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Kim JH, Kim S, Dickey MD, So JH, Koo HJ. Interface of gallium-based liquid metals: oxide skin, wetting, and applications. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:1099-1119. [PMID: 38716614 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00067f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metals (GaLMs) are promising for a variety of applications-especially as a component material for soft devices-due to their fluidic nature, low toxicity and reactivity, and high electrical and thermal conductivity comparable to solid counterparts. Understanding the interfacial properties and behaviors of GaLMs in different environments is crucial for most applications. When exposed to air or water, GaLMs form a gallium oxide layer with nanoscale thickness. This "oxide nano-skin" passivates the metal surface and allows for the formation of stable microstructures and films despite the high-surface tension of liquid metal. The oxide skin easily adheres to most smooth surfaces. While it enables effective printing and patterning of the GaLMs, it can also make the metals challenging to handle because it adheres to most surfaces. The oxide also affects the interfacial electrical resistance of the metals. Its formation, thickness, and composition can be chemically or electrochemically controlled, altering the physical, chemical, and electrical properties of the metal interface. Without the oxide, GaLMs wet metallic surfaces but do not wet non-metallic substrates such as polymers. The topography of the underlying surface further influences the wetting characteristics of the metals. This review outlines the interfacial attributes of GaLMs in air, water, and other environments and discusses relevant applications based on interfacial engineering. The effect of surface topography on the wetting behaviors of the GaLMs is also discussed. Finally, we suggest important research topics for a better understanding of the GaLMs interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Kim
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyoung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Ju-Hee So
- Material & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan-si, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung-Jun Koo
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Li T, Bandari VK, Schmidt OG. Molecular Electronics: Creating and Bridging Molecular Junctions and Promoting Its Commercialization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209088. [PMID: 36512432 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular electronics is driven by the dream of expanding Moore's law to the molecular level for next-generation electronics through incorporating individual or ensemble molecules into electronic circuits. For nearly 50 years, numerous efforts have been made to explore the intrinsic properties of molecules and develop diverse fascinating molecular electronic devices with the desired functionalities. The flourishing of molecular electronics is inseparable from the development of various elegant methodologies for creating nanogap electrodes and bridging the nanogap with molecules. This review first focuses on the techniques for making lateral and vertical nanogap electrodes by breaking, narrowing, and fixed modes, and highlights their capabilities, applications, merits, and shortcomings. After summarizing the approaches of growing single molecules or molecular layers on the electrodes, the methods of constructing a complete molecular circuit are comprehensively grouped into three categories: 1) directly bridging one-molecule-electrode component with another electrode, 2) physically bridging two-molecule-electrode components, and 3) chemically bridging two-molecule-electrode components. Finally, the current state of molecular circuit integration and commercialization is discussed and perspectives are provided, hoping to encourage the community to accelerate the realization of fully scalable molecular electronics for a new era of integrated microsystems and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Li
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Vineeth Kumar Bandari
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
- Nanophysics, Dresden University of Technology, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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3
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Bai X, Li P, Peng W, Chen N, Lin JL, Li Y. Ionogel-Electrode for the Study of Protein Tunnel Junctions under Physiologically Relevant Conditions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2300663. [PMID: 36965118 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of charge transport through proteins is essential for understanding complicated electrochemical processes in biological activities while the reasons for the coexistence of tunneling and hopping phenomena in protein junctions still remain unclear. In this work, a flexible and conductive ionogel electrode is synthesized and is used as a top contact to form highly reproducible protein junctions. The junctions of proteins, including human serum albumin, cytochrome C and hemoglobin, show temperature-independent electron tunneling characteristics when the junctions are in solid states while with a different mechanism of temperature-dependent electron hopping when junctions are hydrated under physiologically relevant conditions. It is demonstrated that the solvent reorganization energy plays an important role in the electron-hopping process and experimentally shown that it requires ≈100 meV for electron hopping through one heme group inside a hydrated protein molecule connected between two electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering and Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering and Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Wuxian Peng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering and Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Ningyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering and Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Liang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering and Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering and Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
