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Kali G, Haddadzadegan S, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Cyclodextrins and derivatives in drug delivery: New developments, relevant clinical trials, and advanced products. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 324:121500. [PMID: 37985088 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CD) and derivatives are functional excipients that can improve the bioavailability of numerous drugs. Because of their drug solubility improving properties they are used in many pharmaceutical products. Furthermore, the stability of small molecular drugs can be improved by the incorporation in CDs and an unpleasant taste and smell can be masked. In addition to well-established CD derivatives including hydroxypropyl-β-CD, hydroxypropyl-γ-CD, methylated- β-CD and sulfobutylated- β-CD, there are promising new derivatives in development. In particular, CD-based polyrotaxanes exhibiting cellular uptake enhancing properties, CD-polymer conjugates providing sustained drug release, enhanced cellular uptake, and mucoadhesive properties, and thiolated CDs showing mucoadhesive, in situ gelling, as well as permeation and cellular uptake enhancing properties will likely result in innovative new drug delivery systems. Relevant clinical trials showed various new applications of CDs such as the formation of CD-based nanoparticles, stabilizing properties for protein drugs or the development of ready-to-use injection systems. Advanced products are making use of various benefical properties of CDs at the same time. Within this review we provide an overview on these recent developments and take an outlook on how this class of excipients will further shape the landscape of drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Kali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Soheil Haddadzadegan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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2
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Peluso P, Chankvetadze B. Native and substituted cyclodextrins as chiral selectors for capillary electrophoresis enantioseparations: Structures, features, application, and molecular modeling. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1676-1708. [PMID: 33956995 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CDs are cyclic oligosaccharides consisting of α-d-glucopyranosyl units linked through 1,4-linkages, which are obtained from enzymatic degradation of starch. The coexistence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions in the same structure makes these macrocycles extremely versatile as complexing host with application in food, cosmetics, environmental, agriculture, textile, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Due to their inherent chirality, CDs have been also successfully used as chiral selectors in enantioseparation science, in particular, for CE enantioseparations. In the last decades, multidisciplinary approaches based on CE, NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, microcalorimetry, and molecular modeling have shed light on some aspects of recognition mechanisms underlying enantiodiscrimination. With the ever growing improvement of computer facilities, hardware and software, computational techniques have become a useful tool to model at molecular level the dynamics of diastereomeric associate formation to sample low-energy conformations, the binding energies between the enantiomer and the CD, and to profile noncovalent interactions contributing to the stability of CD/enantiomer association. On this basis, the aim of this review is to provide the reader with a critical overview on the applications of CDs in CE. In particular, the contemporary theory of the electrophoretic technique and the main structural features of CDs are described, with a specific focus on techniques, methods, and approaches to model CE enantioseparations promoted by native and substituted CDs. A systematic compilation of all published literature has not been attempted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB, CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, Li Punti, Sassari, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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3
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Gogolashvili A, Lomsadze K, Chankvetadze L, Takaishvili N, Peluso P, Dallocchio R, Salgado A, Chankvetadze B. Separation of tetrahydrozoline enantiomers in capillary electrophoresis with cyclodextrin-type chiral selectors and investigation of chiral recognition mechanisms. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1643:462084. [PMID: 33789195 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The recognition power and affinity pattern of various cyclodextrins (CD) towards the enantiomers of tetrahydrozoline (THZ) were studied using capillary electrophoresis (CE). As expected, affinity of THZ enantiomers and selectivity of recognition towards CD derivatives was strongly dependent on the cavity size and substituent type and pattern on the CD rims. Not only were the affinity strength and selectivity of recognition affected by the size of the cavity and chemistry of the CDs but also the affinity pattern. Another interesting example of opposite affinity pattern of enantiomers towards α- and β-CD was observed here. In addition, opposite affinity pattern of THZ enantiomers was seen towards β-CD and its acetylated derivatives, while methylation of β-CD did not affect the affinity pattern of THZ enantiomers. In order to get more information about structural mechanisms of the multivariate dependences mentioned above, rotating frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (ROESY) and computation techniques were used. Significant differences between the structure of THZ complexes with different CDs with both methods were encountered. Good correlations between experimentally determined and computed structure of complexes, as well as between computed complex stabilities and enantiomer migration order (EMO) in CE were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Gogolashvili
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia
| | - Ketevan Lomsadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia; School of Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, 77a, M. Kostava Str., Tbilisi 0171, Georgia
| | - Lali Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia
| | - Nino Takaishvili
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia
| | - Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB-CNR, Sede secondary a di Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, Sassari, Li Punti 07100, Italy
| | - Roberto Dallocchio
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB-CNR, Sede secondary a di Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, Sassari, Li Punti 07100, Italy
| | - Antonio Salgado
- NMR Spectroscopy Centre (CERMN), CAI Químicas, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid E-28805, Spain
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia.
