1
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Hong D, Falvey DE. Rearrangement, Elimination, and Ring-Opening Reactions of Cyclopropyl-Substituted Nitrenium Ions: A Computational and Experimental Investigation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10785-10795. [PMID: 39004832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
N-(4-Biphenylyl)-N-cyclopropyl nitrenium ion 5 and N-benzyl-N-cyclopropyl nitrenium ion (6) were generated through photolysis of their corresponding N-aminopyridinium ion photoprecursors. In the case of 5, stable products result from a combination of cyclopropyl ring expansion (N-biphenylazetium ion) and ethylene elimination (biphenylisonitrilium ion). When present in high concentrations, methanol can add to the cyclopropyl ring-forming N-3-methoxypropyl-N-biphenyl iminium ion. In contrast, the only detectable product from the N-benzyl-N-cyclopropyl nitrenium ion (6) is benzylisonitrile, resulting from the elimination of ethylene. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict the product distributions from the more stable biphenyl system 5 with reasonable accuracy. However, product distributions from the less stable benzyl system 6 are forecast with less accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Daniel E Falvey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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2
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Chen X, Patel K, Marek I. Stereospecific nucleophilic substitution at quaternary carbon stereocenters of cyclopropyl carbinols. Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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3
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Xie J, Dong G. Cyclopropylcarbinyl cation chemistry in synthetic method development and natural product synthesis: cyclopropane formation and skeletal rearrangement. Org Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d3qo00282a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
In this Review, the underrecognized utilities of the cyclopropylcarbinyl cation chemistry are summarized in cyclopropane synthesis and skeletal rearrangements, and their applications in natural product total synthesis are highlighted.
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4
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Yadav N, Khan J, Tyagi A, Singh S, Hazra CK. Rapid Access to Arylated and Allylated Cyclopropanes via Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Dehydrative Coupling of Cyclopropylcarbinols. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6886-6901. [PMID: 35535956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A regioselective protocol for the synthesis of cyclopropyl derivatives that relies on Brookhart acid-catalyzed dehydrative coupling over substituted cyclopropylcarbinols without rearrangement is reported herein. The reactions proceed promptly at 25 °C with only 2.0 mol % catalyst loading and produce the cyclopropyl derivatives in excellent yields. This method is well tolerated with a vast range of cyclopropylcarbinols including aliphatic cyclopropylcarbinols, where no elimination product was obtained, demonstrating the protocol's utility. Further, the Hammett correlation suggested the formation of a cyclopropylcarbinyl cation followed by a coupling reaction. An extremely effective gram-scale reaction has also been demonstrated with a high turnover number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Jabir Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Aparna Tyagi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Chinmoy Kumar Hazra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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5
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Seeman JI. History of the Woodward-Hoffmann Rules. The No-Mechanism Puzzle. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202100212. [PMID: 35174963 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This is Paper 2 in the 27-paper series on the history of the development of the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. Paper 2 takes the reader back to the 1950s and early 1960s, before the publication of the first Woodward-Hoffmann paper in January 1965. The scope of the pericyclic no-mechanism problem is described along with many of the key "hints" or "clues" to orbital symmetry control that were available in the literature prior to 1965. A chronology of reactions with alternating stereospecificities is provided. A second chronology of alternating theoretical hints is provided, e. g., 4n+2 versus 4n. Another chronology is provided, that of the development of frontier molecular orbital theory, with and without phases and nodes. A tabulation is provided of 36 instances in which the MOs of 1,3-butadiene were reported in the literature. A knowledge of the MOs of 1,3-butadiene, plus a knowledge of some of the alternating stereospecific reactions, could have led many chemists to the solution of the pericyclic no-mechanism problem before Woodward and Hoffmann.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I Seeman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, 23173, Richmond, VA, USA
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6
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Sato H, Takagi T, Miyamoto K, Uchiyama M. Theoretical Study on the Mechanism of Spirocyclization in Spiroviolene Biosynthesis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:1034-1038. [PMID: 34602572 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spiroviolene is a spirocyclic triquinane diterpene produced by Streptomyces violens. Recently, a biosynthetic pathway that includes secondary carbocation intermediates and a complicated concerted skeletal rearrangement was proposed for spiroviolene, based upon careful labeling experiments. On the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we propose a revised pathway for spiroviolene biosynthesis, involving a multistep carbocation cascade that bypasses the formation of unstable secondary carbocations by breaking the adjacent C-C bond to form a more stable tertiary carbocation (IM3) and by Wagner-Meerwein 1,2-methyl rearrangement (IM7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo.,Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi
