1
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Pierson CN, Hartwig JF. Mapping the mechanisms of oxidative addition in cross-coupling reactions catalysed by phosphine-ligated Ni(0). Nat Chem 2024; 16:930-937. [PMID: 38355826 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01451-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The complexes of first-row transition metals can undergo elementary reactions by multiple pathways due to their propensity to undergo both one- and two-electron redox steps. Classic and recent studies of the oxidative addition of aryl halides to Ni(0)-a common step in widely practised cross-coupling processes-have yielded contradictory conclusions about stepwise, radical versus concerted mechanisms, but such information is crucial to the design of catalysts based on earth-abundant metals. Here we show that the oxidative addition of aryl halides to Ni(0) ligated by monophosphines occurs by both mechanisms and delineate how the branching of radical and non-radical pathways depends on the electronic properties of both the ligand and reactant arene as well as the identity of the halide. The one-electron pathway occurs by outer-sphere electron transfer to form an aryl radical rather than the often-proposed halogen atom transfer.
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2
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Cai Y, Gaurav G, Ritter T. 1,4-Aminoarylation of Butadienes via Photoinduced Palladium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311250. [PMID: 38334292 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced, three-component palladium-catalyzed 1,4-aminoarylation of butadienes with readily available aryl halides and aliphatic amines has been developed, affording allylamines with excellent E-selectivity. The reaction exhibits exceptional control over chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity, a broad substrate scope, and high functional group compatibility, as demonstrated by the late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules. Mechanistic investigations are consistent with a photoinduced radical Pd(0)-Pd(I)-Pd(II)-Pd(0) Heck-Tsuji-Trost allylation cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cai
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Gaurav Gaurav
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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3
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Stevenson BG, Gironda C, Talbott E, Prascsak A, Burnett NL, Kompanijec V, Nakhamiyayev R, Fredin LA, Swierk JR. Photoredox Product Selectivity Controlled by Persistent Radical Stability. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37252849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of photoredox catalysis for the synthesis of small organic molecules relies on harnessing and converting the energy in visible light to drive reactions. Specifically, photon energy is used to generate radical ion species that can be harnessed through subsequent reaction steps to form a desired product. Cyanoarenes are widely used as arylating agents in photoredox catalysis because of their stability as persistent radical anions. However, there are marked, unexplained variations in product yields when using different cyanoarenes. In this study, the quantum yield and product yield of an α-aminoarylation photoredox reaction between five cyanoarene coupling partners and N-phenylpyrrolidine were characterized. Significant discrepancies in cyanoarene consumption and product yield suggested a chemically irreversible, unproductive pathway in the reaction. Analysis of the side products in the reaction demonstrated the formation of species consistent with radical anion fragmentation. Electrochemical and computational methods were used to study the fragmentation of the different cyanoarenes and revealed a correlation between product yield and cyanoarene radical anion stability. Kinetic modeling of the reaction demonstrates that cross-coupling selectivity between N-phenylpyrrolidine and the cyanoarene is controlled by the same phenomenon present in the persistent radical effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard G Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Vestal, New York 13850, United States
| | - Cameron Gironda
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Vestal, New York 13850, United States
| | - Eric Talbott
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Vestal, New York 13850, United States
| | - Amanda Prascsak
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Nora L Burnett
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Vestal, New York 13850, United States
| | - Victoria Kompanijec
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Vestal, New York 13850, United States
| | - Roman Nakhamiyayev
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Vestal, New York 13850, United States
| | - Lisa A Fredin
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - John R Swierk
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Vestal, New York 13850, United States
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4
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Yang F, He GC, Sun SH, Song TT, Min XT, Ji DW, Guo SY, Chen QA. Selective C-S Bond Constructions Using Inorganic Sulfurs via Photoinduced Electron Donor-Acceptor Activation. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14241-14249. [PMID: 36219805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
By complementing traditional transition metal catalysis, photoinduced catalysis has emerged as a versatile and sustainable way to achieve carbon-heteroatom bond formation. This work discloses a visible-light-induced reaction for the formation of a C-S bond from aryl halides and inorganic sulfuration agents via electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex photocatalysis. Divergent formations of organic sulfide and disulfide have been demonstrated under mild conditions. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that visible-light-induced intracomplex charge transfer within the monosulfide-anion-containing EDA complex permits the C-S bond construction reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Gu-Cheng He
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shao-Han Sun
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ting-Ting Song