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4
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Computerized Molecular Modeling of Carbohydrates. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 32617954 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0621-6_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Computerized molecular modeling continues to increase in capability and applicability to carbohydrates. This chapter covers nomenclature and conformational aspects of carbohydrates, perhaps of greater use to computational chemists who do not have a strong background in carbohydrates, and its comments on various methods and studies might be of more use to carbohydrate chemists who are inexperienced with computation. Work on the intrinsic variability of glucose, an overall theme, is described. Other areas of the authors' emphasis, including evaluation of hydrogen bonding by the atoms-in-molecules approach, and validation of modeling methods with crystallographic results are also presented.
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5
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Kučáková K, Dolenský B. Molecular structure study of a heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin complex of cholesterol. Steroids 2020; 155:108555. [PMID: 31866545 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (2) and cholesterol form a water-soluble complex 3. We performed several NMR studies, particularly 1H, 13C, 2D NOESY and DOSY, at various temperatures on 500 and 950 MHz instruments. We discovered that the complex 3 is unstable above 57 °C in heavy water, while it is kinetically stable enough to be studied by NMR in detail at 1 °C. We demonstrated the formation of a face-to-face 2:1 complex with a binding constant of approximately 2.2 × 106 M-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolína Kučáková
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Dolenský
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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6
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Suárez D, Díaz N. Conformational and entropy analyses of extended molecular dynamics simulations of α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins and of the β-cyclodextrin/nabumetone complex. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:1431-1440. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06107a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The conformational entropies of cyclodextrins and of the β-CD/nabumetone complex are assessed by means of extensive MD simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimas Suárez
- Dpto. de Química Física y Analítica
- Universidad de Oviedo
- Oviedo
- Spain
| | - Natalia Díaz
- Dpto. de Química Física y Analítica
- Universidad de Oviedo
- Oviedo
- Spain
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7
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Ingrosso F, Altarsha M, Dumarçay F, Kevern G, Barth D, Marsura A, Ruiz-López MF. Driving Forces Controlling Host-Guest Recognition in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Solvent. Chemistry 2016; 22:2972-9. [PMID: 26784687 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The formation of supramolecular host-guest complexes is a very useful and widely employed tool in chemistry. However, supramolecular chemistry in non-conventional solvents such as supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2 ), one of the most promising sustainable solvents, is still in its infancy. In this work, we explored a successful route to the development of green processes in supercritical CO2 by combining a theoretical approach with experiments. We were able to synthesize and characterize an inclusion complex between a polar aromatic molecule (benzoic acid) and peracetylated-β-cyclodextrin, which is soluble in the supercritical medium. This finding opens the way to wide, environmental friendly, applications of scCO2 in many areas of chemistry, including supramolecular synthesis, reactivity and catalysis, micro and nano-particle formation, molecular recognition, as well as enhanced extraction processes with increased selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ingrosso
- SRSMC, UMR 7565, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, (France) and SRSMC, UMR 7565, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Muhannad Altarsha
- SRSMC, UMR 7565, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, (France) and SRSMC, UMR 7565, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Florence Dumarçay
- SRSMC, UMR 7565, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, (France) and SRSMC, UMR 7565, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Gwendal Kevern
- CRM2, UMR 7036, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy (France) and CRM2, UMR 7036, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Danielle Barth
- LRGP, UMR 7274, Université de Lorraine, 54001 Nancy (France) and LRGP, UMR 7274, CNRS, 54001, Nancy, France
| | - Alain Marsura
- SRSMC, UMR 7565, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, (France) and SRSMC, UMR 7565, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Manuel F Ruiz-López
- SRSMC, UMR 7565, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, (France) and SRSMC, UMR 7565, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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8
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Plazinski W, Drach M. The influence of the hexopyranose ring geometry on the conformation of glycosidic linkages investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. Carbohydr Res 2015; 415:17-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Computerized Models of Carbohydrates. POLYSACCHARIDES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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10
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Jicsinszky L, Martina K, Caporaso M, Cintas P, Zanichelli A, Cravotto G. Complexes of peracetylated cyclodextrin in a non-aqueous aprotic medium: the role of residual water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:17380-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02379c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Not all peracetylated cyclodextrins can be completely dried and water protons can be invisible due to the overlapping signals of the acetyl groups. Apparent stability constants of complexes were also calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Jicsinszky
