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Heuer A, Coste SC, Singh G, Mercado BQ, Mayer JM. A Guide to Tris(4-Substituted)-triphenylmethyl Radicals. J Org Chem 2023; 88:9893-9901. [PMID: 37403939 PMCID: PMC10367072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Triphenylmethyl (trityl, Ph3C•) radicals have been considered the prototypical carbon-centered radical since their discovery in 1900. Tris(4-substituted)-trityls [(4-R-Ph)3C•] have since been used in many ways due to their stability, persistence, and spectroscopic activity. Despite their widespread use, existing synthetic routes toward tris(4-substituted)-trityl radicals are not reproducible and often lead to impure materials. We report here robust syntheses of six electronically varied (4-RPh)3C•, where R = NMe2, OCH3, tBu, Ph, Cl, and CF3. The characterization reported for the radicals and related compounds includes five X-ray crystal structures, electrochemical potentials, and optical spectra. Each radical is best accessed using a stepwise approach from the trityl halide, (RPh)3CCl or (RPh)3CBr, by controllably removing the halide with subsequent 1e- reduction of the trityl cation, (RPh)3C+. These syntheses afford consistently crystalline trityl radicals of high purity for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gurjot Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Brandon Q. Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - James M. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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Nakamura M, Hyakutake R, Morisako S, Sasamori T, Mizuhata Y, Tokitoh N, Nakashima K, Fukumoto H, Agou T. Boron complexes of π-extended nitroxide ligands exhibiting three-state redox processes and near-infrared-II (NIR-II) absorption properties. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13675-13680. [PMID: 36040417 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02545k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Persistent radicals have attracted increasing attention owing to their fascinating properties, including multi-step redox and long-wavelength absorption characteristics. In this study, boron complexes with π-extended nitroxide ligands were synthesised via Buchwald-Hartwig amination reactions of the corresponding boron-nitroxide complex and diarylamines. These nitroxide complexes exhibited two-step and reversible one-electron oxidation processes, suggesting stable redox triads involving anionic aminoxide, neutral nitroxide-radical, and cationic oxoammonium ligands. Cationic boron complexes of the nitroxide radical ligands were obtained via chemical oxidation of the aminoxide complexes and structurally characterised. The cationic nitroxide-radical complexes exhibited strong absorptions at approximately 1100 nm, demonstrating their potential as near-infrared (NIR)-II-active functional dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Nakamura
- Department of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Naka-narusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan.
| | - Risa Hyakutake
- Department of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Naka-narusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan.
| | - Shogo Morisako
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Sciences (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sasamori
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Sciences (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Mizuhata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kouichi Nakashima
- Department of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Naka-narusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Fukumoto
- Department of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Naka-narusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Agou
- Department of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Naka-narusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan.
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Fleck N, Hett T, Brode J, Meyer A, Richert S, Schiemann O. C–C Cross-Coupling Reactions of Trityl Radicals: Spin Density Delocalization, Exchange Coupling, and a Spin Label. J Org Chem 2019; 84:3293-3303. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Fleck
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Wegelerstr. 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Hett
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Wegelerstr. 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonas Brode
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Wegelerstr. 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Wegelerstr. 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olav Schiemann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Wegelerstr. 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Shishlov NM, Akhmetzyanov SS, Khursan SL. Radical products of thermal decomposition of polydiphenylenesulfophthalide. Russ Chem Bull 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-013-0234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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Takahashi S, Piao W, Matsumura Y, Komatsu T, Ueno T, Terai T, Kamachi T, Kohno M, Nagano T, Hanaoka K. Reversible off-on fluorescence probe for hypoxia and imaging of hypoxia-normoxia cycles in live cells. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19588-91. [PMID: 23157219 DOI: 10.1021/ja310049d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report a fully reversible off-on fluorescence probe for hypoxia. The design employs QSY-21 as a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) acceptor and cyanine dye Cy5 as a FRET donor, based on our finding that QSY-21 undergoes one-electron bioreduction to the radical under hypoxia, with an absorbance decrease at 660 nm. At that point, FRET can no longer occur, and the dye becomes strongly fluorescent. Upon recovery of normoxia, the radical is immediately reoxidized to QSY-21, with loss of fluorescence due to restoration of FRET. We show that this probe, RHyCy5, can monitor repeated hypoxia-normoxia cycles in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shodai Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Halvorsen H, Skramstad J, Sørlie M. Oligothiophenes. Part 4: Formation and characterization of stable radicals from novel bis- and tris-bithiophene methanes. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Espersen WG, Kreilick RW. N.M.R. studies of fluorinated phenoxy radicals: Spin densities from N.M.R. linewidths. Mol Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976900100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Siskos MG, Zarkadis AK, Steenken S, Karakostas N, Garas SK. Photodissociation of N-(Triphenylmethyl)anilines: A Laser Flash Photolysis, ESR, and Product Analysis Study1. J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9719261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. G. Siskos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece, and Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Mülheim, FRG
| | - A. K. Zarkadis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece, and Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Mülheim, FRG
| | - S. Steenken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece, and Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Mülheim, FRG
| | - N. Karakostas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece, and Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Mülheim, FRG
| | - S. K. Garas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece, and Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Mülheim, FRG
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Mispelter J, Momenteau M, Lhoste JM. Heteronuclear Magnetic Resonance Applications to Biological and Related Paramagnetic Molecules. NMR OF PARAMAGNETIC MOLECULES 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2886-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Dünnebacke D, Neumann WP, Penenory A, Stewen U. Über sterisch gehinderte freie Radikale, XIX. Stabile 4,4′,4″-trisubstituierte Triphenylmethyl-Radikale. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19891220322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Suehiro T, Masuda S, Tashiro T, Nakausa R, Taguchi M, Koike A, Rieker A. Formation and Identification of Aryldiazenyl Radicals Using the ESR Technique. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1986. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.59.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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15
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Leshina T, Belyaeva S, Maryasova V, Sagdeev R, Molin Y. CIDNP in stilbene photoisomerization. Chem Phys Lett 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(80)80550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ishizu K, Mukai K, Shibayama A, Kondo K. ENDOR Studies on Low-Symmetry Triphenylmethyl withortho- orpara-Methoxy Substituents. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1977. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.50.2269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Nemoto F, Ishizu K, Shimoda F. An ESR Study of the 4,4′-Difluorobiphenyl Cation Radical. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1977. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.50.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Variation of the g factor in the ESR spectra of radical anions of the 5-nitrofuran series. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 1976. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00526051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Seifert KG, Gerhart F. The phenyldiazenyl radical: An intermediate during the decomposition of phenylazotriphenylmethane. Tetrahedron Lett 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)82344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization. ADVANCES IN MAGNETIC AND OPTICAL RESONANCE VOLUME 7 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-025507-8.50009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Levin YA, Il'yasov AV, Goldfarb EI, Vorkunova EI. 31P CIDNP in the free radical reactions of dialkyl phosphites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1270051010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Braun D, Platzek U, Hefter HJ. Triarylmethyl-Radikale als Zwischenstufen bei der Bildung von Poly(α.α-diaryl-p-xylylenen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19711040826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Adrian FJ. Role of Diffusion‐Controlled Reaction in Chemically Induced Nuclear‐Spin Polarization II. General Theory and Comparison with Experiment. J Chem Phys 1971. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1675446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Thomson C, MacCulloch W. E.S.R. spectra of the cation radicals of some highly fluorinated naphthalenes. Mol Phys 1970. [DOI: 10.1080/00268977000101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gerson F, Heinzer J, Bock H. Estimation of hyperfine coupling constants of29Si nuclei in the radical anions of trimethylsilyl-substituted π-electron systems. Mol Phys 1970. [DOI: 10.1080/00268977000100531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Iwasaki M, Noda S, Toriyama K. Electron spin resonance spectra of an irradiated single crystal of difluoromalonamide and hyperfine tensors of α-fluorine couplings. Mol Phys 1970. [DOI: 10.1080/00268977000100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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