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiang-Ting Min
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ding-Wei Ji
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shi-Yu Guo
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qing-An Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Ishimatsu R, Furukawa Y, Nakano K. Development of a facile time-resolved spectroelectrochemical method: An application to determine the rate constant of protonation for anions of 9,10-diphenylanthracene, biphenyl, and p-quaterphenyl. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Widness JK, Enny DG, McFarlane-Connelly KS, Miedenbauer MT, Krauss TD, Weix DJ. CdS Quantum Dots as Potent Photoreductants for Organic Chemistry Enabled by Auger Processes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12229-12246. [PMID: 35772053 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Strong reducing agents (<-2.0 V vs saturated calomel electrode (SCE)) enable a wide array of useful organic chemistry, but suffer from a variety of limitations. Stoichiometric metallic reductants such as alkali metals and SmI2 are commonly employed for these reactions; however, considerations including expense, ease of use, safety, and waste generation limit the practicality of these methods. Recent approaches utilizing energy from multiple photons or electron-primed photoredox catalysis have accessed reduction potentials equivalent to Li0 and shown how this enables selective transformations of aryl chlorides via aryl radicals. However, in some cases, low stability of catalytic intermediates can limit turnover numbers. Herein, we report the ability of CdS nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) to function as strong photoreductants and present evidence that a highly reducing electron is generated from two consecutive photoexcitations of CdS QDs with intermediate reductive quenching. Mechanistic experiments suggest that Auger recombination, a photophysical phenomenon known to occur in photoexcited anionic QDs, generates transient thermally excited electrons to enable the observed reductions. Using blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and sacrificial amine reductants, aryl chlorides and phosphate esters with reduction potentials up to -3.4 V vs SCE are photoreductively cleaved to afford hydrodefunctionalized or functionalized products. In contrast to small-molecule catalysts, QDs are stable under these conditions and turnover numbers up to 47 500 have been achieved. These conditions can also effect other challenging reductions, such as tosylate protecting group removal from amines, debenzylation of benzyl-protected alcohols, and reductive ring opening of cyclopropane carboxylic acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas K Widness
- Department of Chemistry, UW─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Daniel G Enny
- Department of Chemistry, UW─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | - Mahilet T Miedenbauer
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Todd D Krauss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Daniel J Weix
- Department of Chemistry, UW─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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7
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Andreev R, Beregovaya I, Shchegoleva L. Fragmentation of intermediate radical anions determines the main features of the hydrodefluorination of isomeric perfluoroxylenes. Quantum chemical substantiation. J Fluor Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2022.109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Asfandiarov NL, Muftakhov MV, Pshenichnyuk SA, Rakhmeev RG, Safronov AM, Markova AV, Vorob'ev AS, Luxford TFM, Kočišek J, Fedor J. Non-covalent anion structures in dissociative electron attachment to some brominated biphenyls. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:244302. [PMID: 34972364 DOI: 10.1063/5.0074013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work combines experiment and theory to reveal the behavior of bromo-substituted-biphenyls after an electron attachment. We experimentally determine anion lifetimes using an electron attachment-magnetic sector mass spectrometer instrument. Branching ratios of dissociative electron attachment fragments on longer timescales are determined using the electron attachment-quadrupole mass spectrometer instrument. In all cases, fragmentation is low: Only the Br- and [M-Br]- ions are detected, and [M-H]- is observed only in the case of 4-Br-biphenyl and parent anion lifetimes as long as 165 µs are observed. Such lifetimes are contradictory to the dissociation rates of 2- and 4-bromobiphenyl, as measured by the pulse radiolysis method to be 3.2 × 1010 and >5 × 1010 s-1, respectively. The discrepancy is plausibly explained by our calculation of the potential energy surface of the dissociating anion. Isolated in vacuum, the bromide anion can orbit the polarized aromatic radical at a long distance. A series of local minima on the potential energy surface allows for a roaming mechanism prolonging the detection time of such weakly bound complex anions. The present results illuminate the behavior recently observed in a series of bromo-substituted compounds of biological as well as technological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Asfandiarov
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 151, Ufa 450075, Russia
| | - M V Muftakhov
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 151, Ufa 450075, Russia
| | - S A Pshenichnyuk
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 151, Ufa 450075, Russia
| | - R G Rakhmeev
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 151, Ufa 450075, Russia
| | - A M Safronov
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 151, Ufa 450075, Russia
| | - A V Markova
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 151, Ufa 450075, Russia
| | - A S Vorob'ev
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy Pereulok 9, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - T F M Luxford
- Department of Dynamics of Molecules and Clusters, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Kočišek
- Department of Dynamics of Molecules and Clusters, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Fedor