| | - Taisei Takagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | | | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo.,Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM), Shinshu University
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7
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Sato H, Li BX, Takagi T, Wang C, Miyamoto K, Uchiyama M. DFT Study on the Biosynthesis of Verrucosane Diterpenoids and Mangicol Sesterterpenoids: Involvement of Secondary-Carbocation-Free Reaction Cascades. JACS AU 2021; 1:1231-1239. [PMID: 34467361 PMCID: PMC8397367 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Some experimental observations indicate that a sequential formation of secondary (2°) carbocations might be involved in some biosynthetic pathways, including those of verrucosane-type diterpenoids and mangicol-type sesterterpenoids, but it remains controversial whether or not such 2° cations are viable intermediates. Here, we performed comprehensive density functional theory calculations of these biosynthetic pathways. The results do not support previously proposed pathways/mechanisms: in particular, we find that none of the putative 2° carbocation intermediates is involved in either of the biosynthetic pathways. In verrucosane biosynthesis, the proposed 2° carbocations (II and IV) in the early stage are bypassed by the formation of the adjacent 3° carbocations and by unusual skeletal rearrangement reactions, and in the later stage, the putative 2° carbocation intermediates (VI, VII, and VIII) are not present as the proposed forms but as nonclassical structures between homoallyl and cyclopropylcarbinyl cations. In the mangicol biosynthesis, one of the two proposed 2° carbocations (X) is bypassed by a C-C bond-breaking reaction to generate a 3° carbocation with a C=C bond, while the other (XI) is bypassed by a strong hyperconjugative interaction leading to a nonclassical carbocation. We propose new biosynthetic pathways/mechanisms for the verrucosane-type diterpenoids and mangicol-type sesterterpenoids. These pathways are in good agreement with the findings of previous biosynthetic studies, including isotope-labeling experiments and byproducts analysis, and moreover can account for the biosynthesis of related terpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Sato
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Bi-Xiao Li
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taisei Takagi
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chao Wang
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazunori Miyamoto
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research
Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu
University, 3-15-1 Tokida,
Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
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8
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Sato H, Hashishin T, Kanazawa J, Miyamoto K, Uchiyama M. DFT Study of a Missing Piece in Brasilane-Type Structure Biosynthesis: An Unusual Skeletal Rearrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19830-19834. [PMID: 33124823 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Brasilane-type sesquiterpenes have been known for a long time, but their biosynthetic pathways and mechanisms remain elusive. Recently, two groups independently characterized a Trichoderma terpene cyclase that produces trichobrasilenol, a brasilane-type sesquiterpene, and a plausible biosynthetic pathway was proposed based on isotopic labeling experiments. In the proposed mechanism, the characteristic brasilane-type 5/6 bicyclic skeleton is synthesized from a 5/7/3 tricyclic intermediate via a complicated concerted reaction, including six chemical events of C-C σ bond metathesis and rearrangements, ring-contraction, π bond formation, and regioselective hydroxylation. However, our density functional theory (DFT) calculations do not support this mechanism. On the basis of DFT calculations, we propose a new pathway for trichobrasilenol biosynthesis, involving a multistep carbocation cascade in which cyclopropylcarbinyl cations in equilibrium with homoallyl cations play a pivotal role. This pathway and mechanism is in good agreement with previous biosynthetic studies on brasilane-type compounds and related terpenoids, including isotope-labeling experiments and byproducts analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Clustering of Pioneering Research (CPR), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hashishin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Junichiro Kanazawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazunori Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Clustering of Pioneering Research (CPR), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM), Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
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9
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Wiberg KB, Rablen PR. Re-Examination of Some Carbocations. Structures, Energies, and Charge Distributions. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11741-11749. [PMID: 32808777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemists have had a long-standing interest in reactive intermediates such as carbenes, carbon radicals, carbanions, and carbocations. Carbocations are an interesting part of this group because of their tendency to undergo rearrangement, sometimes forming bridged ions, as well as their ability in many cases of spreading out the positive charge over several atoms. We have re-examined some of these cases using high-level compound procedures, W1BD and G4, as well as by considering the charge distributions making use of the Hirshfeld method that has been shown to uniquely correlate with several types of experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth B Wiberg
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Paul R Rablen
