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Fujimoto H, Nakayasu B, Tobisu M. Synthesis of γ-Lactams from Acrylamides by Single-Carbon Atom Doping Annulation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19518-19522. [PMID: 37642464 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A protocol for single-carbon atom doping annulation is reported, which enables the conversion of acrylamides into homologated γ-lactams through the cleavage of two σ-bonds and the formation of four new σ-bonds at the single carbon center. The key strategy is the use of N-heterocyclic carbenes as an atomic carbon equivalent by acting as carbon atom donors through the loss of a 1,2-diimine moiety. Experimental and computational studies reveal that the reaction proceeds through a spirocyclic intermediate, followed by the disassembly of the N-heterocyclic carbene skeleton via proton transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Fujimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Bunta Nakayasu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tobisu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Chin CH, Zhu T, Zhang JZH. Cyclopentadienyl radical formation from the reaction of excited nitrogen atoms with benzene: a theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12408-12420. [PMID: 34027937 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00133g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio CCSD(T)/CBS//ωB97X-D/6-311+G(d,p) calculations of the C6H6N potential energy surface were performed to investigate the reaction mechanism underlying the reaction of atomic nitrogen (2D) with benzene. Thereafter, Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) calculations of reaction rate constants and product branching ratios were performed under single-collision conditions. The results revealed that the N(2D) + C6H6 reaction in the case of statistical behavior is expected to produce hydrogen cyanide plus a cyclopentadienyl radical (91.5-88.9%), acetylene plus a pyrrole radical (5.8-7.5%), 1-cyano-2,4-cyclopentadiene + H (2.3-3.0%) and 1-ethynyl-pyrrole + H (0.4-0.6%), with the most favorable pathways being the initial adduct i1 leading to the formation of a seven-membered cyclic intermediate i12 through an exothermic ring expansion process and a multistep route i12 → i15 → i16 → C5H5 + HCN featuring an intramolecular ring-shrinking process involving a C-C bond fusion elimination channel to yield the bicyclic intermediate i15, followed by hydrogen cyanide elimination, thus forming a cyclopentadienyl radical. The calculated product branching ratios were consistent with the available experimental data; however, some quantitative deviations from the experimental results and the possible reasons are also discussed. The possible effects of the title reaction on the upper atmosphere of Titan, with critical implications for the rapid degradation of nitrogen-bearing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, were compared with the mass growth processes of their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon counterparts produced through ring expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Chin
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China. and NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Tong Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China. and NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - John Zeng Hui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China. and NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, 200062, China. and Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York 10003, USA
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3
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Mebel AM, Kaiser RI. Formation of resonantly stabilised free radicals via the reactions of atomic carbon, dicarbon, and tricarbon with unsaturated hydrocarbons: theory and crossed molecular beams experiments. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2015.1075280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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da Silva G. Reaction of Benzene with Atomic Carbon: Pathways to Fulvenallene and the Fulvenallenyl Radical in Extraterrestrial Atmospheres and the Interstellar Medium. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:3967-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jp503431a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel da Silva
- Department
of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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McKee ML, Reisenauer HP, Schreiner PR. Combined ab Initio Molecular Dynamics and Experimental Studies of Carbon Atom Addition to Benzene. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:2801-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp501107b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Peter Reisenauer
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Düz B, Elbistan CK, Ece A, Sevin F. Application of carbon arc-generated Mo- and W-based catalyst systems to the ROMP of norbornene. Appl Organomet Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Vessally E, Chalyavi N, Rezaei A, Nikoorazm M. Singlet-triplet energy separation in divalent seven-membered cyclic conjugated compounds C6H6C, C6H6Si, C6H6Ge, C6H6Sn, and C6H6Pb. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024407110179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Marrot S, Kato T, Cossío FP, Gornitzka H, Baceiredo A. Cyclic Carbodiphosphorane–Diphosphinocarbene Thermal Interconversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Marrot S, Kato T, Cossío FP, Gornitzka H, Baceiredo A. Cyclic Carbodiphosphorane–Diphosphinocarbene Thermal Interconversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:7447-50. [PMID: 17039557 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Marrot
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (UMR 5069), Université Paul Sabatier, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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11
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The first example of tungsten-based carbene generation from WCl6 and atomic carbon and its use in olefin metathesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Joo H, Shevlin PB, McKee ML. Computational Study of Carbon Atom (3P and 1D) Reaction with CH2O. Theoretical Evaluation of 1B1 Methylene Production by C (1D). J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:6220-30. [PMID: 16669692 DOI: 10.1021/ja060216m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Singlet and triplet free energy surfaces for the reactions of C atom ((3)P and (1)D) with CH(2)O are studied computationally to evaluate the excited singlet ((1)B(1)) methylene formation from deoxygenation of CH(2)O by C ((1)D) atom as suggested by Shevlin et al. Carbon atoms can react by addition to the oxygen lone pair or to the C=O double bond on both the triplet and singlet surfaces. Triplet C ((3)P) atoms will deoxygenate to give CO plus CH(2) ((3)B(1)) as the major products, while singlet C ((1)D) reactions will form ketene and CO plus CH(2) ((1)A(1)). No definitive evidence of the formation of excited singlet ((1)B(1)) methylene was found on the singlet free energy surface. A conical intersection between the (1)A' and (1)A' ' surfaces located near an exit channel may play a role in product formation. The suggested (1)B(1) state of methylene may form via the (1)A' ' surface only if dynamic effects are important. In an effort to interpret experimental observation of products trapped by (Z)-2-butene, formation of cis- and trans-1,2-dimethylcyclopropane is studied computationally. The results suggests that "hot" ketene may react with (Z)-2-butene nonstereospecifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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Sevin F, Doğan M. Theoretical investigation of intramolecular trapping of strain allene: endo-bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,3-dien-6-ol. J Mol Struct 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2003.