- Department of Dynamics of Molecules and Clusters, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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9
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Li H, Liu Y, Chiba S. Leveraging of Sulfur Anions in Photoinduced Molecular Transformations. JACS AU 2021; 1:2121-2129. [PMID: 34977884 PMCID: PMC8715496 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This perspective describes recent advances in the use of sulfur anions to promote molecular transformations under irradiation with visible light. The topics are classified by the following reaction modes performed by the key sulfur anions: (1) C-S coupling via electron donor-acceptor (EDA) interactions, (2) photoinduced molecular transformation via sulfur anion EDA catalysis, (3) sulfur anions as photoredox and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalysts, and 4) dithiocarbamate and xanthate as nucleophilic catalysts for photoinduced radical cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Li
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Yuliang Liu
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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10
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Cook AR. Sub-picosecond Production of Solute Radical Cations in Tetrahydrofuran after Radiolysis. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10189-10197. [PMID: 34793148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast hole transfer from solvent radical cations produced by radiolysis with ∼10 ps, 9 MeV electron pulses to solutes in tetrahydrofuran (THF) was investigated. Because of rapid fragmentation of initially produced THF+•, solute radical cations are not expected and have not previously been reported. When 9,9-dihexyl-2,7-dibromofluorene (Br2F) at 5 to 1000 mM was used, Br2F+• with radiation chemical yields up to G = 2.23/100 eV absorbed was observed. While more than half of this was the result of direct solute ionization, the results highlight the importance of capturing holes from THF+• prior to solvation and fragmentation. The observed data show a time-resolution limited (15 ps) rise in transient absorption of Br2F+•, identical in form to reports of presolvated or dry electron capture in water and a few organic liquids, including THF. The results were thus interpreted with a similar formalism, finding C37 = 1.7 M, the concentration at which 37% of holes escape capture. The yield of solvent hole capture can be accounted for by the formation of solvent holes adjacent to solute molecules reacting faster than they can fragment; however, mechanisms such as delocalized holes or rapid hopping may play a role. Low temperature results find over two times more capture, supporting the speculation that if THF+• was longer lived, the yield of capture in under 15 ps would have been at least 2 times larger at 1 M Br2F, possibly capturing nearly all available holes from the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Cook
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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11
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Greener AJ, Ubysz P, Owens-Ward W, Smith G, Ocaña I, Whitwood AC, Chechik V, James MJ. Radical-anion coupling through reagent design: hydroxylation of aryl halides. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14641-14646. [PMID: 34881017 PMCID: PMC8580057 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04748e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The design and development of an oxime-based hydroxylation reagent, which can chemoselectively convert aryl halides (X = F, Cl, Br, I) into phenols under operationally simple, transition-metal-free conditions is described. Key to the success of this approach was the identification of a reducing oxime anion which can interact and couple with open-shell aryl radicals. Experimental and computational studies support the proposed radical-nucleophilic substitution chain mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Greener
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Patrycja Ubysz
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Will Owens-Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - George Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Ivan Ocaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Victor Chechik
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Michael J James
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
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12
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Woods EF, Berl AJ, Kantt LP, Eckdahl CT, Wasielewski MR, Haines BE, Kalow JA. Light Directs Monomer Coordination in Catalyst-Free Grignard Photopolymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18755-18765. [PMID: 34699721 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
π-Conjugated polymers can serve as active layers in flexible and lightweight electronics and are conventionally synthesized by transition-metal-mediated polycondensation at elevated temperatures. We recently reported a photopolymerization of electron-deficient heteroaryl Grignard monomers that enables the catalyst-free synthesis of n-type π-conjugated polymers. Herein, we describe an experimental and computational investigation into the mechanism of this photopolymerization. Spectroscopic studies performed in situ and after quenching reveal that the propagating chain is a radical anion with halide end groups. DFT calculations for model oligomers suggest a Mg-templated SRN1-type coupling, in which Grignard monomer coordination to the radical anion chain avoids the formation of free sp2 radicals and allows C-C bond formation with very low barriers. We find that light plays an unusual role in the reaction, photoexciting the radical anion chain to shift electron density to the termini and thus enabling productive monomer binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot F Woods
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Alexandra J Berl
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leanna P Kantt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christopher T Eckdahl
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brandon E Haines
- Department of Chemistry, Westmont College, 955 La Paz Rd, Santa Barbara, California 93108, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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13
