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González‐Olvera JC, Fiala R, Pless RC. Protonation of Guanine:5‐Methylcytosine and Guanine:Cytosine Base Pairs in Duplex Oligodeoxyribonucleotides. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio C. González‐Olvera
- Universidad Politécnica de Santa Rosa Jáuregui Carretera Federal 57 QRO-SLP km 31-150, Parque Industrial Querétaro, Santa Rosa Jáuregui Querétaro 76220 Mexico
| | - Radovan Fiala
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Kamenice 753/5 62500 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Reynaldo C. Pless
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada Instituto Politécnico Nacional Cerro Blanco 141 Querétaro Querétaro 76090 Mexico
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2
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González-Olvera JC, Zamorano-Carrillo A, Arreola-Jardón G, Pless RC. Residue interactions affecting the deprotonation of internal guanine moieties in oligodeoxyribonucleotides, calculated by FMO methods. J Mol Model 2022; 28:43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Thakare P, Vasile F, Vallaro M, Visentin S, Caron G, Licandro E, Cauteruccio S. Acid-base and lipophilic properties of peptide nucleic acid derivatives. J Pharm Anal 2021; 11:638-645. [PMID: 34765277 PMCID: PMC8572665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The first combined experimental and theoretical study on the ionization and lipophilic properties of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) derivatives, including eleven PNA monomers and two PNA decamers, is described. The acidity constants (pKa) of individual acidic and basic centers of PNA monomers were measured by automated potentiometric pH titrations in water/methanol solution, and these values were found to be in agreement with those obtained by MoKa software. These results indicate that single nucleobases do not change their pKa values when included in PNA monomers and oligomers. In addition, immobilized artificial membrane chromatography was employed to evaluate the lipophilic properties of PNA monomers and oligomers, which showed the PNA derivatives had poor affinity towards membrane phospholipids, and confirmed their scarce cell penetrating ability. Overall, our study not only is of potential relevance to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of PNA, but also constitutes a reliable basis to properly modify PNA to obtain mimics with enhanced cell penetration properties. The first study on acid-base and lipophilic properties of peptide nucleic acids (PNA). pKa of acid-base centers of PNA evaluated by potentiometric method and MoKa prediction. NMR experiments provide additional information on the protonation of PNA monomers. Lipophilicity of PNA monomers and oligomers is investigated by IAM chromatography. This study can lay the basis of evaluating the pharmacokinetic properties of PNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Thakare
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Vasile
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Maura Vallaro
- Molecular Biotechnology & Health Sciences Department, University of Turin, 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - Sonja Visentin
- Molecular Biotechnology & Health Sciences Department, University of Turin, 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Caron
- Molecular Biotechnology & Health Sciences Department, University of Turin, 10135, Turin, Italy
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4
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Cabaj MK, Dominiak PM. Frequency and hydrogen bonding of nucleobase homopairs in small molecule crystals. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:8302-8319. [PMID: 32725210 PMCID: PMC7470937 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We used the high resolution and accuracy of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) to provide detailed information regarding base pairing interactions of selected nucleobases. We searched for base pairs in which nucleobases interact with each other through two or more hydrogen bonds and form more or less planar structures. The investigated compounds were either free forms or derivatives of adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, thymine, uracil and cytosine. We divided our findings into categories including types of pairs, protonation patterns and whether they are formed by free bases or substituted ones. We found base pair types that are exclusive to small molecule crystal structures, some that can be found only in RNA containing crystal structures and many that are native to both environments. With a few exceptions, nucleobase protonation generally followed a standard pattern governed by pKa values. The lengths of hydrogen bonds did not depend on whether the nucleobases forming a base pair were charged or not. The reasons why particular nucleobases formed base pairs in a certain way varied significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Katarzyna Cabaj
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Paulina Maria Dominiak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
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5
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Kotikam V, Kennedy SD, MacKay JA, Rozners E. Synthetic, Structural, and RNA Binding Studies on 2-Aminopyridine-Modified Triplex-Forming Peptide Nucleic Acids. Chemistry 2019; 25:4367-4372. [PMID: 30746843 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of new RNA-binding ligands is attracting increasing interest in fundamental science and the pharmaceutical industry. The goal of this study was to improve the RNA binding properties of triplex-forming peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) by further increasing the pKa of 2-aminopyridine (M). Protonation of M was the key for enabling triplex formation at physiological pH in earlier studies. Substitution on M by an electron-donating 4-methoxy substituent resulted in slight destabilization of the PNA-dsRNA triplex, contrary to the expected stabilization due to more favorable protonation. To explain this unexpected result, the first NMR structural studies were performed on an M-modified PNA-dsRNA triplex which, combined with computational modeling identified unfavorable steric and electrostatic repulsion between the 4-methoxy group of M and the oxygen of the carbonyl group connecting the adjacent nucleobase to PNA backbone. The structural studies also provided insights into hydrogen-bonding interactions that might be responsible for the high affinity and unusual RNA-binding preference of PNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venubabu Kotikam