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4
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Feng A, Zhou Y, Al-Shebami MAY, Chen L, Pan Z, Xu W, Zhao S, Zeng B, Xiao Z, Yang Y, Hong W. σ-σ Stacked supramolecular junctions. Nat Chem 2022; 14:1158-1164. [PMID: 35902741 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular charge transport plays an essential role in organic electronic materials and biological systems. To date, experimental investigations of intermolecular charge transport in molecular materials and electronic devices have been restricted to conjugated systems in which π-π stacking interactions are involved. Herein we demonstrate that the σ-σ stacking interactions between neighbouring non-conjugated molecules offer an efficient pathway for charge transport through supramolecular junctions. The conductance of σ-σ stacked molecular junctions formed between two non-conjugated cyclohexanethiol or single-anchored adamantane molecules is comparable to that of π-π stacked molecular junctions formed between π-conjugated benzene rings. The current-voltage characteristics and flicker noise analysis demonstrate the existence of stacked molecular junctions formed between the electrode pairs and exhibit the characteristics of through-space charge transport. Density functional theory calculations combined with the non-equilibrium Green's function method reveal that efficient charge transport occurs between two molecules configured with σ-σ stacking interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM) & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM) & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mohammed A Y Al-Shebami
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM) & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lichuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM) & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhichao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM) & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM) & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shiqiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM) & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Biaofeng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM) & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zongyuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM) & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM) & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM) & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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5
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Ishihara KM, Tian F. Semiconducting Langmuir-Blodgett Films of Porphyrin Paddle-Wheel Frameworks for Photoelectric Conversion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:15689-15699. [PMID: 30485750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the photocurrent transportation within porphyrin-containing metal-organic frameworks (PMOFs) will be a critical step in applying these materials in light-harvesting molecular devices in the future. Two copper porphyrin paddle-wheel frameworks (Cu-PPFs) were employed to study the influence of metal ions coordinated into the porphyrin ligands on conductivity and photoelectron transfer capability. To compare the electronic and optical properties of both materials, we prepared an ultrathin film of each PPF via a Langmuir-Blodgett method. The resulting films exhibited uniform morphology and single-crystalline domains, in addition to photoelectric conversion capabilities. We confirmed that both Cu-PPFs have semiconducting properties with an optical band gap of around 2.7 eV. The current density generated by both Cu-PPFs was studied through a mercury drop junction approach. We observed a slightly higher conductivity from the Cu-PPF film consisting of metalloporphyrins than the one without copper doping in the porphyrin centers. In addition, the copper-ion-coordinated porphyrins were found to be more favorable for facilitating photoinduced electron transfer from the Cu-PPF film to a conductive glass substrate. This work presents a new approach of combining thin film fabrication and electro-heterojunction measurement to study electron transfer within an ultrathin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi M Ishihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University, Long Beach , Long Beach , California 90840 , United States
| | - Fangyuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University, Long Beach , Long Beach , California 90840 , United States
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6
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Chen J, Giroux TJ, Nguyen Y, Kadoma AA, Chang BS, VanVeller B, Thuo MM. Understanding interface (odd–even) effects in charge tunneling using a polished EGaIn electrode. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:4864-4878. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07531f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Charge transport across large area molecular tunneling junctions is widely studied due to its potential in the development of quantum electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
| | - Thomas J. Giroux
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
| | - Yen Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
| | - Atte A. Kadoma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
| | - Boyce S. Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
| | | | - Martin M. Thuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
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7
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Nakamaru S, Scholz F, Ford WE, Goto Y, von Wrochem F. Photoswitchable Sn-Cyt c Solid-State Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605924. [PMID: 28401734 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer across proteins plays an important role in many biological processes, including those relevant for the conversion of solar photons to chemical energy. Previous studies demonstrated the generation of photocurrents upon light irradiation in a number of photoactive proteins, such as photosystem I or bacteriorhodopsin. Here, it is shown that Sn-cytochrome c layers act as reversible and efficient photoelectrochemical switches upon integration into large-area solid-state junctions. Photocurrents are observed both in the Soret band (λ = 405 nm) and in the Q band (λ = 535 nm), with current on/off ratios reaching values of up to 25. The underlying modulation in charge-transfer rate is attributed to a hole-transport channel created by the photoexcitation of the Sn-porphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nakamaru