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Eisenreich F, Kuster THR, van Krimpen D, Palmans ARA. Photoredox-Catalyzed Reduction of Halogenated Arenes in Water by Amphiphilic Polymeric Nanoparticles. Molecules 2021; 26:5882. [PMID: 34641426 PMCID: PMC8512223 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of organic photoredox catalysts provides new ways to perform metal-free reactions controlled by light. While these reactions are usually performed in organic media, the application of these catalysts at ambient temperatures in aqueous media is of considerable interest. We here compare the activity of two established organic photoredox catalysts, one based on 10-phenylphenothiazine (PTH) and one based on an acridinium dye (ACR), in the light-activated dehalogenation of aromatic halides in pure water. Both PTH and ACR were covalently attached to amphiphilic polymers that are designed to form polymeric nanoparticles with hydrodynamic diameter DH ranging between 5 and 11 nm in aqueous solution. Due to the hydrophobic side groups that furnish the interior of these nanoparticles after hydrophobic collapse, water-insoluble reagents can gather within the nanoparticles at high local catalyst and substrate concentrations. We evaluated six different amphiphilic polymeric nanoparticles to assess the effect of polymer length, catalyst loading and nature of the catalyst (PTH or ACR) in the dechlorination of a range of aromatic chlorides. In addition, we investigate the selectivity of both catalysts for reducing different types of aryl-halogen bonds present in one molecule, as well as the activity of the catalysts for C-C cross-coupling reactions. We find that all polymer-based catalysts show high activity for the reduction of electron-poor aromatic compounds. For electron-rich compounds, the ACR-based catalyst is more effective than PTH. In the selective dehalogenation reactions, the order of bond stability is C-Cl > C-Br > C-I irrespective of the catalyst applied. All in all, both water-compatible systems show good activity in water, with ACR-based catalysts being slightly more efficient for more resilient substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (F.E.); (T.H.R.K.); (D.v.K.)
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14
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Ma J, Bahry T, Denisov SA, Adhikary A, Mostafavi M. Quasi-Free Electron-Mediated Radiation Sensitization by C5-Halopyrimidines. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:7967-7975. [PMID: 34470211 PMCID: PMC8448956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Substitution of the thymidine moiety in DNA by C5-substituted halogenated thymidine analogues causes significant augmentation of radiation damage in living cells. However, the molecular pathway involved in such radiosensitization process has not been clearly elucidated to date in solution at room temperature. So far, low-energy electrons (LEEs; 0-20 eV) under vacuum condition and solvated electrons (esol-) in solution are shown to produce the σ-type C5-centered pyrimidine base radical through dissociative electron attachment involving carbon-halogen bond breakage. Formation of this σ-type radical and its subsequent reactions are proposed to cause cellular radiosensitization. Here, we report time-resolved measurements at room temperature, showing that a radiation-produced quasi-free electron (eqf-) in solution promptly breaks the C5-halogen bond in halopyrimidines forming the σ-type C5 radical via an excited transient anion radical. These results demonstrate the importance of ultrafast reactions of eqf-, which are extremely important in chemistry, physics, and biology, including tumor radiochemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, P. R. China
| | - Teseer Bahry
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, P. R. China
- Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000 CNRS, Bât. 349, Université Paris-Saclay; 91405, Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Sergey A. Denisov
- Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000 CNRS, Bât. 349, Université Paris-Saclay; 91405, Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Amitava Adhikary
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 146 Library Drive, Rochester, MI - 48309, United States
| | - Mehran Mostafavi
- Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000 CNRS, Bât. 349, Université Paris-Saclay; 91405, Orsay, Cedex, France
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15
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Li CJ. Organozinc-mediated direct cross-coupling under microwave irradiation. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198211026479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report a direct cross-coupling reaction between (het)aryl pivalates/tosylates and di(het)arylzinc species in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran/ N-methyl pyrrolidone (1:1), which occurs via C–O bond cleavage under microwave irradiation. The reaction takes place smoothly in short reaction times without the addition of any catalyst or ligand. The reaction is suitable for a broad scope of substrates and exhibits good functional group compatibility, utilizes a simple work-up procedure, and gives the desired products in high purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hebei Chemical and Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang, China
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16
