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Ha SJ, Park JH, Moon JH. Quasi-solid-state Dye-sensitized Solar Cells with Macropore-containing Hierarchical Electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sharma KP, Bradley K, Brogan APS, Mann S, Perriman AW, Fermin DJ. Redox Transitions in an Electrolyte-Free Myoglobin Fluid. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:18311-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4104606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamendra P. Sharma
- School
of Chemistry, Cantocks Close, University of Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Kieren Bradley
- School
of Chemistry, Cantocks Close, University of Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Alex P. S. Brogan
- School
of Chemistry, Cantocks Close, University of Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Mann
- School
of Chemistry, Cantocks Close, University of Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Adam W. Perriman
- School
of Chemistry, Cantocks Close, University of Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Fermin
- School
of Chemistry, Cantocks Close, University of Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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Rinfray C, Izzet G, Pinson J, Gam Derouich S, Ganem JJ, Combellas C, Kanoufi F, Proust A. Electrografting of Diazonium-Functionalized Polyoxometalates: Synthesis, Immobilisation and Electron-Transfer Characterisation from Glassy Carbon. Chemistry 2013; 19:13838-46. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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PAN X, DAI SY, WANG KJ. New Type High Efficient Quasi-Solid-State Ionic Liquid Electrolyte for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. CHINESE J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200790296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wang W, Lee D, Murray RW. Electron Transport Dynamics in a Room-Temperature Au Nanoparticle Molten Salt. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:10258-65. [PMID: 16722727 DOI: 10.1021/jp060598i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A room-temperature Au38 nanoparticle polyether melt has been prepared by exchanging poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) thiolate ligands, HS-C6-PEG163, into the organic protecting monolayer of Au38(PhC2)24 nanoparticles. Spectral and electrochemical properties verify that the Au38 core size is preserved during the exchange. Adding LiClO4 electrolyte, free PEG plasticizer, and/or partitioned CO2 leads to an ionically conductive nanoparticle melt, on which voltammetric, chronoamperometric, and impedance measurements have been made, respectively, of the rates of electron and ion transport in the melt. Electron transport occurs by electron self-exchange reactions, or electron hopping, between diffusively relatively immobile Au38(0) and Au38(1+) nanoparticles. The rates of physical diffusion of electrolyte ions (diffusion coefficients DCION) are obtained from ionic conductivities. The measured rates of electron and of electrolyte ion transport are very similar, as are their thermal activation energy barriers, observations that are consistent with a recently introduced ion atmosphere relaxation model describing control of electron transfer in semisolid ion and electron-conductive media. The model has been previously demonstrated using a variety of metal complex polyether melts; the present results extend it to electron transfers between Au nanoparticles. In ion atmosphere relaxation control, measured rates and energy barriers for electron transfer are not intrinsic values but are instead characteristic of competition between back-electron transfer caused by a Coulombic disequilibrium resulting from an electron transfer and relaxation of counterions around donor-acceptor reaction partners so as to reachieve local electroneutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
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Wang W, Lee D, Leone AM, Murray RW. Counterion diffusivity measurements support ion atmosphere relaxation control of electron transfer rates in a semi-solid ruthenium complex molten salt. Chem Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2005.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Harper AS, Leone AM, Lee D, Wang W, Ranganathan S, Williams ME, Murray RW. Ion Atmosphere Relaxation Controlled Electron Transfers in Cobaltocenium Polyether Molten Salts. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:18852-9. [PMID: 16853426 DOI: 10.1021/jp051380j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A room-temperature redox molten salt for the study of electron transfers in semisolid media, based on combining bis(cyclopentadienyl)cobalt with oligomeric polyether counterions, [Cp2Co](MePEG350SO3), is reported. The transport properties of the new molten salt can be varied (plasticized) by varying the polyether content. The charge transport rate during voltammetric reduction of the ionically conductive [Cp2Co](MePEG350SO3) molten salt exceeds the actual physical diffusivity of [Cp2Co]+ because of rapid [Cp2Co](+/0) electron self-exchanges. The measured [Cp2Co](+/0) electron self-exchange rate constants (k(EX)) are proportional to the diffusion coefficients (D(CION)) of the counterions in the melt. The electron-transfer activation barrier energies are also close to those of ionic diffusion but are larger than those derived from optical intervalent charge-transfer results. Additionally, the [Cp2Co](+/0) rate constant results are close to those of dissimilar redox moieties in molten salts where D(CION) values are similar. All of these characteristics are consistent with the rates of electron transfers of [Cp2Co](+/0) (and the other donor-acceptor pairs) being controlled not by the intrinsic electron-transfer rates but by the rate of relaxation of the ion atmosphere around the reacting pair. In the low driving force regime of mixed-valent concentration gradients, the ion atmosphere relaxation is competitive with electron transfer. The results support the generality of the recently proposed model of ionic atmosphere relaxation control of electron transfers in ionically conductive, semisolid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Harper
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
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Ranganathan S, Murray RW. Comparison of Thermal and Optical Electron-Transfer Barriers in Ruthenium Redox Polyether Melts. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp046310b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Ranganathan
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Royce W. Murray
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Harper AS, Lee D, Crooker JC, Wang W, Williams ME, Murray RW. Parallel Variation of Mass Transport and Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Electron Transfer Rates in Hybrid Redox Polyether Molten Salts. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp036479+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lee D, Donkers RL, DeSimone JM, Murray RW. Voltammetry and electron-transfer dynamics in a molecular melt of a 1.2 nm metal quantum dot. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:1182-3. [PMID: 12553816 DOI: 10.1021/ja029030n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New molecular melts of nanoparticles have been obtained by place exchanging thiolated poly(ethyleneglycol, MW = 350) ligands into the monolayer shells of the quantum dot nanoparticle Au38(phenylethylthiolate)24. These melts are nearly monodisperse in monolayer protected Au clusters with core diameters of approximately 1.2 nm. LiClO4 electrolyte can be dissolved in the melt via the PEG component of the protecting monolayer, producing an ionically conductive nanophase and enabling voltammetry of the undiluted, semisolid nanoparticle molecular melt. The optical and electrochemical charging properties of the small nanoparticles have molecule-like characteristics (as opposed to quantized double layer charging) both in dilute fluid-solvent solutions and as undiluted melts. Potential step chronoamperometry shows that electronic charge is transported through the melt by diffusion-like core-core electron hopping reactions with a rate constant of 2 x 104 s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongil Lee
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
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Lee D, Harper AS, DeSimone JM, Murray RW. Ion atmosphere relaxation control of electron transfer dynamics in a plasticized carbon dioxide redox polyether melt. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:1096-103. [PMID: 12537510 DOI: 10.1021/ja0287128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The sorption of CO(2) into the highly viscous, semisolid hybrid redox polyether melt, [Co(phenanthroline)(3)](MePEG-SO(3))(2), where MePEG-SO(3) is a MW 350 polyether-tailed sulfonate anion, remarkably accelerates charge transport in this molten salt material. Electrochemical measurements show that as CO(2) pressure is increased from 0 to 800 psi (54 atm) at 23 degrees C, the physical diffusion coefficient D(PHYS) of the Co(II) species, the rate constant k(EX) for Co(II/I) electron self-exchange, and the physical diffusion coefficient of the counterion D(COUNTERION) all increase, from 4.3 x 10(-10) to 6.4 x 10(-9) cm(2)/s, 4.1 x 10(6) to 1.6 x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1), and 3.3 x 10(-9) to 1.6 x 10(-8) cm(2)/s, respectively. Plots of log(k(EX)) versus log(D(PHYS)) and of log(k(EX)) versus log(D(COUNTERION)) are linear, showing that electron self-exchange rate constants are closely associated with processes that also govern D(PHYS) and D(COUNTERION). Slopes of the plots are 0.68 and 0.98, respectively, indicating a better linear correlation between k(EX) and D(COUNTERION). The evidence indicates that k(EX) can be controlled by relaxation of the counterion atmosphere about the Co complexes in the semisolid redox polyether melts. Because the counterion relaxation is in turn controlled by polyether "solvent" fluctuations, this is a new form of solvent dynamics control of electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongil Lee
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry and NSF Science & Technology Center for Environmentally Responsible Solvents and Processes, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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