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Farlow RA, Thamattoor DM, Sunoj RB, Hadad CM. Rearrangement pathways of 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropylidene: an experimental and computational study. J Org Chem 2002; 67:3257-65. [PMID: 12003533 DOI: 10.1021/jo0160827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photolysis of exo-2-(1a,9b-dihydro-1H-cyclopropa[l]phenanthren-1-yl)propan-2-ol in benzene-d(6) afforded phenanthrene and the beta-hydroxycarbene intermediate 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropylidene. The carbene showed an overwhelming preference for 1,2-methyl migration as evident from the formation of 2-butanone as the major product via the enol 2-hydroxy-2-butene. Also produced, albeit in smaller amounts, were 1-methylcyclopropanol and 2,2-dimethyloxirane from intramolecular insertion into the C-H and O-H bonds, respectively. These results stand in sharp contrast to the intramolecular reactions of simple alkylcarbenes which usually prefer insertion into C-H bonds over 1,2-alkyl migrations. Calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+G//B3LYP/6-31G level of theory give a lower activation barrier for 1,2-methyl migration leading to the eventual formation of 2-butanone than for the other two pathways. The lower activation energy for methyl migration, relative to C-H and O-H insertions, strongly supports the observed experimental product distribution of the carbene. The parent carbene exists in three distinct conformations, each with stabilizing interactions between the adjacent bonds and the empty p orbital and the filled sp(2) orbital of the carbene center. The most stable conformer is perfectly poised for a 1,2-methyl migration as the C-CH(3) group is involved in a hyperconjugative interaction with the empty p orbital and the O-H bond is simultaneously interacting with the sp(2) lone pair of the carbene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Farlow
- Department of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, USA
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Geise CM, Wang Y, Mykhaylova O, Frink BT, Toscano JP, Hadad CM. Computational and experimental studies of the effect of substituents on the singlet-triplet energy gap in phenyl(carbomethoxy)carbene. J Org Chem 2002; 67:3079-88. [PMID: 11975570 DOI: 10.1021/jo0255330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of aromatic substitution on the singlet-triplet energy gap in substituted phenyl(carbomethoxy)carbene (X-Ph-C-CO(2)CH(3), PCC) has been explored by time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy and gas-phase computational methods. The ground state of para-substituted PCC is calculated to change from the triplet state in p-NO(2)-PCC (Delta G(ST) = 6.1 kcal/mol) to the singlet state in p-NH(2)-PCC (Delta G(ST) = -2.8 kcal/mol). The absence of solvent perturbation in the TRIR spectra of p-N(CH(3))(2)-PCC (which should have electronic properties similar to p-NH(2)-PCC) and parent PCC is consistent with their ground states lying > +/-2 kcal/mol from the next available electronic state, in line with the computational results. The observation of solvent perturbation in the TRIR spectra of p-OCH(3)-PCC and p-CH(3)-PCC implies that their ground states lie < +/-1 kcal/mol from their next available electronic state. This is in agreement with our computational results, which predict a gas-phase Delta G(ST) of -0.8 and 1.6 kcal/mol for p-OCH(3)-PCC and p-CH(3)-PCC as compared to Delta G(ST) values of -3.9 and -1.3 kcal/mol from polarizable continuum model (PCM) calculations with acetonitrile as a solvent. Gas-phase computational results for the meta- and ortho-substituted PCC species are also presented, along with selected linear free energy (LFE) relationships for the para and meta species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Michael Geise
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Hill BT, Zhu Z, Boeder A, Hadad CM, Platz MS. Bystander Effects on Carbene Rearrangements: A Computational Study. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp020108w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Zhendong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Aaron Boeder
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Christopher M. Hadad
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Matthew S. Platz
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Geise CM, Hadad CM. Substituent effects in the interconversion of phenylcarbene, bicyclo[4.1.0]hepta-2,4,6-triene, and 1,2,4,6-cycloheptatetraene. J Org Chem 2002; 67:2532-40. [PMID: 11950298 DOI: 10.1021/jo0162181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of aryl substituents on the interconversion of phenylcarbene (PC), bicyclo[4.1.0]hepta-2,4,6-triene (BCT), and 1,2,4,6-cycloheptatetraene (CHTE) has been studied by density functional theory. It is found that substituents have a large effect on both the thermochemistry and activation energy of these rearrangements. For instance, para-substitution yields a range of overall activation energies for the formation of BCT from PC of 20.3 to 11.7 kcal/mol for the NH(2) and NO(2) substituents, respectively. In the syn-meta-substituted cases, all of the rearrangements to the substituted CHTE species are more exothermic than that of the parent PC. The proximity of the substituent to the carbene center can also affect the overall chemistry as in the case of ortho-substituted species. Here, formation of bicyclic structures and ylides, which can then rearrange to stable structures, can compete with the ring-expansion process. Also, as calculated herein, the ortho substituents can, by a combination of mesomeric and steric interactions with the carbene center, affect the overall barrier to reversible ring expansion. Most notably, in the anti-ortho-substituted species, halogens (F and Cl) raise the activation barrier to ring expansion by approximately 5 kcal/mol. This is reminiscent of the effect of fluorine substitution on the chemistry (inter- and intramolecular) of phenylnitrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Michael Geise
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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