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Tang T, Sandford C, Minteer SD, Sigman MS. Analyzing mechanisms in Co(i) redox catalysis using a pattern recognition platform. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4771-4778. [PMID: 34168755 PMCID: PMC8179645 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06725c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox catalysis has been broadly utilized in electrochemical synthesis due to its kinetic advantages over direct electrolysis. The appropriate choice of redox mediator can avoid electrode passivation and overpotential, which strongly inhibit the efficient activation of substrates in electrolysis. Despite the benefits brought by redox catalysis, establishing the precise nature of substrate activation remains challenging. Herein, we determine that a Co(i) complex bearing two N,N,N-tridentate ligands acts as a competent redox catalyst for the reduction of benzyl bromide substrates. Kinetic studies combining electroanalytical techniques with multivariable linear-regression analysis were conducted, disclosing an outer-sphere electron-transfer mechanism, which occurs in concert with C–Br bond cleavage. Furthermore, we apply a pattern recognition platform to distinguish between mechanisms in the activation of benzyl bromides, found to be dependent on the ligation state of the cobalt(i) center and ligand used. Through kinetic studies combining electroanalytical techniques with multivariable linear-regression (MLR) analysis, a pattern recognition platform is established to determine the electron-transfer mechanism (inner-sphere or outer-sphere) of an electrochemical reduction of benzyl bromides, mediated by different cobalt complexes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Christopher Sandford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
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17
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Abstract
A protocol for photoinduced cross-coupling of aryl iodides having polar π-functional groups or elongated π-conjugation with alkenes has been developed. The radical cascade mechanism involving generation of aryl radicals via C-I bond homolysis of photoexcited aryl iodides and their subsequent addition to alkenes is proposed. The method enables iodide-selective cross-coupling over other halogen leaving groups with functional group compatibility on both arene and alkene motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Haoyu Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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18
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Li H, Liu Y, Chiba S. Anti-Markovnikov hydroarylation of alkenes via polysulfide anion photocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6264-6267. [PMID: 34075955 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02185k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A protocol for anti-Markovnikov hydroarylation of alkenes with aryl halides has been developed using polysulfide anions as photocatalysts in the presence of the Hantzsch ester and water under irradiation with visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Yuliang Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
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19
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Li H, Tang X, Pang JH, Wu X, Yeow EKL, Wu J, Chiba S. Polysulfide Anions as Visible Light Photoredox Catalysts for Aryl Cross-Couplings. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:481-487. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Xinxin Tang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Jia Hao Pang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Edwin K. L. Yeow
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
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20
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Kim H, Kim H, Lambert TH, Lin S. Reductive Electrophotocatalysis: Merging Electricity and Light To Achieve Extreme Reduction Potentials. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2087-2092. [PMID: 31951390 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new electrophotocatalytic strategy that harnesses the power of light and electricity to generate an excited radical anion with a reducing potential of -3.2 V vs SCE, which can be used to activate substrates with very high reduction potentials (Ered ≈ -1.9 to -2.9 V). The resultant aryl radicals can be engaged in various synthetically useful transformations to furnish arylboronate, arylstannane, and biaryl products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Incheon National University , 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu , Incheon 22012 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
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21
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Cowper NGW, Chernowsky CP, Williams OP, Wickens ZK. Potent Reductants via Electron-Primed Photoredox Catalysis: Unlocking Aryl Chlorides for Radical Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2093-2099. [PMID: 31951393 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new catalytic strategy to transcend the energetic limitations of visible light by electrochemically priming a photocatalyst prior to excitation. This new catalytic system is able to productively engage aryl chlorides with reduction potentials hundreds of millivolts beyond the potential of Na0 in productive radical coupling reactions. The aryl radicals produced via this strategy can be leveraged for both carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming reactions. Through direct comparison, we illustrate the reactivity and selectivity advantages of this approach relative to electrolysis and photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G W Cowper
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Colleen P Chernowsky
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Oliver P Williams
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Zachary K Wickens
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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22
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23
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Asfandiarov NL, Pshenichnyuk SA, Rakhmeyev RG, Tuktarov RF, Zaitsev NL, Vorob’ev AS, Kočišek J, Fedor J, Modelli A. 4-Bromobiphenyl: Long-lived molecular anion formation and competition between electron detachment and dissociation. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:114304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5082611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. L. Asfandiarov
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics UFRC RAS, October Avenue 151, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - S. A. Pshenichnyuk
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics UFRC RAS, October Avenue 151, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - R. G. Rakhmeyev
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics UFRC RAS, October Avenue 151, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - R. F. Tuktarov