- Department of Chemistry, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081, United States
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10
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Sakhaee N, Sakhaee S, Mobaraki A, Takallou A. Using conformational landscape to explain the non-classical nature of cyclobutyl and cyclopropylcarbinyl cations. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Wai H, Du K, Anesini J, Kim WS, Eastman A, Micalizio GC. Synthesis and Discovery of Estra-1,3,5(10),6,8-pentaene-2,16α-diol. Org Lett 2018; 20:6220-6224. [PMID: 30221523 PMCID: PMC6415968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A metallacycle-centered approach to the assembly of partially aromatic synthetic steroids was investigated as a means to prepare a boutique collection of unique steroidal agents. The synthesis and discovery of estra-1,3,5(10),6,8-pentaene-2,16α-diol (VII) is described, along with structure-activity relationships related to its cytotoxic properties. Overall, VII was found to have a GI50 = 0.2 μg/mL (∼800 nM) in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, be an efficacious estrogen receptor agonist with potency for ERβ > ERα (ERβ EC50 = 21 nM), possess selective affinity to the cdc-2-like kinase CLK4 (Kd = 350 nM), and be phenotypically related to paclitaxel by an unbiased panel assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- HtooTint Wai
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03756
| | - Kang Du
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03756
| | - Jason Anesini
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03756
| | - Wan Shin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03756
| | - Alan Eastman
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03755
| | - Glenn C. Micalizio
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03756
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12
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Falvey DE. Discrete Existence of Singlet Nitrenium Ions Revisited: Computational Studies of Non-Aryl Nitrenium Ions and Their Rearrangements. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:10418-10432. [PMID: 31459169 PMCID: PMC6645317 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrenium ion species are examined using computational methods (DFT, MP2, coupled-cluster, and a composite method, CBS-APNO) with a particular emphasis on nonaromatic species (i.e., those lacking an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring in direct conjugation with the formal nitrenium ion center.) The substitution of the N+ center with alkyl, alkoxy, vinyl, acyl, and sulfonyl, among others, was evaluated. For these species, three properties are considered. (1) The stability of the nitrenium ions to unimolecular isomerizations such as 1,2 alkyl or H shifts; to the extent that the singlet states could be characterized as discrete minima on the potential energy surface (PES), (2) the effect of the substituents on singlet-triplet energy splitting as well as (3) the relative stabilities of the nitrenium ions as defined by N-hydration enthalpies (RR'N+ + H2O → RR'NOH2 +). Nearly all simple alkyl and di-alkyl nitrenium ion singlet states are predicted to rearrange without detectable barriers, largely through 1,2 H or alkyl shifts. Methyl and N,N-dimethylnitrenium ion singlet states could be characterized as formal minima on the PES. However, these species show small or insignificant barriers to isomerization. Disubstituted nitrenium ions that include an alkyl group and a conjugating substituent such as alkoxyl, vinyl, or phenyl show meaningful barriers to isomerization and are thus predicted to possess nontrivial lifetimes in solution. Alkyl groups substantially stabilize the singlet state relative to the situation in the parent nitrenium ion NH2 + to the point where the two states are nearly degenerate. Other groups that interact with the nitrenium ion center decrease the ΔE st in the order formoyl < vinyl < phenyl < alkoxy ∼ sulfonyl < cyclopropyl ∼ cyclobutyl. The latter two substituents interact strongly with the (singlet) nitrenium ion center through the formation of a nonclassical bonding reminiscent of the bisected cyclopropylcarbinyl ion case for carbocations. When singlet-state stability is evaluated in the context of N-hydration enthalpies, it is found that the ordering is acyl < vinyl < alkoxyl < phenyl < cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Falvey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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13
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Rearrangement of Cyclopropylcarbinyl Chloride Over Protonic Zeolites: Formation of Carbocations and Behavior as Solid Solvents. Top Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-018-0911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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The Conundrum of the (C4H7)+ Cation: Bicyclobutonium and Related Carbocations. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apoc.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Skvorcova M, Grigorjeva L, Jirgensons A. 1-Amino-1-hydroxymethylcyclobutane derivatives via intramolecular amination of nonclassical cyclopropylmethyl cation. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-017-2162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Skvorcova M, Jirgensons A. Intramolecular cyclopropylmethylation via non-classical carbocations. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:6909-6912. [PMID: 28792551 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01721a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopropyl-cyclopropyl rearrangement can be achieved selectively by intramolecular trapping of cyclopropylmethyl carbenium ions with an internal nucleophile. This can be exploited as a useful method for the introduction of a cyclopropyl group into complex molecules using readily accessible disubstituted cyclopropane intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Skvorcova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia.
