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Synthesis, characterization and potential sensing application of carbon dots synthesized via the hydrothermal treatment of cow milk. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22495. [PMID: 36577768 PMCID: PMC9797560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26906-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized in this study by hydrothermally treating cow milk. The procedure is simple, non-hazardous to the environment, and does not necessitate the use of any special instruments or chemicals. CQDs were practically almost circular when they were manufactured and had an average size of 7 nm. Carbon (67.36%), oxygen (22.73%), and nitrogen (9.91%) comprised the majority of their composition. They feature broad excitation-emission spectra, excitation-dependent emission, and temperature-dependent photoluminescence. They remained quite stable in the presence of a lot of salt, UV radiation, and storage time. Because luminescence quenching mechanisms are sensitive to and selective for Sn2+, they can be employed to create a nanosensor for detecting Sn2+.
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2
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Altiti A, He M, VanPatten S, Cheng KF, Ahmed U, Chiu PY, Mughrabi IT, Jabari BA, Burch RM, Manogue KR, Tracey KJ, Diamond B, Metz CN, Yang H, Hudson LK, Zanos S, Son M, Sherry B, Coleman TR, Al-Abed Y. Thiocarbazate building blocks enable the construction of azapeptides for rapid development of therapeutic candidates. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7127. [PMID: 36443291 PMCID: PMC9705435 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides, polymers of amino acids, comprise a vital and expanding therapeutic approach. Their rapid degradation by proteases, however, represents a major limitation to their therapeutic utility and chemical modifications to native peptides have been employed to mitigate this weakness. Herein, we describe functionalized thiocarbazate scaffolds as precursors of aza-amino acids, that, upon activation, can be integrated in a peptide sequence to generate azapeptides using conventional peptide synthetic methods. This methodology facilitates peptide editing-replacing targeted amino acid(s) with aza-amino acid(s) within a peptide-to form azapeptides with preferred therapeutic characteristics (extending half-life/bioavailability, while at the same time typically preserving structural features and biological activities). We demonstrate the convenience of this azapeptide synthesis platform in two well-studied peptides with short half-lives: FSSE/P5779, a tetrapeptide inhibitor of HMGB1/MD-2/TLR4 complex formation, and bradykinin, a nine-residue vasoactive peptide. This bench-stable thiocarbazate platform offers a robust and universal approach to optimize peptide-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Altiti
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.
| | - Mingzhu He
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Sonya VanPatten
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Kai Fan Cheng
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Umair Ahmed
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Pui Yan Chiu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Ibrahim T Mughrabi
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Bayan Al Jabari
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | | | - Kirk R Manogue
- Center for Molecular Innovation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Christine N Metz
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Huan Yang
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - LaQueta K Hudson
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Stavros Zanos
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Myoungsun Son
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Barbara Sherry
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Thomas R Coleman
- Center for Molecular Innovation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Center for Molecular Innovation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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3
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Mastitski A, Troska A, Järv J. Synthesis of Nω,Νω–di-Boc-3-guanidylpropanal - An Important Reagent for Synthesis of Aza-Arg Precursors. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2021.1967022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Mastitski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alla Troska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Järv
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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4
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5
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Jha AK, Sarita, Easwar S. Unsymmetrical N,N'-functionalization of hydrazine by insertion into Morita–Baylis–Hillman ketones. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.152971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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6
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Melton SD, Brackhahn EAE, Orlin SJ, Jin P, Chenoweth DM. Rules for the design of aza-glycine stabilized triple-helical collagen peptides. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10638-10646. [PMID: 34094319 PMCID: PMC8162259 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The stability of the triple-helical structure of collagen is modulated by a delicate balance of effects including polypeptide backbone geometry, a buried hydrogen bond network, dispersive interfacial interactions, and subtle stereoelectronic effects. Although the different amino acid propensities for the Xaa and Yaa positions of collagen's repeating (Glycine-Xaa-Yaa) primary structure have been described, our understanding of the impact of incorporating aza-glycine (azGly) residues adjacent to varied Xaa and Yaa position residues has been limited to specific sequences. Here, we detail the impact of variation in the Xaa position adjacent to an azGly residue and compare these results to our study on the impact of the Yaa position. For the first time, we present a set of design rules for azGly-stabilized triple-helical collagen peptides, accounting for all canonical amino acids in the Xaa and Yaa positions adjacent to an azGly residue, and extend these rules using multiple azGly residues. To gain atomic level insight into these new rules we present two high-resolution crystal structures of collagen triple helices, with the first peptoid-containing collagen peptide structure. In conjunction with biophysical and computational data, we highlight the critical importance of preserving the triple helix geometry and protecting the hydrogen bonding network proximal to the azGly residue from solvent. Our results provide a set of design guidelines for azGly-stabilized triple-helical collagen peptides and fundamental insight into collagen structure and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Melton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Emily A E Brackhahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Samuel J Orlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Pengfei Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - David M Chenoweth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
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7
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Melton SD, Smith MS, Chenoweth DM. Incorporation of Aza-Glycine into Collagen Peptides. J Org Chem 2019; 85:1706-1711. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D. Melton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Mason S. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - David M. Chenoweth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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8
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Kasznel AJ, Harris T, Porter NJ, Zhang Y, Chenoweth DM. Aza-proline effectively mimics l-proline stereochemistry in triple helical collagen. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6979-6983. [PMID: 31588264 PMCID: PMC6761869 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02211b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chenoweth and co-workers provide an atomic resolution crystal structure and computational analysis illustrating that aza-proline mimics l-proline stereochemistry in collagen.