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics UFRC RAS, October Avenue 151, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - N. L. Zaitsev
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics UFRC RAS, October Avenue 151, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - A. S. Vorob’ev
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy Pereulok 9, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - J. Kočišek
- Department of Dynamics of Molecules and Clusters, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J. Fedor
- Department of Dynamics of Molecules and Clusters, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - A. Modelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician,” Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Scienze Ambientali, Università di Bologna, via S. Alberto 163, 48100 Ravenna, Italy
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24
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Ma J, Kumar A, Muroya Y, Yamashita S, Sakurai T, Denisov SA, Sevilla MD, Adhikary A, Seki S, Mostafavi M. Observation of dissociative quasi-free electron attachment to nucleoside via excited anion radical in solution. Nat Commun 2019; 10:102. [PMID: 30626877 PMCID: PMC6327028 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to DNA via dissociative electron attachment has been well-studied in both the gas and condensed phases; however, understanding this process in bulk solution at a fundamental level is still a challenge. Here, we use a picosecond pulse of a high energy electron beam to generate electrons in liquid diethylene glycol and observe the electron attachment dynamics to ribothymidine at different stages of electron relaxation. Our transient spectroscopic results reveal that the quasi-free electron with energy near the conduction band effectively attaches to ribothymidine leading to a new absorbing species that is characterized in the UV-visible region. This species exhibits a nearly concentration-independent decay with a time constant of ~350 ps. From time-resolved studies under different conditions, combined with data analysis and theoretical calculations, we assign this intermediate to an excited anion radical that undergoes N1-C1′ glycosidic bond dissociation rather than relaxation to its ground state. Radiation-induced low-energy electrons in solution are implicated in DNA damage, but their relaxation dynamics are not well understood. Here the authors observe how quasi-free electrons dissociate glycosidic bonds via an excited nucleoside anion radical, whereas solvated electrons reside on the nucleoside as a relatively stable anion radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 146 Library Drive, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA
| | - Yusa Muroya
- Department of Beam Materials Science, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yamashita
- Nuclear Professional School, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-22 Shirakata Shirane, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki, 319-1188, Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Sergey A Denisov
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000 CNRS/Université Paris-Sud, Bât. 349, 91405, Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Michael D Sevilla
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 146 Library Drive, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA
| | - Amitava Adhikary
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 146 Library Drive, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Mehran Mostafavi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000 CNRS/Université Paris-Sud, Bât. 349, 91405, Orsay, Cedex, France.
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25
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Keck C, Maichle-Mössmer C, Bettinger HF. Photo electron transfer induced desilylation of N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)aminodibenzoborole to aminodibenzoborole. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7470-7473. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03415c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced desilylation proceeds by single electron transfer and yields the first example of an unsubstituted aminoborole derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Keck
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
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26
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Yang H, Chu DZ, Jiao L. Aromatization modulates the activity of small organic molecules as promoters for carbon-halogen bond activation. Chem Sci 2018; 9:1534-1539. [PMID: 29675197 PMCID: PMC5887235 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04450j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The indoline/t-BuOK/O2 system was found to exhibit unprecedented high reactivity for promoting the BHAS reaction of aryl bromides and chlorides.
The combination of small organic molecules and a base serves as a unique system for the activation carbon–halogen bonds in haloarenes by single electron transfer (SET). However, most of the molecules employed as promoters only allow for the activation of aryl iodides, and efficient activation of aryl bromides and chlorides under this mode is still rather challenging. Herein, we report the discovery of a structurally simple yet powerful promoter molecule, indoline, which exhibits unusually high activity in promoting the activation of haloarenes by SET. In the presence of t-BuOK and a trace amount of oxygen, indoline promotes the formation of aryl radicals not only from aryl iodides and bromides, but also from unactivated aryl chlorides (e.g., chlorobenzene) under relatively mild conditions. Mechanistic studies reveal the molecular basis for its high activity, for which the aromatization process plays a key role in modulating the electron transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS) , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China .
| | - De-Zhao Chu
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS) , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China .
| | - Lei Jiao
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS) , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China .