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco
- University of Turin
- Turin
- Italy
| | - Katia Martina
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco
- University of Turin
- Turin
- Italy
| | - Marina Caporaso
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco
- University of Turin
- Turin
- Italy
| | - Pedro Cintas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias-UEX
- E-06006 Badajoz
- Spain
| | | | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco
- University of Turin
- Turin
- Italy
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11
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12
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Plazinski W, Drach M. The dynamics of the conformational changes in the hexopyranose ring: a transition path sampling approach. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03410d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition paths corresponding to the conformational rearrangements in the ring of hexapyranose (α-d- and β-d-glucose) molecules were described by applying the transition path sampling method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Plazinski
- Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 30-239 Cracow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Drach
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- UMCS
- 20-031 Lublin, Poland
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13
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Altarsha M, Ingrosso F, Ruiz-López MF. Cavity closure dynamics of peracetylated β-cyclodextrins in supercritical carbon dioxide. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:3982-90. [PMID: 22385362 DOI: 10.1021/jp3001064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structural properties of peracetylated β-cyclodextrin in supercritical carbon dioxide were investigated by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The study indicated a strong reduction of the cavity accessibility to guest molecules, compared to native β-cyclodextrin in water. Indeed, the cavity is self-closed during the largest part of the simulation, which agrees well with suggestions made on the basis on high-pressure NMR experiments. Self-closure happens because one glucose unit undergoes a main conformational change (from chair to skew) that brings one of the acetyl groups in the wide rim of the cyclodextrin to the cavity interior. This arrangement turns out to be quite favorable, persisting for several nanoseconds. In addition to the wide rim self-closure, a narrow rim self-closure may also occur, though it is less likely and exhibits short duration (<1 ns). Therefore, the number of solvent molecules reaching the cavity interior is much smaller than that found in the case of native β-cyclodextrin in water after correction to account for different molar densities. These findings support the weak tendency of the macromolecule to form host-guest complexes in this nonconventional medium, as reported by some experiments. Finally, Lewis acid/base interactions between the acetyl carbonyl groups and the solvent CO(2) molecules were analyzed through ab initio calculations that revealed the existence of a quite favorable four-member ring structure not yet reported. The ensemble of these results can contribute to establish general thermodynamic principles controlling the formation of inclusion complexes in supercritical CO(2), where the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity balance is not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhannad Altarsha
- Equipe de Chimie et Biochimie Théoriques, SRSMC, University of Lorraine, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
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14
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Li WS, Wang SC, Hwang TS, Chao I. Substituent Effect on the Structural Behavior of Modified Cyclodextrin: A Molecular Dynamics Study on Methylated β-CDs. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:3477-89. [DOI: 10.1021/jp207985q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Sheung Li
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 11529
| | - San-Chi Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 11529
| | | | - Ito Chao
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 11529
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15
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Abstract
Computerized molecular modeling continues to increase in capability and applicability to carbohydrates. This chapter covers nomenclature and conformational aspects of carbohydrates, perhaps of greater use to carbohydrate-inexperienced computational chemists. Its comments on various methods and studies might be of more use to computation-inexperienced carbohydrate chemists. New work on intrinsic variability of glucose, an overall theme, is described.
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16
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Characteristic profiles of the inclusion complex of omeprazole/peracylated-β-cyclodextrin formed in supercritical carbon dioxide. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-011-9966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Song LX, Yang J, Bai L, Du FY, Chen J, Wang M. Molecule-Ion Interaction and Its Effect on Electrostatic Interaction in the System of Copper Chloride and β-Cyclodextrin. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:1682-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ic1021609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Le Xin Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Lei Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Fang Yun Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Mang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
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18