The prevalence of l-amino acids in biomolecules has been shown to have teleological importance in biomolecular structure and self-assembly. Recently, biophysical studies have demonstrated that natural l-amino acids can be replaced with non-natural achiral aza-amino acids in folded protein structures such as triple helical collagen. However, the structural consequences of achiral aza-amino acid incorporation has not been elucidated in the context of any relevant folded biomolecule. Herein, we use X-ray crystallography to provide the first atomic resolution crystal structure of an achiral aza-amino acid residue embedded within a folded protein structure, definitively illustrating that achiral aza-proline has the capacity to effectively mimic the stereochemistry of natural amino acids within the context of triple helical collagen. We further corroborate this finding with density functional theory computational analysis showing that the natural l-amino acid stereochemistry for aza-proline is energetically favored when arranged in the aza-proline-hydroxyproline-glycine motif. In addition to providing fundamental insight into peptide and protein structure, the incorporation of achiral stereochemical mimics such as aza-amino acids could have far reaching impacts in areas ranging from synthetic materials to drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Kasznel
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 S. 34th St. , Philadelphia , PA 19104-6323 , USA . .,Department of Bioengineering , University of Pennsylvania , 210 S. 33rd St. , Philadelphia , PA 19104-6323 , USA
| | - Trevor Harris
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 S. 34th St. , Philadelphia , PA 19104-6323 , USA .
| | - Nicholas J Porter
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 S. 34th St. , Philadelphia , PA 19104-6323 , USA .
| | - Yitao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 S. 34th St. , Philadelphia , PA 19104-6323 , USA .
| | - David M Chenoweth
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 S. 34th St. , Philadelphia , PA 19104-6323 , USA .
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9
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Chingle R, Mulumba M, Chung NN, Nguyen TMD, Ong H, Ballet S, Schiller PW, Lubell WD. Solid-Phase Azopeptide Diels–Alder Chemistry for Aza-pipecolyl Residue Synthesis To Study Peptide Conformation. J Org Chem 2019; 84:6006-6016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nga N. Chung
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Thi M.-D. Nguyen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | | | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter W. Schiller
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
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10
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Yepremyan A, Mehmood A, Asgari P, Janesko BG, Simanek EE. Synthesis of Macrocycles Derived from Substituted Triazines. Chembiochem 2019; 20:241-246. [PMID: 30311340 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A triazine ring derivatized with morpholine, an N-alkyl-N'-BOC-hydrazine (alkyl=isopropyl or benzyl) and the diethylacetal of glycinylpropionaldehyde undergoes spontaneous dimerization in good yields upon acid-catalyzed deprotection. The resulting 24-member macrocycles can be characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. In the solid state, both homodimers adopt a taco-like conformation. Although each shows π-π stacking between the triazine rings, different patterns of hydrogen bonds emerge. The crystal structure of the isopropyl dimer shows that it includes two molecules of trifluoracetic acid per macrocycle. The trifluoroacetate anion charge balances the protonated triazines, which engage in bifurcated hydrogen bonds with the carbonyl acceptor of the distant glycine. This carbonyl also forms a hydrogen bond with the NH of the proximate glycine. The crystal structure of the benzyl derivative does not include trifluoracetic acid. Instead, two hydrogen bonds form, each between a glycine NH and the lone pair of the C=N nitrogen of the hydrazine group. In the solid state, both molecules present the alkyl side chains and morpholine groups in close proximity. A heterodimer is accessible in approximately statistical yields-along with both homodimers-by mixing the two protected monomers prior to subjecting them to deprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akop Yepremyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2800 S. University Avenue, Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA
| | - Arshad Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2800 S. University Avenue, Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA
| | - Parham Asgari
- Shimadzu Center of the University of Texas at Arlington, 505 W. Nedderman Drive, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Benjamin G Janesko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2800 S. University Avenue, Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA
| | - Eric E Simanek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2800 S. University Avenue, Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA
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11
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Mastitski A, Niinepuu S, Haljasorg T, Järv J. One-Pot Synthesis of Protected Benzylhydrazines from Acetals. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2018.1468983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Mastitski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Siret Niinepuu
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõiv Haljasorg
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Järv
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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12
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Miyashiro S, Ishii T, Miura Y, Yoshioka N. Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Stable Radical Derivatives Carrying a Phenylacetylene Unit. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020371. [PMID: 29425165 PMCID: PMC6017151 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A nitronyl nitroxide derivative, 2-phenylethynyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-oxyl-3-oxide (1), and two verdazyl derivatives carrying a phenylacetylene unit, 1,5-diphenyl-3-phenylethynyl-6-oxo-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-2-yl (2) and 1,5-diisopropyl-3-phenylethynyl-6-oxo-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-2-yl (3), were synthesized and their packing structures were studied by X-ray crystallographic analysis and magnetically characterized in the solid state. While 1 and 3 had an isolated doublet spin state, 2 formed an antiferromagnetically coupled pair (2J/kB = −118 K). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the spin density polarized in the phenyl group decreases as the dihedral angle between the phenyl ring and radical plane increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Miyashiro