- Advanced Materials Laboratories, Sony Corporation, Atsugi Technology Center No. 2, 4-16-1 Okata, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0021, Japan
| | - Frank Scholz
- Sony Europe Ltd., Materials Science Laboratory, Hedelfinger Strasse 61, 70327, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - William E Ford
- Sony Europe Ltd., Materials Science Laboratory, Hedelfinger Strasse 61, 70327, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yoshio Goto
- Advanced Materials Laboratories, Sony Corporation, Atsugi Technology Center No. 2, 4-16-1 Okata, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0021, Japan
| | - Florian von Wrochem
- Sony Europe Ltd., Materials Science Laboratory, Hedelfinger Strasse 61, 70327, Stuttgart, Germany
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8
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Zhang L, Li X, Li H, Fan X. Theoretical studies on the electronic properties of alkyl chains. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Jiang L, Sangeeth CSS, Yuan L, Thompson D, Nijhuis CA. One-Nanometer Thin Monolayers Remove the Deleterious Effect of Substrate Defects in Molecular Tunnel Junctions. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:6643-6649. [PMID: 26340232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Defects in self-assembled monolayer (SAMs) based junctions cause the largest deviation between predicted and measured values of the tunnelling current. We report the remarkable, seemingly counterintuitive finding that shorter, less-ordered SAMs provide, unlike taller crystalline-like SAMs, higher quality tunnelling barriers on defective substrates, which points to self-repair of liquid-like SAMs on defects. The molecular dynamics show that short-chain molecules can more easily rotate into low-density boundary regions and smoothen out defects than thick solid-like SAMs. Our findings point to an attractive means of removing their deleterious effects simply by using flexible molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - C S Suchand Sangeeth
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Damien Thompson
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and Department of Physics and Energy, University of Limerick , Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - Christian A Nijhuis
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS), 7 Engineering Drive 1, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117574, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore , 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore
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10
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Jiang L, Sangeeth CSS, Nijhuis CA. The Origin of the Odd–Even Effect in the Tunneling Rates across EGaIn Junctions with Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) of n-Alkanethiolates. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10659-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - C. S. Suchand Sangeeth
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Christian A. Nijhuis
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Solar
Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS), National University of Singapore, 7 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117574, Singapore
- Centre
for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore
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11
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Wimbush KS, Fratila RM, Wang D, Qi D, Liang C, Yuan L, Yakovlev N, Loh KP, Reinhoudt DN, Velders AH, Nijhuis CA. Bias induced transition from an ohmic to a non-ohmic interface in supramolecular tunneling junctions with Ga2O3/EGaIn top electrodes. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:11246-58. [PMID: 25132523 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr02933j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study describes that the current rectification ratio, R ≡ |J|(-2.0 V)/|J|(+2.0 V) for supramolecular tunneling junctions with a top-electrode of eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn) that contains a conductive thin (0.7 nm) supporting outer oxide layer (Ga2O3), increases by up to four orders of magnitude under an applied bias of >+1.0 V up to +2.5 V; these junctions did not change their electrical characteristics when biased in the voltage range of ±1.0 V. The increase in R is caused by the presence of water and ions in the supramolecular assemblies which react with the Ga2O3/EGaIn layer and increase the thickness of the Ga2O3 layer. This increase in the oxide thickness from 0.7 nm to ∼2.0 nm changed the nature of the monolayer-top-electrode contact from an ohmic to a non-ohmic contact. These results unambiguously expose the experimental conditions that allow for a safe bias window of ±1.0 V (the range of biases studies of charge transport using this technique are normally conducted) to investigate molecular effects in molecular electronic junctions with Ga2O3/EGaIn top-electrodes where electrochemical reactions are not significant. Our findings also show that the interpretation of data in studies involving applied biases of >1.0 V may be complicated by electrochemical side reactions which can be recognized by changes of the electrical characteristics as a function voltage cycling or in current retention experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Wimbush
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, MESA + Research Institute, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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12
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Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Fracasso D, Chiechi RC. Bottom-Up Molecular Tunneling Junctions Formed by Self-Assembly. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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SHIIGI H, NAGAOKA T. Molecularly Bridged Gold Nanoparticle Array for Sensing Applications. ANAL SCI 2014; 30:89-96. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.30.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi SHIIGI
