the archetype materials copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and C(60). Structures considered are planar and planar-mixed heterojunctions, homogeneous and phase-separated donor-acceptor (DA) mixtures, idealized structures composed of DA pillars, and nanocrystalline DA networks. The thickness dependence of absorption, exciton diffusion, and carrier collection efficiencies is studied for different morphologies, yielding results similar to those experimentally observed. The influences of charge mobility and exciton diffusion length are studied, and optimal device thicknesses are proposed for various structures. Simulations show that, with currently available materials, nanocrystalline network solar cells optimize both exciton diffusion and carrier collection, thus providing for highly efficient solar energy conversion. Estimations of achievable energy conversion efficiencies are made for the various nanostructures based on current simulations used in conjunction with experimentally obtained fill factors and open-circuit voltages for conventional small molecular weight materials combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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Obynochnyia AA, Purtovb PA, Salikhova KM. Chemical Nuclear Polarization of Biradicals Created by Photolysis of Cyclic Aliphatic Ketones in the Gas Phase. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024408020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Laso M, Karayiannis NC, Müller M. Min-map bias Monte Carlo for chain molecules: biased Monte Carlo sampling based on bijective minimum-to-minimum mapping. J Chem Phys 2007; 125:164108. [PMID: 17092064 DOI: 10.1063/1.2359442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel Monte Carlo (MC) simulation scheme based on Theodorou's bijective mapping strategy [D. N. Theodorou, J. Chem. Phys. 124, 034109 (2006)] is introduced. This min-map bias Monte Carlo acts in combination with any other proper, bare MC. It carries over the bare MC move from the original configuration space Omega(0), where trial move acceptance may be low, to a different configuration space, Omega(1), where acceptance is higher. The bare MC move is then performed in Omega(1) and the resulting configuration is finally mapped back to Omega(0). Mappings between Omega(0) and Omega(1) entail weighted selection of trial configurations, the bias of which is subsequently removed in the overall acceptance criterion. The new method is applied, in conjunction with continuum configurational bias as bare MC scheme, to the simulation of explicit hydrogen linear alkanes in the canonical ensemble. Min-map bias MC is found to alleviate the pervasive problem of very low acceptance rates encountered when using an explicit molecular description.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Laso
- Institute for Optoelectronics and Microsystems (ISOM), UPM, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Petraccone V, Allegra G, Corradini P. Calculation of minimum potential energy of folds and kinks in polyethylene crystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/polc.5070380133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Cail JI, Stepto RFT, Ward IM. Quantitative Modeling of the Stress‐Optical Properties of Polyethene Networks. J MACROMOL SCI B 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00222340500323672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. I. Cail
- a Polymer Science and Technology Group, School of Materials , The University of Manchester , Manchester, UK
| | - R. F. T. Stepto
- a Polymer Science and Technology Group, School of Materials , The University of Manchester , Manchester, UK
| | - I. M. Ward
- b IRC in Polymer Science and Technology, School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Leeds , Leeds, UK
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Sakaguchi M, Yamamoto K, Miwa Y, Shimada S, Sakai M, Iwamura T. Molecular Mobility of Peroxy Radicals at the Ends of Isolated Polystyrene Chains Tethered on the Solid Surface of Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) in a Vacuum. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma062472p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Sakaguchi
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; and Research Center for Molecular-Scale Nanoscience, Institute for Molecular Science, 38, Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 4444-8585, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Yamamoto
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; and Research Center for Molecular-Scale Nanoscience, Institute for Molecular Science, 38, Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 4444-8585, Japan
| | - Yohei Miwa
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; and Research Center for Molecular-Scale Nanoscience, Institute for Molecular Science, 38, Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 4444-8585, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Shimada
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; and Research Center for Molecular-Scale Nanoscience, Institute for Molecular Science, 38, Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 4444-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakai
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; and Research Center for Molecular-Scale Nanoscience, Institute for Molecular Science, 38, Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 4444-8585, Japan
| | - Takeru Iwamura
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; and Research Center for Molecular-Scale Nanoscience, Institute for Molecular Science, 38, Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 4444-8585, Japan
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Leontidis E, de Pablo JJ, Laso M, Suter UW. A critical evaluation of novel algorithms for the off-lattice Monte Carlo simulation of condensed polymer phases. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bfb0080202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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McCullough RL. An energetics approach to the analysis of molecular motions in polymeric solids. J MACROMOL SCI B 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00222347408204541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. L. McCullough
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware
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Choi P, Rane SS, Mattice WL. Effect of Pressure on the Miscibility of Polyethylene/Poly(ethylene-alt-propylene) Blends. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.200600026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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48
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Mattice WL, Waheed N, Erguney F. Surprising Effects on the Conformational Entropy due to Nonrandom Distributions of Local Conformations Along Unperturbed Chains. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.200600034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Lal M, Spencer D. ‘Monte Carlo’ computer simulation of chain molecules III. Simulation ofn-alkane molecules. Mol Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00268977100102911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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