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Ishii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Youhei Miura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Naoki Yoshioka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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13
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Bizet F, Tonali N, Soulier JL, Oliva A, Kaffy J, Crousse B, Ongeri S. Towards a general synthesis of di-aza-amino acids containing peptides. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03635g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three synthetic routes are studied and compared to introduce two consecutive aza-amino acids bearing various side chains into peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustine Bizet
- BioCIS, Univ. Paris-Sud
- CNRS, Université Paris Saclay
- 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément
- 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex
- France
| | - Nicolo Tonali
- BioCIS, Univ. Paris-Sud
- CNRS, Université Paris Saclay
- 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément
- 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex
- France
| | - Jean-Louis Soulier
- BioCIS, Univ. Paris-Sud
- CNRS, Université Paris Saclay
- 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément
- 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex
- France
| | - Agostino Oliva
- BioCIS, Univ. Paris-Sud
- CNRS, Université Paris Saclay
- 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément
- 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex
- France
| | - Julia Kaffy
- BioCIS, Univ. Paris-Sud
- CNRS, Université Paris Saclay
- 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément
- 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex
- France
| | - Benoit Crousse
- BioCIS, Univ. Paris-Sud
- CNRS, Université Paris Saclay
- 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément
- 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex
- France
| | - Sandrine Ongeri
- BioCIS, Univ. Paris-Sud
- CNRS, Université Paris Saclay
- 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément
- 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex
- France
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Ibrahim MIA, Zhou Z, Deng C, Didierjean C, Vanderesse R, Bodiguel J, Averlant-Petit MC, Jamart-Grégoire B. Impact of Cα
-Chirality on Supramolecular Self-Assembly in Cyclo-2:1-[α/aza]-Hexamers (d
/l
-Phe-azaPhe-Ala)2. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ibrahim Abdelmoneim Ibrahim
- Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique Macromoléculaire (LCPM); UMR 7375; CNRS; Université de Lorraine; 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451 54001 Nancy France
- Marine Chemistry Department; National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF); Qayet-Bey, El-Anfoushy 21557 Alexandria Egypt
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique Macromoléculaire (LCPM); UMR 7375; CNRS; Université de Lorraine; 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451 54001 Nancy France
| | - Cheng Deng
- Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique Macromoléculaire (LCPM); UMR 7375; CNRS; Université de Lorraine; 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451 54001 Nancy France
| | - Claude Didierjean
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie; Résonance Magnétique et Modélisation (CRM2); UMR 7036; CNRS; Université de Lorraine; Boulevard des Aiguillettes 56506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Régis Vanderesse
- Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique Macromoléculaire (LCPM); UMR 7375; CNRS; Université de Lorraine; 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451 54001 Nancy France
| | - Jacques Bodiguel
- Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique Macromoléculaire (LCPM); UMR 7375; CNRS; Université de Lorraine; 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451 54001 Nancy France
| | - Marie-Christine Averlant-Petit
- Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique Macromoléculaire (LCPM); UMR 7375; CNRS; Université de Lorraine; 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451 54001 Nancy France
| | - Brigitte Jamart-Grégoire
- Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique Macromoléculaire (LCPM); UMR 7375; CNRS; Université de Lorraine; 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451 54001 Nancy France
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15
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Kuhn K, Littmann T, Dukorn S, Tanaka M, Keller M, Ozawa T, Bernhardt G, Buschauer A. In Search of NPY Y 4R Antagonists: Incorporation of Carbamoylated Arginine, Aza-Amino Acids, or d-Amino Acids into Oligopeptides Derived from the C-Termini of the Endogenous Agonists. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:3616-3631. [PMID: 30023699 PMCID: PMC6044894 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The cross-linked pentapeptides (2R,7R)-diaminooctanedioyl-bis(Tyr-Arg-Leu-Arg-Tyr-amide) ((2R,7R)-BVD-74D, (2R,7R)-1) and octanedioyl-bis(Tyr-Arg-Leu-Arg-Tyr-amide) (2) as well as the pentapeptide Ac-Tyr-Arg-Leu-Arg-Tyr-amide (3) were previously described as neuropeptide Y Y4 receptor (Y4R) partial agonists. Here, we report on a series of analogues of (2R,7R)-1 and 2 in which Arg2, Leu3, or Arg4 were replaced by the respective aza-amino acids. The replacement of Arg2 in 3 with a carbamoylated arginine building block and the extension of the N-terminus by an additional arginine led to the high-affinity hexapeptide Ac-Arg-Tyr-Nω-[(4-aminobutyl)aminocarbonyl]Arg-Leu-Arg-Tyr-amide (35), which was used as a precursor for a d-amino acid scan. The target compounds were investigated for Y4R functional activity in assays with complementary readouts: aequorin Ca2+ and β-arrestin 1 or β-arrestin 2 assays. In contrast to the parent compounds, which are Y4R agonists, several ligands were able to suppress the effect elicited by the endogenous ligand pancreatic polypeptide and therefore represent a novel class of peptide Y4R antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian
K. Kuhn
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
| | - Timo Littmann
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dukorn
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
| | - Miho Tanaka
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Max Keller
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
| | - Takeaki Ozawa
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Günther Bernhardt
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
| | - Armin Buschauer
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
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16