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Tsutomu NAGAOKA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University
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14
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Simeone FC, Yoon HJ, Thuo MM, Barber JR, Smith B, Whitesides GM. Defining the Value of Injection Current and Effective Electrical Contact Area for EGaIn-Based Molecular Tunneling Junctions. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:18131-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ja408652h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felice C. Simeone
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Hyo Jae Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Martin M. Thuo
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jabulani R. Barber
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Barbara Smith
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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15
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Babayco CB, Chang PJ, Land DP, Kiehl RA, Parikh AN. Evolution of conformational order during self-assembly of n-alkanethiols on Hg droplets: an infrared spectromicroscopy study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:8203-8207. [PMID: 23772815 DOI: 10.1021/la4014366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This Letter describes Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy evidence for the evolution of conformational order and coverage during the formation of n-alkanethiol monolayers on microdroplets of mercury from the solution phase. At the highest coverages obtained by self-assembly, the monolayer is characterized by predominantly all-trans conformational order. For partial monolayers obtained at arbitrarily quenched incubation periods, we find a continuous evolution of the chain conformational order with monolayer coverage. Analyzing these results in light of previously reported models from X-ray scattering reveals a complex self-assembly process in which the density-dependent evolution of the chain conformational order is coupled with that of molecular orientation and density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Babayco
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064;
| | - Zhenhuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Center of Bio and Micro/Nano Functional Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China;
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Center of Bio and Micro/Nano Functional Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China;
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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17
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Niskala JR, Rice WC, Bruce RC, Merkel TJ, Tsui F, You W. Tunneling Characteristics of Au–Alkanedithiol–Au Junctions formed via Nanotransfer Printing (nTP). J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12072-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ja302602b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R. Niskala
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - William C. Rice
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3255, United States
| | - Robert C. Bruce
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Timothy J. Merkel
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Frank Tsui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3255, United States
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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18
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Fracasso D, Valkenier H, Hummelen JC, Solomon GC, Chiechi RC. Evidence for Quantum Interference in SAMs of Arylethynylene Thiolates in Tunneling Junctions with Eutectic Ga–In (EGaIn) Top-Contacts. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:9556-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ja202471m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Fracasso
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hennie Valkenier
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. Hummelen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gemma C. Solomon
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ryan C. Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Valkenier H, Huisman EH, van Hal PA, de Leeuw DM, Chiechi RC, Hummelen JC. Formation of High-Quality Self-Assembled Monolayers of Conjugated Dithiols on Gold: Base Matters. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:4930-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja110358t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul A. van Hal
- Philips Research Laboratories, High Tech Campus 4, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dago M. de Leeuw
- Philips Research Laboratories, High Tech Campus 4, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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20
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Wang G, Kim TW, Lee T. Electrical transport characteristics through molecular layers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm12702k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Charge Transport in Single Molecular Junctions at the Solid/Liquid Interface. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 313:121-88. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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23
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Nijhuis CA, Reus WF, Whitesides GM. Mechanism of rectification in tunneling junctions based on molecules with asymmetric potential drops. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:18386-401. [PMID: 21126089 DOI: 10.1021/ja108311j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a mechanism for the rectification of current by self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiolates with Fc head groups (SC(11)Fc) in SAM-based tunneling junctions with ultra-flat Ag bottom electrodes and liquid metal (Ga(2)O(3)/EGaIn) top electrodes. A systematic physical-organic study based on statistically large numbers of data (N = 300-1000) reached the conclusion that only one energetically accessible molecular orbital (the HOMO of the Fc) is necessary to obtain large rectification ratios R ≈ 1.0 × 10(2) (R = |J(-V)|/|J(V)| at ±1 V). Values of R are log-normally distributed, with a log-standard deviation of 3.0. The HOMO level has to be positioned spatially asymmetrically inside the junctions (in these experiments, in contact with the Ga(2)O(3)/EGaIn top electrode, and separated from the Ag electrode by the SC(11) moiety) and energetically below the Fermi levels of both electrodes to achieve rectification. The HOMO follows the potential of the Fermi level of the Ga(2)O(3)/EGaIn electrode; it overlaps energetically with both Fermi levels of the electrodes only in one direction of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Nijhuis
