1
|
Münzfeld L, Gillhuber S, Hauser A, Lebedkin S, Hädinger P, Knöfel ND, Zovko C, Gamer MT, Weigend F, Kappes MM, Roesky PW. Synthesis and properties of cyclic sandwich compounds. Nature 2023; 620:92-96. [PMID: 37532814 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic nanometre-scale sandwich complexes assembled from individual building blocks were synthesized. Sandwich complexes, in which a metal ion is π-coordinated by two planar aromatic organic rings belong to the foundations of organometallic chemistry. They have been successfully used in a wide variety of applications ranging from catalysis, synthesis and electrochemistry to nanotechnology, materials science and medicine1,2. Extending the sandwich structural motif leads to linear multidecker compounds, in which aromatic organic rings and metal atoms are arranged in an alternating fashion. However, the extension to a cyclic multidecker scaffold is unprecedented. Here we show the design, synthesis and characterization of an isomorphous series of circular sandwich compounds, for which the term 'cyclocenes' is suggested. These cyclocenes consist of 18 repeating units, forming almost ideally circular, closed rings in the solid state, that can be described by the general formula [cyclo-MII(μ-η8:η8-CotTIPS)]18 (M = Sr, Sm, Eu; CotTIPS = 1,4-(iPr3Si)2C8H62-). Quantum chemical calculations lead to the conclusion that a unique interplay between the ionic metal-to-ligand bonds, the bulkiness of the ligand system and the energy gain on ring closure, which is crucially influenced by dispersion interactions, facilitate the formation of these cyclic systems. Up to now, only linear one-dimensional multidecker sandwich compounds have been investigated for possible applications such as nanowires3-10. This textbook example of cyclic sandwich compounds is expected to open the door for further innovations towards new functional organometallic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Münzfeld
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gillhuber
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Adrian Hauser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sergei Lebedkin
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Pauline Hädinger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicolai D Knöfel
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christina Zovko
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael T Gamer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wirtz L, Jourdain M, Huch V, Zimmer M, Schäfer A. Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Disiloxa[3]tetrelocenophanes. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:18355-18360. [PMID: 31720537 PMCID: PMC6844111 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tetramethyldisiloxa[3]metallocenophanes of the heavy group 14 elements germanium, 2a, tin, 2b, and lead, 2c, (tetrelocenophanes) have been synthesized by the reaction of dilithiated ligand, 1, with the corresponding element(II) chloride. The plumbocenophane, 2c, forms one-dimensional coordination polymers in the solid state, while the germanocenophane, 2a, and the stannocenophane, 2b, are monomeric. Furthermore, the reactivity of the stannocenophane, 2b, and the plumbocenophane, 2c, toward N-heterocyclic carbenes was explored. Although the coordination of carbene is reversible in solution at room temperature, the corresponding carbene complexes, 3a,b, could be structurally characterized, illustrating the Lewis acidity of the central atom in these metallocenophanes.
Collapse
|
3
|
Xémard M, Zimmer S, Cordier M, Goudy V, Ricard L, Clavaguéra C, Nocton G. Lanthanidocenes: Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Linear Sandwich Complexes of Lanthanides. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14433-14439. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Xémard
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Zimmer
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Marie Cordier
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Violaine Goudy
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Louis Ricard
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Carine Clavaguéra
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, CNRS-Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 15 avenue Jean Perrin, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Grégory Nocton