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Chingle R, Proulx C, Lubell WD. Azapeptide Synthesis Methods for Expanding Side-Chain Diversity for Biomedical Applications. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:1541-1556. [PMID: 28598597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mimicry of bioactive conformations is critical for peptide-based medicinal chemistry because such peptidomimetics may augment stability, enhance affinity, and increase specificity. Azapeptides are peptidomimetics in which the α-carbon(s) of one or more amino acid residues are substituted by nitrogen. The resulting semicarbazide analogues have been shown to reinforce β-turn conformation through the combination of lone pair-lone pair repulsion of the adjacent hydrazine nitrogen and urea planarity. Substitution of a semicarbazide for an amino amide residue in a peptide may retain biological activity and add benefits such as improved metabolic stability. The applications of azapeptides include receptor ligands, enzyme inhibitors, prodrugs, probes, and imaging agents. Moreover, azapeptides have proven therapeutic utility. For example, the aza-glycinamide analogue of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue Zoladex is a potent long-acting agonist currently used in the clinic for the treatment of prostate and breast cancer. However, the use of azapeptides was hampered by tedious solution-phase synthetic routes for selective hydrazine functionalization. A remarkable stride to overcome this bottleneck was made in 2009 through the introduction of the submonomer procedure for azapeptide synthesis, which enabled addition of diverse side chains onto a common semicarbazone intermediate, providing a means to construct azapeptide libraries by solution- and solid-phase chemistry. In brief, aza residues are introduced into the peptide chain using the submonomer strategy by semicarbazone incorporation, deprotonation, N-alkylation, and orthogonal deprotection. Amino acylation of the resulting semicarbazide and elongation gives the desired azapeptide. Since the initial report, a number of chemical transformations have taken advantage of the orthogonal chemistry of semicarbazone residues (e.g., Michael additions and N-arylations). In addition, libraries have been synthesized from libraries by diversification of aza-propargylglycine (e.g., A3 coupling reactions, [1,3]-dipolar cycloadditions, and 5-exo-dig cyclizations) and aza-chloroalkylglycine residues. In addition, oxidation of aza-glycine residues has afforded azopeptides that react in pericyclic reactions (e.g., Diels-Alder and Alder-ene chemistry). The bulk of these transformations of aza-glycine residues have been developed by the Lubell laboratory, which has applied such chemistry in the synthesis of ligands with promising biological activity for treating diseases such as cancer and age-related macular degeneration. Azapeptide analogues of growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 (His-d-Trp-Ala-Trp-d-Phe-Lys-NH2, GHRP-6) have for example been pursued as ligands of the cluster of differentiation 36 receptor (CD36) and show promising activity for the development of treatments for angiogenesis-related diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, as well as for atherosclerosis. Azapeptides have also been employed to make a series of conformationally constrained second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac) mimetics that exhibit promising apoptosis-inducing activity in cancer cells. The synthesis of cyclic azapeptide derivatives was used to make an aza scan to study the conformation-activity relationships of the anticancer agent cilengitide, cyclo(RGDf-N(Me)V), and its parent counterpart cyclo(RGDfV), which exhibit potency against human tumor metastasis and tumor-induced angiogenesis. Innovations in the synthesis and application of azapeptides will be presented in this Account, focusing on the creation and use of side-chain diversity in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Chingle
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Caroline Proulx
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - William D. Lubell
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
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17
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High yield synthesis of cyclic analogues of antibacterial peptides P-113 by Sortase A-mediated ligation and their conformation studies. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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19
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Strack M, Bedini A, Yip KT, Lombardi S, Siegmund D, Stoll R, Spampinato SM, Metzler-Nolte N. A Blocking Group Scan Using a Spherical Organometallic Complex Identifies an Unprecedented Binding Mode with Potent Activity In Vitro and In Vivo for the Opioid Peptide Dermorphin. Chemistry 2016; 22:14605-10. [PMID: 27553294 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the selective enforcement of one particular receptor-ligand interaction between specific domains of the μ-selective opioid peptide dermorphin and the μ opioid receptor is presented. For this, a blocking group scan is described which exploits the steric demand of a bis(quinolinylmethyl)amine rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complex conjugated to a number of different, strategically chosen positions of dermorphin. The prepared peptide conjugates lead to the discovery of two different binding modes: An expected N-terminal binding mode corresponds to the established view of opioid peptide binding, whereas an unexpected C-terminal binding mode is newly discovered. Surprisingly, both binding modes provide high affinity and agonistic activity at the μ opioid receptor in vitro. Furthermore, the unprecedented C-terminal binding mode shows potent dose-dependent antinociception in vivo. Finally, in silico docking studies support receptor activation by both dermorphin binding modes and suggest a biological relevance for dermorphin itself. Relevant ligand-protein interactions are similar for both binding modes, which is in line with previous protein mutation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Strack
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Bioinorganic Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrea Bedini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, Bologna, Italy
| | - King T Yip
- Biomolecular NMR, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sara Lombardi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniel Siegmund
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Bioinorganic Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Raphael Stoll
- Biomolecular NMR, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Santi M Spampinato
- Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nils Metzler-Nolte
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Bioinorganic Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
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20