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17
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Skvorcova M, Grigorjeva L, Jirgensons A. Tetrahydro-1,3-oxazepines via Intramolecular Amination of Cyclopropylmethyl Cation. Org Lett 2015; 17:2902-4. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Hong YJ, Giner JL, Tantillo DJ. Bicyclobutonium Ions in Biosynthesis – Interconversion of Cyclopropyl-Containing Sterols from Orchids. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2085-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja512901a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young J. Hong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - José-Luis Giner
- Department
of Chemistry, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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19
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Falvey DE. Nitrenium ion analogues of nonclassical carbocations: cyclopropylnitrenium, allylnitrenium, and azetidenium ions and mechanisms for their interconversion. Org Lett 2015; 17:484-7. [PMID: 25611763 DOI: 10.1021/ol503488b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclopropylnitrenium 3S, allylnitreium 6S, and azetidenium (i.e., the nitrogen analogue of cyclobutylcarbenium) ions were examined using density functional theory and a complete basis set method. Similarly to the carbon analogues, the singlet states of these species have several local minima with nonclassical bonding. Structures characterized include 3S, an N analogue of the bisected cyclopropylcarbinyl cation, 11S, an N analogue of the bicyclobutonium ion, and 6S, an unsymmetric 2-azidinylcarbinyl cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Falvey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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20
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Hong YJ, Tantillo DJ. The energetic viability of an unexpected skeletal rearrangement in cyclooctatin biosynthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10273-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01785h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Results of density functional theory calculations on possible mechanisms for formation of the diterpenoid cyclooctatin are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young J. Hong
- Department of Chemistry
- Univeristy of California-Davis
- Davis
- USA
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21
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Arca HA, Gomes GCC, Mota CJA. Solid solvents: activation parameters for the rearrangement of cyclopropylcarbinyl bromide on mordenite zeolite. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj00287c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Rearrangement of cyclopropylcarbinyl bromide over proton and ammonium-exchanged mordenite (H-MOR and NH4-MOR) was studied at different temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A. Arca
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Instituto de Química
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- INCT Energia e Ambiente
- UFRJ
| | - Gabriel C. C. Gomes
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Instituto de Química
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- INCT Energia e Ambiente
- UFRJ
| | - Claudio J. A. Mota
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Instituto de Química
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- INCT Energia e Ambiente
- UFRJ
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22
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Sarel S, Breuer E, Ertag S, Salamon R. Polar Effects in the Homoallylic Rearrangement of Arylcyclopropylcarbinols. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.196300058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Schuster DI. Reflections on a Fifty-Year Career in Organic Photochemistry: A Personal Perspective. J Org Chem 2013; 78:6811-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4007078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David I. Schuster