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27
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Lligadas G, Grama S, Percec V. Single-Electron Transfer Living Radical Polymerization Platform to Practice, Develop, and Invent. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:2981-3008. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Lligadas
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Laboratory
of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic
Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Silvia Grama
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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28
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Uncovering the intrinsic relationship of electrocatalysis and molecular electrochemistry for dissociative electron transfer to polychloroethanes at silver cathode. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Geiger U, Haas Y. Preparation of the Cyclopentazole Anion in the Bulk: A Computational Study. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:6208-14. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b02228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uzi Geiger
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehuda Haas
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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30
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31
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Romańczyk PP, Rotko G, Kurek SS. Dissociative electron transfer in polychlorinated aromatics. Reduction potentials from convolution analysis and quantum chemical calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:22573-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02222g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The combination of convolution analysis and quantum-chemical calculations at DFT and CCSD(T)-F12 levels allows the determination of standard redox potentials and the mechanism type of dissociative ET in environmentally relevant polychlorinated benzenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr P. Romańczyk
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31–155 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Grzegorz Rotko
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31–155 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Stefan S. Kurek
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31–155 Kraków
- Poland
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32
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Murarka S, Möbus J, Erker G, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Studer A. TEMPO-mediated homocoupling of aryl Grignard reagents: mechanistic studies. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:2762-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02689f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of TEMPO mediated oxidative homo-coupling of aryl Grignard reagents to biphenyls is investigated in detail by experimental and computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Murarka
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Juri Möbus
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
- Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
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33
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Zhang N, Samanta SR, Rosen BM, Percec V. Single Electron Transfer in Radical Ion and Radical-Mediated Organic, Materials and Polymer Synthesis. Chem Rev 2014; 114:5848-958. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400689s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Shampa R. Samanta
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Brad M. Rosen
- DuPont Titanium Technologies, Chestnut Run Plaza, Wilmington, Delaware 19805, United States
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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34
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Abstract
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The
SET-induced biaryl cross-coupling reaction is established as
the first example of a Grignard SRN1 reaction. The reaction
is examined within the mechanistic framework of dissociative electron
transfer in the presence of a Lewis acid. DFT calculations show that
the reaction proceeds through a radical intermediate in the form of
an Mg ion-radical cage, which eludes detection in trapping experiments
by reacting quickly to form an MgPh2 radical anion intermediate.
A new mechanism is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon E Haines
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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35
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Ueno R, Shirakawa E. Base-promoted dehydrogenative coupling of benzene derivatives with amides or ethers. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:7469-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01253d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electronically neutral and deficient benzene derivatives are introduced into the dehydrogenative coupling as arenes that couple with amides/ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Ueno
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Sakyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Shirakawa
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Sakyo, Japan
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36
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Shirakawa E, Tamakuni F, Kusano E, Uchiyama N, Konagaya W, Watabe R, Hayashi T. Single-Electron-Transfer-Induced Coupling of Arylzinc Reagents with Aryl and Alkenyl Halides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:521-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Shirakawa E, Tamakuni F, Kusano E, Uchiyama N, Konagaya W, Watabe R, Hayashi T. Single-Electron-Transfer-Induced Coupling of Arylzinc Reagents with Aryl and Alkenyl Halides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Shirakawa E, Watabe R, Murakami T, Hayashi T. Single electron transfer-induced cross-coupling reaction of alkenyl halides with aryl Grignard reagents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:5219-21. [PMID: 23628923 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41923a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alkenyl halides were found to undergo coupling with aryl Grignard reagents to give the corresponding styrene derivatives in a stereo-retained manner. The cross-coupling reaction is considered to proceed through a single electron transfer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Shirakawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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39
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Uchiyama N, Shirakawa E, Hayashi T. Single electron transfer-induced Grignard cross-coupling involving ion radicals as exclusive intermediates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012. [PMID: 23188064 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37643a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the previously developed cross-coupling reaction of aryl Grignard reagents with aryl halides was explored in more detail. Single electron transfer from an aryl Grignard reagent to an aryl halide initiates a radical chain by giving an anion radical of the aryl halide. The following propagation cycle consists entirely of anion radical intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanase Uchiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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40