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Eustache S, Leprince J, Tufféry P. Progress with peptide scanning to study structure-activity relationships: the implications for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:771-84. [PMID: 27310575 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1201058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peptides have gained renewed interest as candidate therapeutics. However, to bring them to a broader clinical use, challenges such as the rational optimization of their pharmacological properties remain. Peptide scanning techniques offer a systematic framework to gain information on the functional role of individual amino acids of a peptide. Due to progress in mastering new chemical synthesis routes targeting amino acid backbone, they are currently diversified. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analyses such as alanine- or enantioneric- scanning can now be supplemented by N-substitution, lactam cyclisation- or aza-amino scanning procedures addressing not only SAR considerations but also the peptide pharmacological properties. AREAS COVERED This review highlights the different scanning techniques currently available and illustrates how they can impact drug discovery. EXPERT OPINION Progress in peptide scanning techniques opens new perspectives for peptide drug development. It comes with the promise of a paradigm change in peptide drug design in which peptide drugs will be closer to the parent peptides. However, scanning still remains assimilable to a trial and error strategy that could benefit from being combined with specific in silico approaches that start reaching maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Eustache
- a INSERM UMR-S 973 , University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- b INSERM U982 , Regional Platform for Cell Imaging of Normandy (PRIMACEN), University Rouen-Normandy , Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Pierre Tufféry
- a INSERM UMR-S 973 , University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
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21
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Chingle R, Ratni S, Claing A, Lubell WD. Application of constrained aza-valine analogs for Smac mimicry. Biopolymers 2016; 106:235-44. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Chingle
- Département De Chimie; Université De Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal; QC H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Sara Ratni
- Département De Pharmacologie; Université De Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal; QC H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Audrey Claing
- Département De Pharmacologie; Université De Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal; QC H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - William D. Lubell
- Département De Chimie; Université De Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal; QC H3C 3J7 Canada
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22
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Udhaya Kumar C, Sethukumar A, Velayutham Pillai M, Arul Prakasam B, Ramalingan C, Vidhyasagar T. Synthesis, spectral and structural studies of alkyl 2-(3-alkyl-2,6-diarylpiperidin-4-ylidene)hydrazinecarboxylate derivatives: Crystal and molecular structure of methyl 2-(3-methyl-2,6-diphenylpiperidin-4-ylidene)hydrazinecarboxylate. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Antunes S, Douat C, Guichard G. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Hybrid Urea Oligomers Containing Conservative Thiourea Mutations. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Velthuisen EJ, Johns BA, Temelkoff DP, Brown KW, Danehower SC. The design of 8-hydroxyquinoline tetracyclic lactams as HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 117:99-112. [PMID: 27092410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitors were designed using the venerable two-metal binding pharmacophore model and incorporating structural elements from two different literature scaffolds. This manuscript describes a number of 8-hydroxyquinoline tetracyclic lactams with exceptional antiviral activity against HIV-1 and little loss of potency against the IN signature resistance mutations Q148K and G140S/Q148H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile J Velthuisen
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area Unit, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Brian A Johns
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area Unit, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - David P Temelkoff
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area Unit, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Kevin W Brown
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area Unit, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Susan C Danehower
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area Unit, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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25
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Vertesaljai P, Lebedyeva IO, Oliferenko AA, Qi X, Fu J, Ostrov DA, Asiri AM, Dennis Hall C, Katritzky A. Mimicking a proline tripeptide with pyrazolidines and a cyclopentane linker. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Mastitski A, Niinepuu S, Haljasorg T, Järv J. One-pot Synthesis of Protected Alkylhydrazines from Acetals and Ketals. Scope and Limitations. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2015.1088760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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27
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Zhang Y, Malamakal RM, Chenoweth DM. A Single Stereodynamic Center Modulates the Rate of Self-Assembly in a Biomolecular System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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28
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Zhang Y, Malamakal RM, Chenoweth DM. A Single Stereodynamic Center Modulates the Rate of Self-Assembly in a Biomolecular System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [PMID: 26212926 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chirality is a property of asymmetry important to both physical and abstract systems. Understanding how molecular systems respond to perturbations in their chiral building blocks can provide insight into diverse areas such as biomolecular self-assembly, protein folding, drug design, materials, and catalysis. Despite the fundamental importance of stereochemical preorganization in nature and designed materials, the ramifications of replacing chiral centers with stereodynamic atomic mimics in the context of biomolecular systems is unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that replacement of a single amino acid stereocenter with a stereodynamic nitrogen atom has profound consequences on the self-assembly of a biomolecular system. Our results provide insight into how the fundamental biopolymers of life would behave if their chiral centers were not configurationally stable, highlighting the vital importance of stereochemistry as a pre-organizing element in biomolecular folding and assembly events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34thStreet, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (USA)
| | - Roy M Malamakal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34thStreet, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (USA)
| | - David M Chenoweth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34thStreet, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (USA).