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Hansen HS, Hünenberger PH. A reoptimized GROMOS force field for hexopyranose-based carbohydrates accounting for the relative free energies of ring conformers, anomers, epimers, hydroxymethyl rotamers, and glycosidic linkage conformers. J Comput Chem 2010; 32:998-1032. [PMID: 21387332 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a reoptimization of the GROMOS 53A6 force field for hexopyranose-based carbohydrates (nearly equivalent to 45A4 for pure carbohydrate systems) into a new version 56A(CARBO) (nearly equivalent to 53A6 for non-carbohydrate systems). This reoptimization was found necessary to repair a number of shortcomings of the 53A6 (45A4) parameter set and to extend the scope of the force field to properties that had not been included previously into the parameterization procedure. The new 56A(CARBO) force field is characterized by: (i) the formulation of systematic build-up rules for the automatic generation of force-field topologies over a large class of compounds including (but not restricted to) unfunctionalized polyhexopyranoses with arbritrary connectivities; (ii) the systematic use of enhanced sampling methods for inclusion of experimental thermodynamic data concerning slow or unphysical processes into the parameterization procedure; and (iii) an extensive validation against available experimental data in solution and, to a limited extent, theoretical (quantum-mechanical) data in the gas phase. At present, the 56A(CARBO) force field is restricted to compounds of the elements C, O, and H presenting single bonds only, no oxygen functions other than alcohol, ether, hemiacetal, or acetal, and no cyclic segments other than six-membered rings (separated by at least one intermediate atom). After calibration, this force field is shown to reproduce well the relative free energies of ring conformers, anomers, epimers, hydroxymethyl rotamers, and glycosidic linkage conformers. As a result, the 56A(CARBO) force field should be suitable for: (i) the characterization of the dynamics of pyranose ring conformational transitions (in simulations on the microsecond timescale); (ii) the investigation of systems where alternative ring conformations become significantly populated; (iii) the investigation of anomerization or epimerization in terms of free-energy differences; and (iv) the design of simulation approaches accelerating the anomerization process along an unphysical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halvor S Hansen
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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19
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Hansen HS, Hünenberger PH. Using the local elevation method to construct optimized umbrella sampling potentials: Calculation of the relative free energies and interconversion barriers of glucopyranose ring conformers in water. J Comput Chem 2010; 31:1-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Characterization of the inclusion complex of β-cyclodextrin with sorbic acid in the solid state and in aqueous solution. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-009-9694-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Galia A, Navarre EC, Scialdone O, Filardo G, Monflier E. Complexation of phosphine ligands with peracetylated-β-cyclodextrin in supercritical carbon dioxide: Effect of temperature and cosolvent on the equilibrium constant. J Supercrit Fluids 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Zhao YL, Benítez D, Yoon I, Stoddart J. Inclusion Behavior of β-Cyclodextrin with Bipyridine Molecules: Factors Governing Host-Guest Inclusion Geometries. Chem Asian J 2009; 4:446-56. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.200800373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Ivanova GI, Vão ER, Temtem M, Aguiar-Ricardo A, Casimiro T, Cabrita EJ. High-pressure NMR characterization of triacetyl-beta-cyclodextrin in supercritical carbon dioxide. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2009; 47:133-141. [PMID: 19012270 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins are used in many drug formulations since their cavities provide microenvironments where drug molecules can enter and form inclusion complexes for controlled drug delivery. Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)) is an alternative to organic solvents and a very attractive medium for the preparation of these inclusion complexes. The potential ability of triacetyl-beta-cyclodextrin (TA-beta-CD) to form inclusion complexes in addition to its high miscibility in liquid and scCO(2) could offer a chance for an economical and environmental friendly chemical processing. In this work, high-pressure NMR studies were performed in order to obtain information on the molecular structure and dynamics of TA-beta-CD in scCO(2) at 313.15 K and 20 MPa and its ability to form inclusion complexes under these conditions was studied. The influence of scCO(2) on a number of NMR spectral parameters, such as chemical shifts, spin-spin coupling constants, nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) and spin-lattice relaxation (T(1)) has been studied. We unequivocally show for the first time structural changes of TA-beta-CD in scCO(2), like acetyl chain orientation and overall shape distortions that can affect its inclusion capability in this medium. The possibility of cavity self-closure is discussed and the results of two inclusion studies that support cavity self-closure, with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, and the nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug, flufenamic acid, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- G I Ivanova