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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24
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Kling DP, Machado ESA, Chagas HC, dos Santos APA, Rosenbach N, Walkimar Carneiro J, Mota CJA. Dynamic behaviour of carbocations on zeolites: mobility and rearrangement of the C4H7+ system. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:4480-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc40627j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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van den Heuvel CJM, Holland A, van Velzen JC, Steinberg H, de Boer TJ. The chemistry of small-ring compounds. Part 47. Small-ring interference in the ozonolysis of cyclopropylidenecycloalkanes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19841030704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Fierens PJC, Nasielski J. Chaleurs de Combustion de Dérivés Cyclopropaniques et Pouvoir de Conjugaison du Groupe Cyclopropyle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19620710304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Moss RA. Ionic and radical fragmentations of alkoxyhalocarbenes - a perspective. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Huang X, Miao M. Substrate-Controlled Selective Proximal and Distal C−C Bond Cleavage via Lewis Acid Mediated O-Acylation of 2-(Arylmethylene)cyclopropylaldehyde: A Stereoselective Synthesis of Bifunctional Methylenecyclobutanes and 1,3-Conjugated Dienes. J Org Chem 2008; 73:6884-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo801021f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University (Xixi Campus), Hangzhou 310028, People’s Republic of China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maozhong Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University (Xixi Campus), Hangzhou 310028, People’s Republic of China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
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29
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Olah GA, Surya Prakash GK, Rasul G. Ab initio/GIAO-CCSD(T) study of structures, energies, and 13C NMR chemical shifts of C4H7(+) and C5H9(+) ions: relative stability and dynamic aspects of the cyclopropylcarbinyl vs bicyclobutonium ions. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:9168-72. [PMID: 18570420 DOI: 10.1021/ja802445s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structures and energies of the carbocations C 4H 7 (+) and C 5H 9 (+) were calculated using the ab initio method. The (13)C NMR chemical shifts of the carbocations were calculated using the GIAO-CCSD(T) method. The pisigma-delocalized bisected cyclopropylcarbinyl cation, 1 and nonclassical bicyclobutonium ion, 2 were found to be the minima for C 4H 7 (+) at the MP2/cc-pVTZ level. At the MP4(SDTQ)/cc-pVTZ//MP2/cc-pVTZ + ZPE level the structure 2 is 0.4 kcal/mol more stable than the structure 1. The (13)C NMR chemical shifts of 1 and 2 were calculated by the GIAO-CCSD(T) method. Based on relative energies and (13)C NMR chemical shift calculations, an equilibrium involving the 1 and 2 in superacid solutions is most likely responsible for the experimentally observed (13)C NMR chemical shifts, with the latter as the predominant equilibrating species. The alpha-methylcyclopropylcarbinyl cation, 4, and nonclassical bicyclobutonium ion, 5, were found to be the minima for C 5H 9 (+) at the MP2/cc-pVTZ level. At the MP4(SDTQ)/cc-pVTZ//MP2/cc-pVTZ + ZPE level ion 5 is 5.9 kcal/mol more stable than the structure 4. The calculated (13)C NMR chemical shifts of 5 agree rather well with the experimental values of C 5H 9 (+).
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Olah
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, USA.