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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24
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Adaligil E, Slowinski K. Electron tunneling through monolayers of alkanethiols self-assembled on a hanging mercury drop electrode in the presence of aliphatic alcohols. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Liu H, Chen X, Bu Y. Redox-induced configuration conversion for thioacetamide dimer can function as a molecular switch. J Comput Chem 2010; 31:2533-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Adaligil E, Shon YS, Slowinski K. Effect of headgroup on electrical conductivity of self-assembled monolayers on mercury: n-alkanethiols versus n-alkaneselenols. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:1570-1573. [PMID: 20000324 DOI: 10.1021/la904180u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The relative efficiencies of electron tunneling across self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of n-alkanethiols and n-alkaneselenols, CH(3)-(CH(2))(n)-XH, where n = 8, 9, 11, and X = S or Se, deposited on mercury electrodes were measured via electroreduction of Ru(NH(3))(6)(3+) in aqueous solutions. Electron tunneling rates across the monolayer films decay exponentially with the monolayer thickness with a tunneling coefficient, beta = 1.1 +/- 0.1 per CH(2) irrespective of the identity of the -XH headgroup. Electron tunneling rates across n-alkanethiol monolayers are ca. 4-fold larger than the rates measured across n-alkaneselenol monolayers containing the same number of carbon atoms, signifying the importance of headgroup/metal contact resistance in electron transfer through SAMs on mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Adaligil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, California 90840, USA
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27
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Nijhuis CA, Reus WF, Whitesides GM. Molecular Rectification in Metal−SAM−Metal Oxide−Metal Junctions. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:17814-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9048898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Nijhuis
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - William F. Reus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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28
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Tran E, Cohen AE, Murray RW, Rampi MA, Whitesides GM. Redox Site-Mediated Charge Transport in a Hg−SAM//Ru(NH3)63+/2+//SAM−Hg Junction with a Dynamic Interelectrode Separation: Compatibility with Redox Cycling and Electron Hopping Mechanisms. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:2141-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ja804075y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge,Massachusetts 02138; Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy; and Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27510
| | - Adam E. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge,Massachusetts 02138; Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy; and Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27510
| | - Royce W. Murray
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge,Massachusetts 02138; Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy; and Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27510
| | - Maria A. Rampi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge,Massachusetts 02138; Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy; and Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27510
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge,Massachusetts 02138; Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy; and Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27510
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29
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Ulgut B, Abruña HD. Electron Transfer through Molecules and Assemblies at Electrode Surfaces. Chem Rev 2008; 108:2721-36. [DOI: 10.1021/cr068060w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Burak Ulgut
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - Héctor D. Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
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30
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Park JY, Qi Y, Ratera I, Salmeron M. Noncontact to contact tunneling microscopy in self-assembled monolayers of alkylthiols on gold. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:234701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2938085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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31
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From Self-Assembly to Charge Transport with Single Molecules – An Electrochemical Approach. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2008; 287:181-255. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2008_152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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32
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Xu B. Modulating the conductance of a Au-octanedithiol-Au molecular junction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:2061-2065. [PMID: 18022974 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200700287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Xu
- Molecular Nanoelectronics, Faculty of Engineering & Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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33