- REQUIMTE, CQFB, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Shi J, Guo DS, Ding F, Liu Y. Unique Regioselective Binding of Permethylated β-Cyclodextrin with Azobenzene Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Stortz CA, French AD. Disaccharide conformational maps: adiabaticity in analogues with variable ring shapes. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020701663339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kräutler V, Müller M, Hünenberger PH. Conformation, dynamics, solvation and relative stabilities of selected β-hexopyranoses in water: a molecular dynamics study with the gromos 45A4 force field. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:2097-124. [PMID: 17573054 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present article reports long timescale (200 ns) simulations of four beta-D-hexopyranoses (beta-D-glucose, beta-D-mannose, beta-D-galactose and beta-D-talose) using explicit-solvent (water) molecular dynamics and vacuum stochastic dynamics simulations together with the GROMOS 45A4 force field. Free-energy and solvation free-energy differences between the four compounds are also calculated using thermodynamic integration. Along with previous experimental findings, the present results suggest that the formation of intramolecular hydrogen-bonds in water is an 'opportunistic' consequence of the close proximity of hydrogen-bonding groups, rather than a major conformational driving force promoting this proximity. In particular, the conformational preferences of the hydroxymethyl group in aqueous environment appear to be dominated by 1,3-syn-diaxial repulsion, with gauche and solvation effects being secondary, and intramolecular hydrogen-bonding essentially negligible. The rotational dynamics of the exocyclic hydroxyl groups, which cannot be probed experimentally, is found to be rapid (10-100 ps timescale) and correlated (flip-flop hydrogen-bonds interconverting preferentially through an asynchronous disrotatory pathway). Structured solvent environments are observed between the ring and lactol oxygen atoms, as well as between the 4-OH and hydroxymethyl groups. The calculated stability differences between the four compounds are dominated by intramolecular effects, while the corresponding differences in solvation free energies are small. An inversion of the stereochemistry at either C(2) or C(4) from equatorial to axial is associated with a raise in free energy. Finally, the particularly low hydrophilicity of beta-D-talose appears to be caused by the formation of a high-occurrence hydrogen-bonded bridge between the 1,3-syn-diaxial 2-OH and 4-OH groups. Overall, good agreement is found with available experimental and theoretical data on the structural, dynamical, solvation and energetic properties of these compounds. However, this detailed comparison also reveals some discrepancies, suggesting the need (and providing a solid basis) for further refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Kräutler
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Johnson GP, Stevens ED, French AD. Octa-O-propanoyl-β-maltose: crystal structure, acyl stacking, related structures, and conformational analysis. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1210-22. [PMID: 17383618 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of beta-maltose octapropanoate (1) was solved to improve understanding of di-, oligo-, and polysaccharide conformations. The O6 and O6' atoms are in gg and gt orientations, respectively. Extrapolation of the coordinates of the non-reducing residue and observed linkage bond and torsion angles of 1 [Formula: see text] yields a left-handed helix similar to amylose triacetate I. The phi and psi values of 1 are also similar to those of other crystalline, acylated maltose compounds as well as some hydroxyl-bearing molecules. Acylated maltose moieties are often stabilized by stacking of the carbonyl groups and alpha-carbons on O3 and O2' as well as by the exo-anomeric effect. The conformation of 1 is within the 1-kcal/mol contour on a hybrid energy map built with a dielectric constant of 7.5, but corresponds to higher energies on maps made with lower dielectric constants. In one region of phi,psi space, both hydroxyl-bearing and derivatized maltose moieties are found but no inter-residue, intramolecular hydrogen-bonding occurs. In another region, only hydroxyl-bearing molecules crystallize and O2'...O3 hydrogen bonds are always found. In agreement with the energy surfaces, amylose helices extrapolated from available linkage geometries were almost all left-handed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn P Johnson
- Southern Regional Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70124, United States
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French AD, Johnson GP. Linkage and pyranosyl ring twisting in cyclodextrins. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1223-37. [PMID: 17382309 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Acylated beta-cyclodextrins (beta-CDs) were studied to gain perspective on maltose octapropanoate, the crystal structure of which was reported in the preceding paper in this issue. Acylated beta-CDs are distorted so we looked at other CDs and gained increased understanding of distortion in CDs and possibly, shapes in starch. Classic CDs have six to eight glucose residues in a doughnut shape that is stabilized by a ring of inter-residue O3,,,O2' hydrogen bonds. On a phi,psi energy map for a maltose analog that does not form hydrogen bonds, classic CD linkages have higher energies than structures that are stabilized by the exo-anomeric effect. In distorted beta-CDs, which lack hydrogen bonding, some linkages attain low-energies from the exo-anomeric effect and acyl stacking. Those linkages result in left-handed helical geometry so other linkages are forced by the CD macrocycle to have counter-balancing right-handed character. Permethylated gamma-CDs have two 'flipping' linkages as do some larger native CDs. Flipping linkages allow two left-handed segments to join into a macrocycle, thus avoiding the higher-energy, right-handed forms. Some glucose rings in derivatized beta-CDs have substantial positive twists of the pseudo torsion angle O1-C1...C4-O4, adding right-handed character to balance the left-handed linkages. In substituted gamma-CD, all residues have negative twists, giving extra left-handed character to the short, pseudo-helical segments. In non-macrocyclic molecules the twists ranged from -14 degrees to +2 degrees , averaging -6.1 degrees. In these beta- and gamma-CDs, the twists ranged from -22 degrees to +16 degrees for (4)C(1) rings, and the (O)S(2) ring in acetylated beta-CD has a twist of +34 degrees . Glucose residues in other CDs were less twisted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred D French
- Southern Regional Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70124, United States.