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29
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Doan ND, Zhang J, Traoré M, Kamdem W, Lubell WD. Solid-phase synthesis of C-terminal azapeptides. J Pept Sci 2014; 21:387-91. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Duc Doan
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Mariam Traoré
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Winnie Kamdem
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - William D. Lubell
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
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30
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Bourguet CB, Claing A, Laporte SA, Hébert TE, Chemtob S, Lubell WD. Synthesis of azabicycloalkanone amino acid and azapeptide mimics and their application as modulators of the prostaglandin F2α receptor for delaying preterm birth. CAN J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Premature birth (<37 weeks gestation) is the major cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity and has been steadily increasing worldwide. Towards the rational design of more effective therapeutic agents for inhibiting uterine contractions and prolonging gestation (a so-called tocolytic drug), our team has targeted the prostaglandin F2α receptor (FP) employing a peptidomimetic approach designed to provide modulators of this novel target. We identified first a lead peptide (PDC113) (1) based on the sequence of the second extracellular loop of FP on the basis that the loop itself might modulate receptor activation. Systematic study of the structure−activity relationships of 1 generated hypotheses concerning the conformation and side-chains responsible for activity that led to the synthesis of PDC113.31 (2), a potent all d-amino acid peptide, which has successfully completed Phase 1b clinical trials. Employing indolizidinone amino acids, peptide mimics were developed that served to probe the mechanism of FP modulation. For example, PDC113.824 (9) was shown to allosterically regulate FP activity contingent on the presence of prostaglandin F2α by a mechanism implicating biased signalling. Although attempts to understand the turn geometry responsible for the activity of 9 by replacement of its indolizidin-2-one moiety with other azabicycloalkanones failed to produce biologically active analogs, employment of aza-aminoacyl-proline analogs resulted in a series of FP modulators exhibiting distinct effects on different G protein-mediated signalling pathways. Our program has thus contributed novel probes for understanding the chemical biology of FP as well as new therapeutic agents with promise for inhibiting uterine contractions and preventing preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine B. Bourguet
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P.6128. Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Audrey Claing
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Montréal, C.P.6128. Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Stéphane A. Laporte
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Terence E. Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - William D. Lubell
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P.6128. Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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31
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Kurian LA, Silva TA, Sabatino D. Submonomer synthesis of azapeptide ligands of the Insulin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase domain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4176-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Melnyk O, Ollivier N, Besret S, Melnyk P. Phenylthiocarbamate or N-carbothiophenyl group chemistry in peptide synthesis and bioconjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:629-39. [PMID: 24641212 PMCID: PMC4064696 DOI: 10.1021/bc500052r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The design of novel chemoselective
and site-specific ligation methods
provides new tools for obtaining complex scaffolds, peptidomimetics,
and peptide conjugates. The chemistry of the N-phenylthiocarbonyl
group has led to several developments in peptide ligation chemistry
and peptide bioconjugation during the last 10 years. The aim of this
review is to provide an overview of this emerging field.