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Weiss EA, Chiechi RC, Kaufman GK, Kriebel JK, Li Z, Duati M, Rampi MA, Whitesides GM. Influence of Defects on the Electrical Characteristics of Mercury-Drop Junctions: Self-Assembled Monolayers of n-Alkanethiolates on Rough and Smooth Silver. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:4336-49. [PMID: 17358061 DOI: 10.1021/ja0677261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper compares the structural and electrical characteristics of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of n-alkanethiolates, SCn (n = 10, 12, 14), on two types of silver substrates: one used as-deposited (AS-DEP) by an electron-beam evaporator, and one prepared using the method of template-stripping. Atomic force microscopy showed that the template-stripped (TS) silver surfaces were smoother and had larger grains than the AS-DEP surfaces, and reflectance-absorbance infrared spectroscopy showed that SAMs formed on TS substrates were more crystalline than SAMs formed on AS-DEP substrates. The range of current densities, J (A/cm2), measured through mercury-drop junctions incorporating a given SAM on AS-DEP silver was, on average, several orders of magnitude larger than the range of J measured through the same SAM on TS silver, and the AS-DEP junctions failed, on average, 3.5 times more often within five current density-voltage (J-V) scans than did TS junctions (depending on the length of the alkyl chains of the molecules in the SAM). The apparent log-normal distribution of J through the TS junctions suggests that, in these cases, it is the variability in the effective thickness of the insulating layer (the distance the electron travels between electrodes) that results in the uncertainty in J. The parameter describing the decay of current density with the thickness of the insulating layer, beta, was either 0.57 A-1 at V = +0.5 V (calculated using the log-mean of the distribution of values of J) or 0.64 A-1 (calculated using the peak of the distribution of values of J) for the TS junctions; the latter is probably the more accurate. The mechanisms of failure of the junctions, and the degree and sources of uncertainty in current density, are discussed with respect to a variety of defects that occur within Hg-drop junctions incorporating SAMs on silver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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35
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Diao P, Hou Q, Guo M, Xiang M, Zhang Q. Effect of substrate potentials on the structural disorders of alkanethiol monolayers prepared by electrochemically directed assembly. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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36
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Sek S, Misicka A, Swiatek K, Maicka E. Conductance of α-Helical Peptides Trapped within Molecular Junctions. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:19671-7. [PMID: 17004836 DOI: 10.1021/jp063073z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers of alpha-helical peptides on a gold surface were employed as model systems for the investigation of mediated electron transfer. The peptides contained 14, 15, 16, and 17 amino acid residues. The measurements of electron transmission through single molecules of helical peptides were performed using scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). The molecules were trapped between the gold tip and the substrate. Electrical contact between the molecule and the gold probe was achieved by the use of peptides containing thiol groups present at each end of the helix. The conductance behavior of the peptides was examined as a function of tip-substrate distance at fixed bias voltage. Measurements performed with peptides containing different numbers of amino acid residues indicate that the distance dependence of electron transmission through an alpha-helix is weaker than that through simple n-alkyl bridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Sek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02093 Warsaw, Poland.
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37
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Huang Z, Xu B, Chen Y, Di Ventra M, Tao N. Measurement of current-induced local heating in a single molecule junction. NANO LETTERS 2006; 6:1240-4. [PMID: 16771587 DOI: 10.1021/nl0608285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the current-induced local heating effects in single molecules covalently bound to two electrodes by measuring the force required to break the molecule-electrode bonds under various conditions. The breakdown process is thermally activated, which is used to extract the effective temperature of the molecular junction as a function of applied bias voltage. We have also performed first-principles calculations of both local heating and current-induced force effects, and the results are in good agreement with the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering & The Center for Solid State Electronics Research, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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38
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York RL, Nacionales D, Slowinski K. Electrical resistivity of monolayers and bilayers of alkanethiols in tunnel junction with gate electrode. Chem Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2005.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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Basch H, Cohen R, Ratner MA. Interface geometry and molecular junction conductance: geometric fluctuation and stochastic switching. NANO LETTERS 2005; 5:1668-75. [PMID: 16159203 DOI: 10.1021/nl050702s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal/molecule/metal transport junctions can transport charge in the elastic scattering (Landauer) regime if the injection gap is large and the molecule is relatively short. Stochastic switching and broad conduction peak distributions have been observed in such junctions. We examine the effect of altering interface geometry on transport, using density functional calculations. For most structures, variations in conductance of order 0-300% are found, but when an atomic wire of Au binds to the molecule, symmetry changes can modify currents by a factor of 10(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Basch