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Barra M, Panić O, Chu Y, Mcginty M. Effect of Host Substitution on Photochemical Properties of Pyrene/β-Cyclodextrin Solid Complexes. Supramol Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10610270601060742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Barra
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ont., Canada , N2L 2G1
| | - Ognjen Panić
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ont., Canada , N2L 2G1
| | - Yatson Chu
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ont., Canada , N2L 2G1
| | - Matthew Mcginty
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ont., Canada , N2L 2G1
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Caira MR, Bettinetti G, Sorrenti M, Catenacci L, Cruickshank D, Davies K. Effect of peracetylation on the conformation of γ-cyclodextrin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:1221-3. [PMID: 17356762 DOI: 10.1039/b616681d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The well-known, fourfold symmetry of the gamma-CD molecule in its solid inclusion complexes is lost on peracetylation, which yields a highly distorted host molecule in which self-inclusion of acetyl residues divides the macrocyclic cavity into two distinct sub-cavities that accommodate solvent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mino R Caira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
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31
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Han Y, Cheng K, Simon KA, Lan Y, Sejwal P, Luk YY. A Biocompatible Surfactant with Folded Hydrophilic Head Group: Enhancing the Stability of Self-Inclusion Complexes of Ferrocenyl in a β-Cyclodextrin Unit by Bond Rigidity. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:13913-20. [PMID: 17044719 DOI: 10.1021/ja064591q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work reports a new biocompatible surfactant structure, of which the hydrophilic head group is composed of a folded, stable self-inclusion complex of a ferrocenyl substituted beta-cyclodextrin (betaCD). While multiple intra- or intermolecular complexes can exist for this amphiphile, the molecule folds into a unique intramolecular complex with well-defined conformation, in which part of the aliphatic chain and the ferrocene group are both included in the annular cavity of betaCD. Study of different isosteric covalent linkages indicates that this folded structure is stable against displacement by the presence of other small guest molecules. Furthermore, in contrast to ferrocene-CD conjugates that are without the aliphatic chain, the presence of small guest molecules in solution does not influence at all the induced circular dichroism signal of this amphiphile, indicating a sterically congested, but stable, folded conformation of the inclusion complex. This new amphiphile is surface active and, more importantly, does not denature the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin. Finally, because this surfactant forms self-assembled aggregates, this work introduces a folded structure into soft matters formed by amphiphiles in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Han
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
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Bettinetti G, Sorrenti M, Catenacci L, Ferrari F, Rossi S. Polymorphism, pseudopolymorphism, and amorphism of peracetylated α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:1205-11. [PMID: 16678374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphism, pseudopolymorphism, and amorphism of hexakis(2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl)-alpha-cyclodextrin (TAalphaCyD), heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (TAbetaCyD), and octakis(2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl)-gamma-cyclodextrin (TAgammaCyD) were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffractometry (XRPD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and optical microscopy. An anhydrous and a bi-hydrate crystalline forms of TAalphaCyD, two monotropic anhydrous polymorphs and three pseudopolymorphs (i.e. methanolate, hydrate, and isopropanolate-hydrate) of TAbetaCyD, as well as two monotropic anhydrous polymorphs and isostructural pseudopolymorphs (e.g. hydrate and isopropanolate-hydrate) of TAgammaCyD were isolated and characterized. The amorphous forms of each TACyD were also obtained. Thermal data for desolvation of TAalphaCyD.2H2O and TAbetaCyD.CH3OH were reconciled with their crystal packing features. Melting temperatures and enthalpies of the crystalline forms of each TACyD can be referred to for possible solid-state interactions with drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Bettinetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica, Università di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
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UEKAMA KANETO, HIRAYAMA FUMITOSHI, ARIMA HIDETOSHI. Recent Aspect of Cyclodextrin-Based Drug Delivery System. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-006-9052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Park JW, Lee SY, Song HJ, Park KK. Self-Inclusion Behavior and Circular Dichroism of Aliphatic Chain-Linked β-Cyclodextrin−Viologen Compounds and Their Reduced Forms Depending on the Side of Modification. J Org Chem 2005; 70:9505-13. [PMID: 16268626 DOI: 10.1021/jo0515834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[Reaction: see text]. The self-inclusion behavior and induced circular dichroism (ICD) characteristics of two beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) derivatives, in which a 1-methyl-4,4'-bipyridinium (viologen) group is connected by an octamethylene chain to either the primary (2(2+)) or secondary (3(2+)) side of beta-CD, and of their reduced forms, are investigated. 1H NMR studies showed that 2(2+) forms an intramolecular self-inclusion complex with K(in) = 3.1 +/- 0.4, whereas 3(2+) forms a head-to-head type of dimer with K(D) = 65 +/- 10 M(-1) at 25 degrees C. 2(2+) and 3(2+) form [2]pseudorotaxanes with alpha-CD, with the secondary side of the alpha-CD facing the viologen moiety. The ICD characteristics of mono-6-[4-(1-methyl-4-pyridinio)-1-pyridinio]-beta-CD (1(2+)), 2(2+), 3(2+), and methyloctyl viologen-beta-CD complexes were obtained for the oxidized and reduced states of the viologen units. The results indicated dimer formation for 1 degrees , and intramolecular complexation for 2*+ and 2 degrees in which the reduced viologen units are outside the beta-CD cavity. The results also indicated intramolecular complexation for 3*+ and 3 degrees, but with reduced viologen units inside the cavity. This work provides unequivocal evidence of the preference of the secondary side of cyclodextrins for viologen groups, regardless of their oxidation states, and the dependence of ICD of the viologen chromophores on their location with respect to the CD cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Woo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