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33
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Lan H, Wen Y, Shi Y, Liu K, Mao Y, Yi T. Fluorescence turn-on detection of Sn2+ in live eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Analyst 2014; 139:5223-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01014k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence turn-on probes for selective detection of Sn(ii) in live eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichuang Lan
- Department of Chemistry and Concerted Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ying Wen
- Department of Chemistry and Concerted Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunming Shi
- P&G Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd
- Beijing, China
| | - Keyin Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Concerted Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yueyuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Concerted Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tao Yi
- Department of Chemistry and Concerted Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433, China
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34
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Avan I, Hall CD, Katritzky AR. Peptidomimetics via modifications of amino acids and peptide bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:3575-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60384a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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35
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Jamieson AG, Boutard N, Sabatino D, Lubell WD. Peptide scanning for studying structure-activity relationships in drug discovery. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 81:148-65. [PMID: 23253136 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-based therapeutics have grown in importance over the last few decades. Furthermore, peptides have been extensively used as lead compounds in the drug discovery process to investigate the nature of chemical space required for molecular recognition and activity at a variety of targets. This critical commentary reviews scanning techniques, which employ natural and non-proteinogenic amino acids to facilitate understanding of structural requirements for peptide biological activity. The value of sequence analysis by such methods is highlighted by examples, in which the elements for peptide affinity and activity have been elucidated and employed to prepare peptidomimetic leads for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Jamieson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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36
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Abo-Dya NE, Biswas S, Basak A, Avan I, Alamry KA, Katritzky AR. Benzotriazole-Mediated Synthesis of Aza-peptides: En Route to an Aza-Leuenkephalin Analogue. J Org Chem 2013; 78:3541-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jo302251e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nader E. Abo-Dya
- Center for
Heterocyclic Compounds,
Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic
Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Suvendu Biswas
- Center for
Heterocyclic Compounds,
Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Akash Basak
- Center for
Heterocyclic Compounds,
Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Ilker Avan
- Center for
Heterocyclic Compounds,
Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Khalid A. Alamry
- Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alan R. Katritzky
- Center for
Heterocyclic Compounds,
Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
- Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Pandey AK, Naduthambi D, Thomas KM, Zondlo NJ. Proline editing: a general and practical approach to the synthesis of functionally and structurally diverse peptides. Analysis of steric versus stereoelectronic effects of 4-substituted prolines on conformation within peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4333-63. [PMID: 23402492 PMCID: PMC4209921 DOI: 10.1021/ja3109664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized proline residues have diverse applications. Herein we describe a practical approach, proline editing, for the synthesis of peptides with stereospecifically modified proline residues. Peptides are synthesized by standard solid-phase peptide synthesis to incorporate Fmoc-hydroxyproline (4R-Hyp). In an automated manner, the Hyp hydroxyl is protected and the remainder of the peptide synthesized. After peptide synthesis, the Hyp protecting group is orthogonally removed and Hyp selectively modified to generate substituted proline amino acids, with the peptide main chain functioning to "protect" the proline amino and carboxyl groups. In a model tetrapeptide (Ac-TYPN-NH2), 4R-Hyp was stereospecifically converted to 122 different 4-substituted prolyl amino acids, with 4R or 4S stereochemistry, via Mitsunobu, oxidation, reduction, acylation, and substitution reactions. 4-Substituted prolines synthesized via proline editing include incorporated structured amino acid mimetics (Cys, Asp/Glu, Phe, Lys, Arg, pSer/pThr), recognition motifs (biotin, RGD), electron-withdrawing groups to induce stereoelectronic effects (fluoro, nitrobenzoate), handles for heteronuclear NMR ((19)F:fluoro; pentafluorophenyl or perfluoro-tert-butyl ether; 4,4-difluoro; (77)SePh) and other spectroscopies (fluorescence, IR: cyanophenyl ether), leaving groups (sulfonate, halide, NHS, bromoacetate), and other reactive handles (amine, thiol, thioester, ketone, hydroxylamine, maleimide, acrylate, azide, alkene, alkyne, aryl halide, tetrazine, 1,2-aminothiol). Proline editing provides access to these proline derivatives with no solution-phase synthesis. All peptides were analyzed by NMR to identify stereoelectronic and steric effects on conformation. Proline derivatives were synthesized to permit bioorthogonal conjugation reactions, including azide-alkyne, tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene, oxime, reductive amination, native chemical ligation, Suzuki, Sonogashira, cross-metathesis, and Diels-Alder reactions. These proline derivatives allowed three parallel bioorthogonal reactions to be conducted in one solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Devan Naduthambi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Krista M. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Neal J. Zondlo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
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38
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Ottersbach PA, Schmitz J, Schnakenburg G, Gütschow M. An access to aza-Freidinger lactams and E-locked analogs. Org Lett 2013; 15:448-51. [PMID: 23320486 DOI: 10.1021/ol3030583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Freidinger lactams, possessing a peptide bond configuration locked to Z, are important key elements of conformationally restricted peptidomimetics. In the present work, the C(α)H(i+1) unit has been replaced by N, leading to novel aza-Freidinger lactams. A synthesis to corresponding building blocks and their E-locked analogs is introduced. The versatile buildings blocks reported here are expected to serve as useful elements in peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A Ottersbach
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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39
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Garcia-Ramos Y, Proulx C, Lubell WD. Synthesis of hydrazine and azapeptide derivatives by alkylation of carbazates and semicarbazones. CAN J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/v2012-070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrazine and azapeptide analogs were synthesized effectively by alkylation of alkylidene carbazates and semicarbazones. In comparisons of benzylidene, benzhydrylidene, and fluorenylidene tert-butyl carbazates in alkylations using bases of different pKb character, superior conversion was obtained using the fluorenone derivative. Mild alkylation conditions were found employing Et4NOH as base and used to convert fluorenylidene tert-butyl carbazate into 13 different protected hydrazines. Moreover, racemization was avoided during alkylation of fluorenylidene semicarbazide in the synthesis of aza-propargylglycinylphenylalanine tert-butyl ester, the protecting groups from which could be selectively removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesica Garcia-Ramos
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Caroline Proulx
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - William D. Lubell
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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40
