Hydroxorhodium complex-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions of silanediols with alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Mizoroki-Heck-type reaction vs conjugate addition

Orthogonal Olefination with Organogermanes

Reported herein is a fully orthogonal olefination, which involves the site- and E-selective coupling of aryl germanes with alkenes, tolerating otherwise widely employed coupling handles such as aromatic (pseudo)halogens (C-I, C-Br, C-Cl, C-F, C-OTf, C-OSO2 F), silanes and boronic acid derivatives as well as alternative functionalities. This unprecedented [Ge]-based oxidative Heck coupling proceeds at room temperature with high speed (10 min to 2 hours) and operational simplicity owing to its base-free and air-tolerant features.

A theoretical study of the ligand-controlled palladium-catalysed regiodivergent synthesis of dibenzosilepin derivatives

Palladium-catalysed ligand-controlled 1,n-palladium migration of silicon-tethering substrates provides a regiodivergent synthesis strategy for constructing silicon-bridged π-conjugated compounds possessing a 6,6-fused or a 5,7-fused scaffold. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to elucidate the detailed mechanism of this 1,n-palladium migration involving syn- or anti-carbopalladation. The computational results suggest that alkyne insertion is the regioselectivity-determining step. Upon catalysis without the BINAP ligand, the 1,2-insertion of an alkyne into the Pd-aryl bond leads to the formation of 6,6-fused benzophenanthrosiline, which is more favorable than the 2,1-insertion of alkyne by 4.2 kcal mol^-1. The selective formation of 5,7-fused benzofluorenosilepins via the 2,1-alkyne insertion is facilitated by the BINAP ligand. The 1,2-alkyne insertion with the BINAP ligand is disfavoured due to the steric repulsion between the phenyl group of the substrate and the naphthalene group of the BINAP ligand. The 2,1-alkyne insertion with the BINAP ligand orients the ligand away from the phenyl group of the substrate, which can avoid steric repulsion.

A Silicon-Stereogenic Silanol - 18 O-Isotope Labeling and Stereogenic Probe Reveals Hidden Stereospecific Water Exchange Reaction

A silicon-stereogenic aminosilanol was isolated in excellent diastereomeric ratio and the absolute configuration was determined. The silanol is configurative and condensation stable in solution and shows stereoselective transformations with a clean stereospecific pathway in follow-up reactions, which leads to the isolation of a silicon-stereogenic zinc complex and siloxane compounds. Investigations with ¹⁸ O-labelled water and mass spectrometry analysis revealed an otherwise hidden exchange of oxygen atoms of silanol and water in solution that proceeds with retention of the configuration at the silicon center. This novel combination of a stereochemical probe and isotopic labeling in a silicon-stereogenic compound opens new analytic possibilities to study stereochemical courses of reactions with the aid of chiral silanols mechanistically.

Biocatalytic Transformations of Silicon-the Other Group 14 Element

Significant inroads have been made using biocatalysts to perform new-to-nature reactions with high selectivity and efficiency. Meanwhile, advances in organosilicon chemistry have led to rich sets of reactions holding great synthetic value. Merging biocatalysis and silicon chemistry could yield new methods for the preparation of valuable organosilicon molecules as well as the degradation and valorization of undesired ones. Despite silicon's importance in the biosphere for its role in plant and diatom construction, it is not known to be incorporated into any primary or secondary metabolites. Enzymes have been found that act on silicon-containing molecules, but only a few are known to act directly on silicon centers. Protein engineering and evolution has and could continue to enable enzymes to catalyze useful organosilicon transformations, complementing and expanding upon current synthetic methods. The role of silicon in biology and the enzymes that act on silicon-containing molecules are reviewed to set the stage for a discussion of where biocatalysis and organosilicon chemistry may intersect.

Iron-Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Aryl Iodides onto Activated Alkenes under Air in Water

The combination of commercially available FeCl3·6H2O with a water-soluble cationic 2,2′-bipyridyl catalytic system was found to enable the direct conjugate addition of aryl iodides onto activated alkenes, such as an α,β-unsaturated ester and a ketone, in a weakly acidic aqueous solution. This operationally simple protocol was carried out at 80 °C under air atmosphere in a potassium acetate-buffered aqueous solution for 12 h in the presence of Zn dust as a reductant to provide the desired 1,4-adducts in good yields.

Pd-Catalyzed Oxidative Heck Reaction of Grignard Reagents with Diaziridinone as Oxidant

A novel Pd-catalyzed oxidative Heck reaction with readily available Grignard reagents using di- t-butyldiaziridinone as an oxidant has been developed. Various substituted olefins were obtained in 46-91% yields with high regioselectivity under mild reaction conditions.

A simple route to 1,4-addition reactions by Co-catalyzed reductive coupling of organic tosylates and triflates with activated alkenes

An efficient Co-catalyzed 1,4-addition reaction of alkyl/aryl triflates and tosylates with activated alkenes is described.

Ethylaluminum as an ethylene source for the Mizoroki-Heck-type reaction. Rhodium-catalyzed preparation of stilbene derivatives

Treatment of an organoaluminum reagent bearing aryl and ethyl groups furnishes 1,2-diarylethene derivatives in good to excellent yields by the catalysis of a rhodium complex, in which the ethyl group of the aluminum reagent serves as an ethylene source in the product formation.

Ligand- and base-free Pd(II)-catalyzed controlled switching between oxidative Heck and conjugate addition reactions

A simple change of solvent allows controlled and efficient switching between oxidative Heck and conjugate addition reactions on cyclic Michael acceptor substrates, catalyzed by a cationic Pd(II) catalyst system. Both reactions are ligand- and base-free and tolerant of air and moisture, and the controlled switching sheds light on some of the factors which favor one reaction over the other.

A homogeneous, recyclable polymer support for Rh(I)-catalyzed C-C bond formation

A robust and practical polymer-supported, homogeneous, recyclable biphephos rhodium(I) catalyst has been developed for C-C bond formation reactions. Control of polymer molecular weight allowed tuning of the polymer solubility such that the polymer-supported catalyst is soluble in nonpolar solvents and insoluble in polar solvents. Using the supported rhodium catalysts, addition of aryl and vinylboronic acids to the electrophiles such as enones, aldehydes, N-sulfonyl aldimines, and alkynes occurs smoothly to provide products in high yields. Additions of terminal alkynes to enones and industrially relevant hydroformylation reactions have also been successfully carried out. Studies show that the leaching of Rh from the polymer support is low and catalyst recycle can be achieved by simple precipitation and filtration.