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Binns J, Healy MR, Parsons S, Morrison CA. Assessing the performance of density functional theory in optimizing molecular crystal structure parameters. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B-STRUCTURAL SCIENCE CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2014; 70:259-67. [DOI: 10.1107/s205252061303268x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This paper assesses the performance of plane-wave density functional theory calculations at returning reliable structural information for molecular crystal structures where the primary intermolecular interactions are either hydrogen bonding or dispersion interactions. The computed structures are compared with input structures obtained from the Cambridge Structural Database, and assessed in terms of crystal packing similarities, unit-cell volume and shape, short contact distances and hydrogen-bond distances. The results demonstrate that the PBE functional [Perdew, Burke & Ernzerhof (1996).Phys. Rev. Lett.77, 3865–3868] with Tkatchenko and Scheffler's `TS' dispersion correction [Tkatchenko & Scheffler (2009).Phys. Rev. Lett.102, 073005] is capable of returning reliable full structural optimizations, in which both atomic positions and unit-cell vectors are free to optimize simultaneously.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sulway SA, Layfield RA, Tuna F, Wernsdorfer W, Winpenny REP. Single-molecule magnetism in cyclopentadienyl-dysprosium chlorides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:1508-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14643b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
6
|
Middlemiss DS, Facchini M, Morrison CA, Wilson CC. Small energy differences in molecular crystals: A first principles study of tautomerism and dynamics in benzoic acid derivatives. CrystEngComm 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b703181e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
7
|
|
8
|
Layfield RA, Bühl M, Rawson JM. Structure, Bonding, and Paramagnetism in the Manganese(II) Tris-Allyl Anions [Mn{ηx-(C3H3R2)3}]- (R = H, SiMe3; x = 1 or 3): Insight from Theory. Organometallics 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/om060295a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Layfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, and Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Michael Bühl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, and Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jeremy M. Rawson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, and Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alvarez CS, Bashall A, McInnes EJL, Layfield RA, Mole RA, McPartlin M, Rawson JM, Wood PT, Wright DS. Structural and Magnetic Studies of the Tris(cyclopentadienyl)manganese(II) “Paddle-Wheel” Anions [Cp3−n(MeCp)nMn]− (n=0–3, MeCp=C5H4CH3, Cp=C5H5). Chemistry 2006; 12:3053-60. [PMID: 16453354 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ion-contact complexes [{(eta(5)-Cp)(2)Mn(eta(2):eta(5)-Cp)K}(3)]x0.5 THF (1x0.5 THF) and [{(eta(2)-Cp)(2)(eta(2);eta(5)-MeCp)MnK(thf)}]x2 THF (2x2 THF) and ion-separated complexes [Mg(thf)(6)][(eta(2)-Cp)(3)Mn](2) (3), [Mg(thf)(6)][(eta(2)-Cp)(eta(2)-MeCp)(2)Mn)](2)x0.5 THF (4x0.5 THF), [Mg(thf)(6)][(eta(2)-MeCp)(3)Mn)](2)x0.5 THF (5x0.5 THF) and [Li([12]crown-4)](5)[(eta-Cp)(3)Mn](5) (6) (Cp=C(5)H(5), CpMe=C(5)H(4)CH(3)), have been prepared and structurally characterised. The effects of varying the Cp and CpMe ligands in complexes 1-5 have been probed by variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements and EPR spectroscopic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Soria Alvarez
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Alvarez CS, Boss SR, Burley JC, Humphry SM, Layfield RA, Kowenicki RA, McPartlin M, Rawson JM, Wheatley AEH, Wood PT, Wright DS. Syntheses, structures and magnetic properties of Mn(ii) dimers [CpMn(μ-X)]2(Cp = C5H5; X = RNH, R1R2N, CCR). Dalton Trans 2004:3481-7. [PMID: 15510266 DOI: 10.1039/b409135c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Manganocene, Cp(2)Mn, has been employed as a precursor in the synthesis of a range of Mn(II) dimers of the type [CpMn(micro-X)](2)[X = 8-NHC(9)H(6)N (1), N(Ph)(C(5)H(4)N)(2), N(4-EtC(6)H(4))(C(5)H(4)N)(3) and C[triple bond]CPh (4)] as well as the bis-adduct [Cp(2)Mn[HN=C(NMe(2))(2)](2)](5). The solid-state structures of 1-5 are reported. Variable-temperature magnetic measurements have been used to assess the extent of Mn(micro-X)Mn communication within the dimers of 1-4 as a function of the bridging ligands (X).