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Abstract
The pharmaceutically useful cyclodextrins (CyDs) are classified into hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and ionic derivatives. Because of the multi-functional characteristics and bioadaptability, these CyDs are capable of alleviating the undesirable properties of drug molecules through the formation of inclusion complexes or the form of CyD/drug conjugates. This review outlines the current application of CyDs in design and evaluation of CyD-based drug formulation, focusing on their ability to enhance the drug absorption across biological barriers, the ability to control the rate and time profiles of drug release, and the ability to deliver a drug to a targeted site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaneto Uekama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Abstract
Owing to the increasingly globalized nature of the cyclodextrin (CyD)-related science and technology, development of the CyD-based pharmaceutical formulation is rapidly progressing. The pharmaceutically useful CyDs are classified into hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and ionic derivatives. Because of the multi-functional characteristics and bioadaptability, these CyDs are capable of alleviating the undesirable properties of drug molecules through the formation of inclusion complexes or the form of CyD/drug conjugates. This review outlines the current application of CyDs in drug delivery and pharmaceutical formulation, focusing on the following evidences. 1) The hydrophilic CyDs enhance the rate and extent of bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. 2) The amorphous CyDs such as 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-CyD are useful for inhibition of polymorphic transition and crystallization rates of drugs during storage. 3) The delayed release formulation can be obtained by the use of enteric type CyDs such as O-carboxymethyl-O-ethyl-beta-CyD. 4) The hydrophobic CyDs are useful for modification of the release site and/or time profile of water-soluble drugs with prolonged therapeutic effects. 5) The branched CyDs are particularly effective in inhibiting the adsorption to hydrophobic surface of containers and aggregation of polypeptide and protein drugs. 6) The combined use of different CyDs and/or pharmaceutical additives can serve as more functional drug carriers, improving efficacy and reducing side effects. 7) The CyD/drug conjugates may provide a versatile means for the constructions of not only colonic delivery system but also site-specific drug release system, including gene delivery. On the basis of the above-mentioned knowledge, the advantages and limitations of CyDs in the design of advanced dosage forms will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaneto Uekama
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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Liu Y, Zhao YL, Chen Y, Guo DS. Assembly behavior of inclusion complexes of β-cyclodextrin with 4-hydroxyazobenzene and 4-aminoazobenzene. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:584-91. [PMID: 15703792 DOI: 10.1039/b415946b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To further reveal the factors governing the supramolecular assembly of beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) inclusion complexes, two aggregates (1 and 2) were prepared from the inclusion complexes of beta-CD with 4-hydroxyazobenzene and 4-aminoazobenzene, respectively, and their binding behavior were investigated by means of X-ray analysis, UV-vis, NMR, and circular dichroism spectra in both solution and the solid state. The obtained results indicated that the beta-CD/4-hydroxyazobenzene complex 1 could form head-to-head dimers (triclinic system, space group P1) in the solid state, which were further self-assembled to a linear supramolecular architecture by the intra- and interdimer hydrogen bond interactions as well as the intradimer pi-pi interactions. However, when the included guest 4-hydroxyazobenzene was switched to a 4-aminoazobenzene, the resultant beta-CD/4-aminoazobenzene complex 2 (monoclinic system, space group P2(1)) could be self-assembled to a wave-type supramolecular aggregate under similar conditions. Furthermore, the combination of crystallographic and spectral investigations jointly revealed the inclusion complexation geometry of beta-CD with 4-hydroxyazobenzene and 4-aminoazobenzene in both solution and the solid state, which demonstrated that the disparity of substituents in the azobenzenes played an important role in the inclusion complexation and molecular assembly, affecting not only the structural features of aggregates but also the binding abilities of azobenzenes with beta-CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China.
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Appell M, Strati G, Willett JL, Momany FA. B3LYP/6-311++G** study of alpha- and beta-D-glucopyranose and 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol: 4C1 and 1C4 chairs, (3,O)B and B(3,O) boats, and skew-boat conformations. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:537-51. [PMID: 15013391 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2003.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2003] [Accepted: 10/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Geometry optimization, at the B3LYP/6-311++G** level of theory, was carried out on 4C1 and 1C4 chairs, (3,O)B and B(3,O) boats, and skew-boat conformations of alpha- and beta-D-glucopyranose. Similar calculations on 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol allowed examination of the effect of removal of the 1-hydroxy group on the energy preference of the hydroxymethyl rotamers. Stable minimum energy boat conformers of glucose were found, as were stable skew boats, all having energies ranging from approximately 4-15 kcal/mol above the global energy 4C1 chair conformation. The 1C4 chair electronic energies were approximately 5-10 kcal/mol higher than the 4C1 chair, with the 1C4 alpha-anomers being lower in energy than the beta-anomers. Zero-point energy, enthalpy, entropy, and relative Gibbs free energies are reported at the harmonic level of theory. The alpha-anomer 4C1 chair conformations were found to be approximately 1 kcal/mol lower in electronic energy than the beta-anomers. The hydroxymethyl gt conformation was of lowest electronic energy for both the alpha- and beta-anomers. The glucose alpha/beta anomer ratio calculated from the relative free energies is 63/37%. From a numerical Hessian calculation, the tg conformations were found to be approximately 0.4-0.7 kcal/mol higher in relative free energy than the gg or gt conformers. Transition-state barriers to rotation about the C-5-C-6 bond were calculated for each glucose anomer with resulting barriers to rotation of approximately 3.7-5.8 kcal/mol. No energy barrier was found for the path between the alpha-gt and alpha-gg B(3,O) boat forms and the equivalent 4C1 chair conformations. The alpha-tg conformation has an energy minimum in the 1S3 twist form. Other boat and skew-boat forms are described. The beta-anomer boats retained their starting conformations, with the exception of the beta-tg-(3,O)B boat that moved to a skew form upon optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Appell