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30
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Franco M, Rosenbach, N, Ferreira GB, Guerra ACO, Kover WB, Turci CC, Mota CJA. Rearrangement, Nucleophilic Substitution, and Halogen Switch Reactions of Alkyl Halides over NaY Zeolite: Formation of the Bicyclobutonium Cation Inside the Zeolite Cavity. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:1592-600. [DOI: 10.1021/ja0742939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Franco
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Av Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, CT Bloco A, Cidade Universitária 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Rio de Janeiro, 20271-110, Brazil
| | - Nilton Rosenbach,
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Av Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, CT Bloco A, Cidade Universitária 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Rio de Janeiro, 20271-110, Brazil
| | - Glaucio B. Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Av Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, CT Bloco A, Cidade Universitária 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Rio de Janeiro, 20271-110, Brazil
| | - Antônio C. O. Guerra
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Av Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, CT Bloco A, Cidade Universitária 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Rio de Janeiro, 20271-110, Brazil
| | - W. Bruce Kover
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Av Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, CT Bloco A, Cidade Universitária 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Rio de Janeiro, 20271-110, Brazil
| | - Cássia C. Turci
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Av Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, CT Bloco A, Cidade Universitária 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Rio de Janeiro, 20271-110, Brazil
| | - Claudio J. A. Mota
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Av Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, CT Bloco A, Cidade Universitária 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Rio de Janeiro, 20271-110, Brazil
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31
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Siebert MR, Tantillo DJ. Brotherversusbrother: competitive stabilization of carbocationic centers by flanking cyclopropanes andπ-systems. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Wiedemann SH, Kang DH, Bergman RG, Friend CM. Cyclopropylmethyl/Cyclobutyl Rearrangements on Surfaces: Evidence for Transient Cation Formation near O-Covered Mo(110). J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:4666-77. [PMID: 17375922 DOI: 10.1021/ja0682428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rearrangement reactions of C4-alkoxides on O-covered Mo(110) have been studied using temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy and reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy. Cyclobutoxide on Mo(110), prepared from the corresponding alcohol or bromide, is described for the first time in detail. Several reaction mechanisms are considered for the ring-opening rearrangement of cyclopropylmethoxide during high-temperature annealing. In light of compelling new data, previous results are reinterpreted to support the formation of transient cations near O-covered Mo(110). For the first time, we present strong evidence for clean, heterolytic bond cleavage reactions over a metal surface. Our revised reactivity model is based on spectroscopic and reactivity data that show the rearrangement of cyclopropylmethyl groups to cyclobutyl groups and vice versa. Selectively deuterated 1,1-D2-cyclopropylmethanol was studied as a test of mechanism and as a probe for the lifetime of reactive intermediates. Isotopic scrambling observed for this substrate is consistent with the formation of a relatively long-lived carbocation during rearrangement. The intermediacy of transient cations is further invoked to explain the rearrangements that are now recognized to occur as alkyl bromides are transformed into alkoxides on Mo(110)-(1 x 6)-O. The observed ring expansion/contraction reactions are characteristic of a cationic process; carbon-centered radicals are not known to rearrange in this manner. However, in none of the cases discussed could contributions from radical pathways be completely ruled out. Our results are compared to analogous reactions in the vapor and solution phases. General trends governing rearrangement mechanisms on Mo(110) are presented with respect to metal-surface coverage, heteroatom incorporation, and temperature. Trends are discussed in the context of heterogeneous hydrocarbon oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean H Wiedemann
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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33
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Photochemical Rearrangements of Conjugated Cyclic Ketones: The Present State of Investigations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470133347.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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34
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Shi M, Tian GQ. Brønsted acid TfOH-mediated reactions of 2-(arylmethylene)cyclopropylcarbinols with acetonitrile. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Abstract
Acid-catalyzed reactions have played a major role in hydrocarbon chemistry involving electron-deficient intermediates such as carbocations, carbodications, onium ions, etc. The pioneering discovery of the use of superacids by George A. Olah, in the early 1960s, to characterize such intermediates under so-called long-lived stable ion conditions led to the understanding of their structures and reactivity patterns much more clearly. Continuing studies in this area in the past 30 years have resulted in a paradigm shift in comprehending the stability and reactivity of electrophilic intermediates in superacid media.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Surya Prakash
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, USA.
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36
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Abstract
A straightforward enantioselective route to (+)-antimycin A3b is presented, which used a TiCl4-mediated asymmetric aldolization to construct C-7/C-8 and BnOH/DMAP to remove the chiral auxiliary with concurrent protection of the carboxylic group, respectively. Closing the dilactone ring was achieved in 62% yield (previously 0.8%, 13.4%, or 20%) in the presence of the C-8 ester functionality. The overall yield (34.5%) was significantly higher than that (0.019-3.6%) of the earlier routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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37
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de Meijere A, Lüttke W. Darstellung und schwingungsspektroskopische Untersuchung der Konformation des Bicyclobutyls. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19660990713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Abstract
Some of the history of the development of physical organic chemistry in Canada from the 1920s is presented, including many of the individuals involved, and their major areas of interest.Key words: history of physical organic chemistry in Canada, organic reaction mechanisms, free radicals, kinetics.