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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40
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Calvente JJ, López-Pérez G, Ramírez P, Fernández H, Zón MA, Mulder WH, Andreu R. Experimental Study of the Interplay between Long-Range Electron Transfer and Redox Probe Permeation at Self-Assembled Monolayers: Evidence for Potential-Induced Ion Gating. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:6476-86. [PMID: 15853356 DOI: 10.1021/ja050265j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Evidence for the competition between long-range electron transfer across self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and incorporation of the redox probe into the film is reported for the electroreduction of Ru(NH(3)) at hydroxyl- and carboxylic-acid-terminated SAMs on a mercury electrode, by using electrochemical techniques that operate at distinct time scales. Two limiting voltammetric behaviors are observed, consistent with a diffusion control of the redox process at mercaptophenol-coated electrodes and a kinetically controlled electron transfer reaction in the presence of neutral HS-(CH(2))(10)-COOH and HS-(CH(2))(n)()-CH(2)OH (n = 3, 5, and 10) SAMs. The monolayer thickness dependence of the standard heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant shows that the electron transfer plane for the reduction of Ru(NH(3)) at hydroxyl-terminated SAMs is located outside the film | solution interface at short times. However, long time scale experiments provide evidence for the occurrence of potential-induced gating of the adsorbed structure in some of the monolayers studied, which takes the form of a chronoamperometric spike. Redox probe permeation is shown to be a kinetically slow process, whose activation strongly depends on redox probe concentration, applied potential, and chemical composition of the intervening medium. The obtained results reveal that self-assembled monolayers made of mercaptobutanol and mercaptophenol preserve their electronic barrier properties up to the reductive desorption potential of a fully grown SAM, whereas those of mercaptohexanol, mercaptoundecanol, and mercaptoundecanoic acid undergo an order/disorder transition below a critical potential, which facilitates the approach of the redox probe toward the electrode surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Calvente
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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41
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Wang B, Luo J, Wang X, Wang H, Hou JG. Dielectric properties and frequency response of self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:5007-12. [PMID: 15984261 DOI: 10.1021/la036295m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents dielectric properties of alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) under an ac electric field. Using a Hg-SAM/SAM-Hg junction, we measured the ac impedance of alkanethiol SAMs using a sinusoidal perturbation of 30 mV (peak-to-peak) with frequency ranging from 1 Hz to 1 MHz at zero bias. Semicircles at higher frequencies and at middle frequencies along with Warburg lines at lower frequencies were observed in complex plane impedance plots, that is, Nyquist plots. The frequency response of SAMs was analyzed by modeling the junction using an equivalent circuit and fitting the Nyquist plots. The semicircles at higher frequencies are attributed to the effect of the SAM/SAM interfaces, and the ones at middle frequencies are attributed to the effect of alkanethiol SAMs. The comparison in the plots of the imaginary part of the impedance Z against frequency for the bare Hg electrodes (in pure ethanal) and the SAM-covered Hg electrodes (in alkanethiol solution) supports the analysis. The Warburg lines are attributed to a certain ionic impurity. The dielectric loss spectra are further analyzed. Chain-length-dependent peaks, which correspond to different relaxation mechanisms, at higher frequencies and middle frequencies were observed in the spectra of the dissipation factor (tan delta vs frequency). The peaks move to small frequency with the increase of chain length of alkanethiols. Using a correlation of peak position with the chain length, we then derived active energies of 39-99 meV for alkanethiol SAMs of C7-C18 under an ac electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
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Sek S, Bilewicz R, Slowinski K. Electrochemical wiring of α,ω-alkanedithiol molecules into an electrical circuit. Chem Commun (Camb) 2004:404-5. [PMID: 14765230 DOI: 10.1039/b314815g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic electrical conductivity of alpha, omega-alkanedithiol increases if both ends of the molecule are covalently bonded to metallic contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Sek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University-Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, CA, USA.
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43
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Xu B, Tao NJ. Measurement of single-molecule resistance by repeated formation of molecular junctions. Science 2003; 301:1221-3. [PMID: 12947193 DOI: 10.1126/science.1087481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1297] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The conductance of a single molecule connected to two gold electrodes was determined by repeatedly forming thousands of gold-molecule-gold junctions. Conductance histograms revealed well-defined peaks at integer multiples of a fundamental conductance value, which was used to identify the conductance of a single molecule. The resistances near zero bias were 10.5 +/- 0.5, 51 +/- 5, 630 +/- 50, and 1.3 +/- 0.1 megohms for hexanedithiol, octanedithiol, decanedithiol, and 4,4' bipyridine, respectively. The tunneling decay constant (betaN) for N-alkanedithiols was 1.0 +/- 0.1 per carbon atom and was weakly dependent on the applied bias. The resistance and betaN values are consistent with first-principles calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and The Center for Solid State Electronics Research, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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