- Plant Polymer Research, USDA, ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
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Liu Y, Chen GS, Zhang HY, Song HB, Ding F. Interaction between β-cyclodextrin and 1,10-phenanthroline: uncommon 2:3 inclusion complex in the solid state. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:1649-54. [PMID: 15183740 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2004] [Revised: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 04/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The crystallographic structure of the complex formed by beta-cyclodextrin with 1,10-phenanthroline has been studied by X-ray diffraction. The result shows that the complex adopts an uncommon 2:3 stoichiometry in solid state, that is, every complex unit contains three 1,10-phenanthroline molecules and two beta-cyclodextrin molecules, where two 1,10-phenanthroline molecules individually occupy two cyclodextrin cavities, and the third guest molecule is located in the interstitial space between two head-to-head cyclodextrin molecules. The intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the adjacent complex units further link these individual monomers to a channel-type assembly. Furthermore, 1H and 2D NMR spectroscopy has been employed to investigate the inclusion behavior between the host beta-cyclodextrin and guest 1,10-phenanthroline in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
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41
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Giastas P, Eliadou K, Plyta ZF, Yannakopoulou K, Mavridis IM. X-ray crystallography and solution NMR spectroscopy characterization of heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-bromo-6-deoxy)cyclomaltoheptaose. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:1189-94. [PMID: 15063210 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2003] [Revised: 01/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-bromo-6-deoxy)cyclomaltoheptaose has been characterized in aqueous solution by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and in the solid state by X-ray crystallography. In methanol solution, the acetyl groups were found to interact with both inward and outward-pointing protons. This and the strong deshielding of the bridging carbons, relative to the nonacetylated precursor, indicate macrocyclic flexibility. In the crystalline state the macrocycle exists as a methanol complex. It exhibits elliptical distortion, all glucose residues been tilted with their primary side toward the cavity. The existing strain due to the congestion of 14 acetyl groups at the secondary site is relieved by two glucose rings acquiring the rarely observed skew-boat conformation, (0)S(2), by the increased tilting of two glucose residues, as well as by minor variations of the torsion angles of the acetyl groups. The seven bromine atoms are quite accessible to nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Giastas
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Aghia Paraskevi, GRC-15310 Athens, Greece
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Tsorteki F, Bethanis K, Mentzafos D. Structure of the inclusion complexes of heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin with indole-3-butyric acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:233-40. [PMID: 14698881 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2003.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of the complexes of heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin with indole-3-butyric acid and with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid were studied by X-ray diffraction. The complexes crystallize in the monoclinic P2(1) space group. The host molecules are elliptically puckered and stacked along the a crystal axis, in a head-to-tail fashion, forming columns. One primary methoxy group of the host molecule of the complex with indole-3-butyric acid has the unusual trans-gauche conformation for permethylated CDs. All the secondary O-3-CH(3) methoxy groups, some secondary O-2-CH(3) and some primary methoxy groups pointing inwards the cavity enclose the indole or the 2,4-dichlorophenoxy moieties of the guest molecules inside the cavity, while the chains of the guests protrude between two adjacent host molecules of the columns. The mean planes of the indole and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy moieties of the guests are nearly perpendicular to the mean planes of the elliptical heptagons defined by the O-4n atoms of the hosts. The carboxyl group of the guests form hydrogen bonds with oxygen atoms of the host molecules or with the water molecules found in the space between the complexes of the same column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantzeska Tsorteki
- Physics Laboratory, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, GR-11855, Athens, Greece
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Yamada T, Fukuhara G, Kaneda T. “Molecular Magic”. Formation of a Self-inclusion Complex from a Dumbbell-shaped Permethylated β-Cyclodextrin Derivative. CHEM LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2003.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Uccello-Barretta G, Sicoli G, Balzano F, Salvadori P. A conformational model of per-O-acetyl-cyclomaltoheptaose (-beta-cyclodextrin) in solution: detection of partial inversion of glucopyranose units by NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:1103-7. [PMID: 12706976 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The stereochemical features of per-O-acetyl-cyclomaltoheptaose (-beta-cyclodextrin) have been investigated in solution by NMR spectroscopy, and the deviation of functionalised glucopyranose rings from 4C(1) chairs to skew-type conformations has been detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Uccello-Barretta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, Italy.
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