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39
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Ab initio and DFT gas phase investigations of the C7H11+ potential energy surfaces of bicyclobutonium species and related carbocations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2004.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Lj. Mihailović M, Čekovié Ž. Reaktionen von Bleitetraacetat mit alicyclischen Alkoholen, III. Cyclopropyl- und Cyclobutylcarbinole. 18. Mitteilung über Reaktionen mit Bleitetraacetat. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19690520429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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41
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Moss RA, Sauers RR, Zheng F, Fu X, Bally T, Maltsev A. Rearrangements Concerted with Fragmentation of Cyclopropylmethoxychlorocarbene and Cyclobutoxychlorocarbene in Hydrocarbon Solvents and Ar Matrices. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:8466-76. [PMID: 15238004 DOI: 10.1021/ja049421x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fragmentations of cyclopropylmethoxychlorocarbene (6) and cyclobutoxychlorocarbene (10) lead to rearrangments that afford mixtures of cyclopropylmethyl chloride (7), cyclobutyl chloride (8), and 3-butenyl chloride (9). Isotopic substitution studies show that these rearrangments are accompanied by partial exchange of the methylene groups within 6 and 10. Surprisingly, these processes that are typical of carbocations persist in hydrocarbon solvents such as pentane and cyclohexane-d(12). Quantum chemical calculations reveal that the cis-conformers of the incipient oxychlorocarbenes C(4)H(7)OC(..)Cl decay to C(4)H(7)Cl + CO via transient hydrogen bonded C(4)H(7)(delta)(+)...Cl(delta-) complexes which possess significant ion pair character, even in the gas phase or in nonpolar solvents. In contrast to benzyloxychlorocarbene, no free radicals are formed upon generation or photolysis of 6 or 10 in Ar matrixes, although acid chlorides (the recombination products of these radical pairs) are observed. The IR spectra obtained in these experiments show the presence of several conformers of the two C(4)H(7)OC(..)Cl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Moss
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA.
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42
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Chen Y, Shi M. Ring-Opening Reactions of MCPs with Sulfonamides Promoted by Metal Triflate Lewis Acids. J Org Chem 2003; 69:426-31. [PMID: 14725456 DOI: 10.1021/jo035233y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of aromatic MCPs with sulfonamides catalyzed by Lewis acids affords the corresponding ring-opened homoallylic sulfonamides in good yields and the reaction of aliphatic MCPs with sulfonamides gives the corresponding pyrrolidine derivatives under the same conditions. Through deuterium-labeling experiments, we found that the reaction process is involved with the rearrangement of a cyclopropylcarbinyl cation and a nonclassic carbonium ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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43
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Casanova J, Kent DR, Goddard WA, Roberts JD. Quantum-mechanical calculations of the stabilities of fluxional isomers of C4H(7)(+) in solution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:15-9. [PMID: 12509513 PMCID: PMC140868 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0136820100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous quantum calculations have been made over the years of the stabilities of the fluxional isomers of C(4)H(7)(+), none have been reported for other than the gas phase (which is unrealistic for these ionic species) that exhibit exceptional fluxional properties in solution. To be sure, quantum-mechanical calculations for solutions are subject to substantial uncertainties, but nonetheless it is important to see whether the trends seen for the gas-phase C(4)H(7)(+) species are also found in calculations for polar solutions. Of the C(4)H(7)(+) species, commonly designated bisected-cyclopropylcarbinyl 1, unsym-bicyclobutonium 2, sym-bicyclobutonium 3, allylcarbinyl 4, and pyramidal structure 6, the most advanced gas-phase calculations available thus far suggest that the order of stability is 1 > or = 2 > or = 3 4 6 with barriers of only approximately 1 kcalmol for interconversions among 1, 2, and 3. We report here that, when account is taken of solvation, 2 turns out to be slightly more stable than 1 or 3 in polar solvents. The pattern of the overall results is unexpected, in that despite substantial differences in structures and charge distributions between the primary players in the C(4)H(7)(+) equilibria and the large differences in solvation energies calculated for the solvents considered, the differential solvent effects from species to species are rather small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Casanova
- Gates and Crellin Laboratories of Chemistry and the Materials and Process Simulation Center of the Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
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44