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Kim H, Lee C. Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Reductive Transformations of Organohalides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:12303-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Kim H, Lee C. Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Reductive Transformations of Organohalides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Cook AR, Sreearunothai P, Asaoka S, Miller JR. Sudden, “Step” Electron Capture by Conjugated Polymers. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:11615-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jp205790k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Cook
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11793-5000
| | - Paiboon Sreearunothai
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11793-5000
- Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thai 12121, Thailand
| | - Sadayuki Asaoka
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - John R. Miller
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11793-5000
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Saeki A, Yamamoto N, Yoshida Y, Kozawa T. Geminate Charge Recombination in Liquid Alkane with Concentrated CCl4: Effects of CCl4 Radical Anion and Narrowing of Initial Distribution of Cl–. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:10166-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jp205989r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Saeki
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamamoto
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yoichi Yoshida
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kozawa
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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Morimoto H, Tsubogo T, Litvinas ND, Hartwig JF. A broadly applicable copper reagent for trifluoromethylations and perfluoroalkylations of aryl iodides and bromides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:3793-8. [PMID: 21442711 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Morimoto H, Tsubogo T, Litvinas ND, Hartwig JF. A Broadly Applicable Copper Reagent for Trifluoromethylations and Perfluoroalkylations of Aryl Iodides and Bromides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Vallett PJ, Damrauer NH. Computational Exploration of Heterolytic Halogen−Carbon Bond Scission Photoreactions in Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:3122-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jp111000d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Vallett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Niels H. Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Isse AA, Gennaro A, Lin CY, Hodgson JL, Coote ML, Guliashvili T. Mechanism of Carbon−Halogen Bond Reductive Cleavage in Activated Alkyl Halide Initiators Relevant to Living Radical Polymerization: Theoretical and Experimental Study. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:6254-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ja110538b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdirisak A. Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ching Yeh Lin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free-Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Hodgson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free-Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free-Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Tamaz Guliashvili
- GE Power & Water, Water & Process Technologies, 4636 Somerton Road, Trevose, Pennsylvania 19053, United States
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48
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Zhang X, Zwanziger JW. Design and applications of an in situ electrochemical NMR cell. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2011; 208:136-147. [PMID: 21067948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A device using a three-electrode electrochemical cell (referred to as an ECNMR cell) was successfully constructed that could be used in a standard 5mm NMR probe to acquire high-resolution NMR spectra while the working electrode was held at a constant electrical potential. The working electrode was a 20 nm thick gold film thermally coated on the outside of an inner 3mm glass tube. An underlayer consisting of (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxy-silane was coated on the glass surface in order to improve its adhesion to gold. Tests showed prolonged life of the gold film. Details of the design and construction of the ECNMR cell are described. The ECNMR cell could be routinely used in a multi-user service high-resolution NMR instrument under oxygen-free conditions in both aqueous and non-aqueous solvents. Different approaches were applied to suppress the noise transmitted between the potentiostat and the NMR spectrometer. These approaches were shown to be effective in reducing background noise in the NMR spectra. The electrochemical and NMR performance of the ECNMR cell is presented. The reduction of 1,4-benzoquinone in both aqueous and non-aqueous solvents was used for testing. The evolution of the in situ ECNMR spectra with time demonstrated that use of the ECNMR cell was feasible. Studies of caffeic acid and 9-chloroanthracene using this ECNMR cell were undertaken to explore its applications, such as monitoring reactions and studying their reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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49
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Higashino S, Saeki A, Okamoto K, Tagawa S, Kozawa T. Formation and Decay of Fluorobenzene Radical Anions Affected by Their Isomeric Structures and the Number of Fluorine Atoms. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:8069-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jp102828g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saki Higashino
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan, Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University, N13, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan, and CREST-Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akinori Saeki
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan, Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University, N13, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan, and CREST-Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Okamoto
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan, Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University, N13, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan, and CREST-Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Seiichi Tagawa
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan, Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University, N13, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan, and CREST-Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kozawa
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan, Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University, N13, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan, and CREST-Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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50
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Boyarskii VP, Sangaranarayanan MV, Khaibulova TS, Boyarskaya IA. Reduction of mono- and dichlorobiphenyls with sodium-naphthalene complex. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363210040201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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