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Proulx C, Picard É, Boeglin D, Pohankova P, Chemtob S, Ong H, Lubell WD. Azapeptide Analogues of the Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide 6 as Cluster of Differentiation 36 Receptor Ligands with Reduced Affinity for the Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor 1a. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6502-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300557t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Proulx
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec
H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Émilie Picard
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec
H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Damien Boeglin
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec
H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Petra Pohankova
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec
H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec
H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Huy Ong
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec
H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - William D. Lubell
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec
H3C 3J7, Canada
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41
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Spiegel J, Mas-Moruno C, Kessler H, Lubell WD. Cyclic Aza-peptide Integrin Ligand Synthesis and Biological Activity. J Org Chem 2012; 77:5271-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo300311q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Spiegel
- Department Chemie, Institute
for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale
Centre Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Carlos Mas-Moruno
- Department Chemie, Institute
for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Horst Kessler
- Department Chemie, Institute
for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty
of Science, King Abdulaziz University,
P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - William D. Lubell
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale
Centre Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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42
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Moussodia RO, Acherar S, Bordessa A, Vanderesse R, Jamart-Grégoire B. An expedient and short synthesis of chiral α-hydrazinoesters: synthesis and conformational analysis of 1:1 [α/α-Nα-hydrazino]mers. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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43
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Tšupova S, Lebedev O, Mäeorg U. Combination of hydrazine polyanion strategy and ring-closing metathesis in the synthesis of heterocycles. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.11.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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44
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Tal-Gan Y, Freeman NS, Klein S, Levitzki A, Gilon C. Metabolic stability of peptidomimetics: N-methyl and aza heptapeptide analogs of a PKB/Akt inhibitor. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 78:887-92. [PMID: 21824328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Linear peptides suffer from poor pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Peptidomimetics are designed to overcome these pharmacological drawbacks while maintaining the biological effects of the parent peptides. Aza-peptides, in which an alpha carbon is replaced with nitrogen, are promising peptidomimetic analogs; however, little is known about the stability of these analogs toward enzymatic degradation. We performed systematic aza and N-methyl scans of a PKB/Akt inhibitor, PTR6154. We evaluated the stability of the aza-scan and N-methyl scan libraries toward enzymatic degradation by trypsin/chymotrypsin. Our results indicate that the modification site is important for metabolic stability and that aza-peptides have a more global effect than N-methylation, affecting cleavage sites distant from the modification site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yftah Tal-Gan
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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45
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Sabatino D, Proulx C, Pohankova P, Ong H, Lubell WD. Structure–Activity Relationships of GHRP-6 Azapeptide Ligands of the CD36 Scavenger Receptor by Solid-Phase Submonomer Azapeptide Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:12493-506. [DOI: 10.1021/ja203007u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Sabatino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange New Jersey 07079, United States
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46
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Abstract
Azapeptides are peptide analogs in which one or more of the amino residues is replaced by a semicarbazide. This substitution of a nitrogen for the α-carbon center results in conformational restrictions, which bend the peptide about the aza-amino acid residue away from a linear geometry. The resulting azapeptide turn conformations have been observed by x-ray crystallography and spectroscopy, as well as predicted based on computational models. In biologically active peptide analogs, the aza-substitution has led to enhanced activity and selectivity as well as improved properties, such as prolonged duration of action and metabolic stability. In light of these characteristics, azapeptides have found important uses as receptor ligands, enzyme inhibitors, drugs, pro-drugs, probes and imaging agents. Recent improvements in synthetic methods for their procurement have ushered in a new era of azapeptide chemistry. This review aims to provide a historical look at the development of azapeptide science along with a focus on recent developments and perspectives on the future of this useful tool for medicinal chemistry.
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47
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Freeman NS, Tal-Gan Y, Klein S, Levitzki A, Gilon C. Microwave-Assisted Solid-Phase Aza-peptide Synthesis: Aza Scan of a PKB/Akt Inhibitor Using Aza-arginine and Aza-proline Precursors. J Org Chem 2011; 76:3078-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jo102422x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noam S. Freeman
- Institute of Chemistry, and ‡Unit of Cellular Signaling, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yftah Tal-Gan
- Institute of Chemistry, and ‡Unit of Cellular Signaling, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shoshana Klein
- Institute of Chemistry, and ‡Unit of Cellular Signaling, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alexander Levitzki
- Institute of Chemistry, and ‡Unit of Cellular Signaling, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chaim Gilon
- Institute of Chemistry, and ‡Unit of Cellular Signaling, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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48
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Frizler M, Lohr F, Furtmann N, Kläs J, Gütschow M. Structural Optimization of Azadipeptide Nitriles Strongly Increases Association Rates and Allows the Development of Selective Cathepsin Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 54:396-400. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101272p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Frizler
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Friederike Lohr
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Norbert Furtmann
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Kläs
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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49
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Bourguet CB, Proulx C, Klocek S, Sabatino D, Lubell WD. Solution-phase submonomer diversification of aza-dipeptide building blocks and their application in aza-peptide and aza-DKP synthesis. J Pept Sci 2010; 16:284-96. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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50
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Rabong C, Jordis U, Phopase JB. NXO Building Blocks for Backbone Modification of Peptides and Preparation of Pseudopeptides. J Org Chem 2010; 75:2492-500. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902518r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Rabong
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Jordis
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jaywant B. Phopase
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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