Collapse
|
12
|
Malar EJP. Do penta- and decaphospha analogues of lithocene anion and beryllocene exist? Analysis of stability, structure, and bonding by hybrid density functional study. Inorg Chem 2003; 42:3873-83. [PMID: 12793825 DOI: 10.1021/ic0340027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stability in penta- and decaphospha analogues of lithocene anion and beryllocene is investigated by complete structural optimization at the B3LYP/6-31G level. Natural bond orbital analysis is carried out to examine the bonding between the metal and the ligands. The heterolytic dissociation energies of 667 and 608 kcal/mol predicted by B3LYP/6-311+G//B3LYP/6-31G calculations for CpBeP(5) and (P(5))(2)Be are comparable with the observed value of 635 +/- 15 kcal/mol in ferrocene. The high stability in CpBeP(5) and (P(5))(2)Be shows that these species are isolable under appropriate conditions. Lithocene anion and its phospha analogues possess lower stability toward dissociation into ionic fragments. A novel observation of the present study is that CpBeP(5) and (P(5))(2)Be have lowest energies when the two planar ligands are arranged perpendicular to each other such that one of the ligands, cyclo-P(5), is eta(1)-coordinated while the second ligand is eta(5)-coordinated to Be. The resulting structure having C(s)() point group (denoted as C(s)()(p)) is predicted to be 22 and 28 kcal/mol lower than the staggered sandwich geometry in CpBeP(5) and (P(5))(2)Be, respectively, at the B3LYP/6-311+G//B3LYP/6-31G level. In the analogous lithocene anions [CpLiP(5)](-) and [(P(5))(2)Li](-) also the C(s)()(p) structures are found to be the lowest energy structures, though their relative stabilities are small. We also characterized the geometry with both ligands eta(1)-coordinated to the metal in a linear arrangement having the D(2)(h)() point group in the decaphospha analogues [(P(5))(2)Li](-) and (P(5))(2)Be. This structure is found to be higher in energy than the C(s)()(p) structure. The D(2)(h)() structure could not be located as a potential minimum in the biscyclopentadienyl complexes and their pentaphospha analogues. Both the C(s)()(p) and D(2)(h)() structures are characterized for the first time in metallocenes. The D(2)(h)() structure seems to be a unique feature in the decaphospha metallocenes under consideration. Covalent bond formation between beryllium and phosphorus atom P(1) of eta(1)-(cyclo-P(5)) is more pronounced (bond orders 0.43-0.49) than that between Be and C(1) of eta(1)-Cp (bond orders 0.24-0.27). Though both eta(1)-coordinated cyclo-P(5) and Cp exhibit C(2)(v)() point groups, bond alternation is less pronounced in the former. The Wiberg P-P bond orders in the eta(1)-(cyclo-P(5)) of CpBeP(5) and (P(5))(2)Be having C(s)()(p) structures are in the range 1.29-1.47. These ring bond orders indicate that the P(5) ring retains aromaticity to a large extent in the eta(1)-mode of bonding with Be. Second-order perturbational energy analysis of the Fock matrix in the natural bond orbital basis reveals that there is a significant stabilizing interaction of approximately 123 kcal/mol between the lone pair orbital of P(1) and the 2s orbital of Be in the C(s)()(p) structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Padma Malar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Boese R, Downs AJ, Greene TM, Hall AW, Morrison CA, Parsons S. Polymorphism in the Crystal Structures of the Group 13 Trimethyls. Organometallics 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/om0300272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Boese
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Essen, Universitätsstrasse 3-5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, England OX1 3QR; School of Chemistry, University of Exeter, Chemistry Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, England EX4 4QD; and School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3JJ
| | - Anthony J. Downs
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Essen, Universitätsstrasse 3-5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, England OX1 3QR; School of Chemistry, University of Exeter, Chemistry Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, England EX4 4QD; and School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3JJ
| | - Timothy M. Greene
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Essen, Universitätsstrasse 3-5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, England OX1 3QR; School of Chemistry, University of Exeter, Chemistry Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, England EX4 4QD; and School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3JJ
| | - Alexander W. Hall
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Essen, Universitätsstrasse 3-5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, England OX1 3QR; School of Chemistry, University of Exeter, Chemistry Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, England EX4 4QD; and School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3JJ
| | - Carole A. Morrison
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Essen, Universitätsstrasse 3-5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, England OX1 3QR; School of Chemistry, University of Exeter, Chemistry Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, England EX4 4QD; and School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3JJ
| | - Simon Parsons
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Essen, Universitätsstrasse 3-5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, England OX1 3QR; School of Chemistry, University of Exeter, Chemistry Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, England EX4 4QD; and School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3JJ
| |
Collapse
|