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Nötzel MW, Rauch K, Labahn T, de Meijere A. Domino reactions of amidines with methyl 2-chloro-2-cyclopropylideneacetate as an efficient access to cyclobutene-annelated pyrimidinones. Org Lett 2002; 4:839-41. [PMID: 11869141 DOI: 10.1021/ol025530+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] An efficient one-step synthesis of 2,4-diazabicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1(6),2-dien-5-ones 3 from methyl 2-chloro-2-cyclopropylideneacetate (1) and amidines 2a-c as well as N,N-dimethylguanidine (2d) is described. Similar to the benzocyclobutenes, the cyclobutene-annelated pyrimidones 3 undergo thermal ring opening and the resulting o-quinodimethane analogues readily cycloadd dienophiles to yield tetrahydroquinazolone derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus W Nötzel
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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45
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Schlosser M, Franzini L, Bauer C, Leroux F. About the stereoelectronics of the intramolecular addition of allylsilanes to aldehydes. Chemistry 2001; 7:1909-14. [PMID: 11405469 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010504)7:9<1909::aid-chem1909>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
(Z)-omega-Trimethylsilyl-(omega-2)-alken-1-ols are readily accessible by consecutive superbase metalation and silylation of (omega-1)-alken-1-ols. These versatile intermediates may be oxidized to give the corresponding (Z)-omega-trimethylsilyl-(omega-2)-alkenals which, in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid, can be converted into 2-vinylcycloalkanols such as 2-vinylcyclohexanol (2), isopulegol (4), and bis(2-vinylcyclobutyl) ether (8). The stereochemical outcome of these cyclization reactions suggests the interference of a novel electrodynamic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schlosser
- Section de Chimie de l'Université, Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
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46
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Moss RA, Zheng F, Johnson LA, Sauers RR. Fragmentation of cyclobutoxychlorocarbene: the cyclopropylcarbinyl/cyclobutyl cations revisited. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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47
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Correlation of the rates of solvolysis of cyclopropylcarbinyl and cyclobutyl bromides using the extended Grunwald-Winstein equation. J Org Chem 2000; 65:2548-54. [PMID: 10789470 DOI: 10.1021/jo991904+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of cyclopropylcarbinyl bromide (1) and cyclobutyl bromide (2) in hydroxylic solvents proceed with both solvolysis and rearrangement. Depending on the solvent, the reactions of 1 are 10-120 times faster than those of 2, and both are faster than the previously studied allylcarbinyl bromide (3). Specific rates are reported for the reactions of 2 proceeding to solvolysis products and 3. Reactions of 1 proceed to solvolysis products and both 2 and 3; since 2 slowly undergoes further solvolysis, specific rates are obtained by a modified Guggenheim treatment. The two sets of specific rates are analyzed using the extended Grunwald-Winstein equation to give sensitivities toward changes in solvent nucleophilicity of 0.42 for 1 and 0.53 for 2 and corresponding sensitivities toward changes in solvent ionizing power of 0.75 and 0.94. A mechanism is proposed involving a rate-determining ionization with an appreciable nucleophilic solvation of the incipient carbocation.
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48
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Holman RW, Plocica J, Blair L, Giblin D, Gross ML. Bicyclobutonium ion versus cyclopropylcarbinyl cation chemistry: the cycloaddition reaction with ethene in the dilute gas phase. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-1395(200101)14:1<17::aid-poc331>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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49
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Preference in formation of three-, five-, and six-membered rings in cyclization of the primary unsaturated radical studied with the hybrid density functional theory method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(99)00174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Pezacki JP, Shukla D, Lusztyk J, Warkentin J. Lifetimes of Dialkylcarbocations Derived from Alkanediazonium Ions in Solution: Cyclohexadienyl Cations as Kinetic Probes for Cation Reactivity1. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9840807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Paul Pezacki
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1, and the Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1, and the Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Janusz Lusztyk
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1, and the Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - John Warkentin
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1, and the Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
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