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, 13902, USA
| | - Scott D Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, 14642, USA
| | - James A MacKay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania, 17022, USA
| | - Eriks Rozners
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, 13902, USA
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6
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Kumar P, Cabaj MK, Pazio A, Dominiak PM. Protonated nucleobases are not fully ionized in their chloride salt crystals and form metastable base pairs further stabilized by the surrounding anions. IUCRJ 2018; 5:449-469. [PMID: 30002846 PMCID: PMC6038959 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252518006346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents experimental charge-density studies of cytosinium chloride, adeninium chloride hemihydrate and guaninium dichloride crystals based on ultra-high-resolution X-ray diffraction data and extensive theoretical calculations. The results confirm that the cohesive energies of the studied systems are dominated by contributions from intermolecular electrostatic interactions, as expected for ionic crystals. Electrostatic interaction energies (Ees) usually constitute 95% of the total interaction energy. The Ees energies in this study were several times larger in absolute value when compared, for example, with dimers of neutral nucleobases. However, they were not as large as some theoretical calculations have predicted. This was because the molecules appeared not to be fully ionized in the studied crystals. Apart from charge transfer from chlorine to the protonated nucleobases, small but visible charge redistribution within the nucleobase cations was observed. Some dimers of singly protonated bases in the studied crystals, namely a cytosinium-cytosinium trans sugar/sugar edge pair and an adeninium-adeninium trans Hoogsteen/Hoogsteen edge pair, exhibited attractive interactions (negative values of Ees) or unusually low repulsion despite identical molecular charges. The pairs are metastable as a result of strong hydrogen bonding between bases which overcompensates the overall cation-cation repulsion, the latter being weakened due to charge transfer and molecular charge-density polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Biological and Chemical Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warszawa 02-089, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Katarzyna Cabaj
- Biological and Chemical Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warszawa 02-089, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Pazio
- Biological and Chemical Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warszawa 02-089, Poland
| | - Paulina Maria Dominiak
- Biological and Chemical Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warszawa 02-089, Poland
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7
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Endoh T, Annoni C, Hnedzko D, Rozners E, Sugimoto N. Triplex-forming PNA modified with unnatural nucleobases: the role of protonation entropy in RNA binding. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:32002-32006. [PMID: 27869270 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05013a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) modified with unnatural nucleobases enables the formation of a highly stable triplex with a double-stranded RNA at physiological pH. In this communication, we evaluated kinetics and thermodynamics of PNA/RNA triplex formation as a function of both pH and temperature. Protonation entropy was found to be the major factor responsible for the destabilization of the triplex and for the progressive decrease in the association rate at more basic pHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamaki Endoh
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Chiara Annoni
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Dziyana Hnedzko
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Eriks Rozners
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Naoki Sugimoto
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan. and Graduate School of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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8
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Jayanth N, Ogirala N, Yadav A, Puranik M. Structural basis for substrate discrimination by E. colirepair enzyme, AlkB. RSC Adv 2018; 8:1281-1291. [PMID: 35540905 PMCID: PMC9076979 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11333a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive charge on methylated nucleotides is a prime criterion for substrate recognition byE. coliAlkB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Jayanth
- National Centre for Biological Sciences
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
- GKVK Campus
- Bangalore 560065
- India
| | - Nirmala Ogirala
- National Centre for Biological Sciences
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
- GKVK Campus
- Bangalore 560065
- India
| | - Anil Yadav
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
- Pune
- India
| | - Mrinalini Puranik
- National Centre for Biological Sciences
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
- GKVK Campus
- Bangalore 560065
- India
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Sigel A, Operschall BP, Griesser R, Song B, Okruszek A, Odani A, Katsuta T, Lippert B, Sigel H. (N7)-Platination and its effect on (N1)H-acidification in nucleoside phosphate derivatives. Inorganica Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Bhamra I, Compagnone-Post P, O'Neil IA, Iwanejko LA, Bates AD, Cosstick R. Base-pairing preferences, physicochemical properties and mutational behaviour of the DNA lesion 8-nitroguanine. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:11126-38. [PMID: 22965127 PMCID: PMC3505964 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
8-Nitro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-nitrodG) is a relatively unstable, mutagenic lesion of DNA that is increasingly believed to be associated with tissue inflammation. Due to the lability of the glycosidic bond, 8-nitrodG cannot be incorporated into oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) by chemical DNA synthesis and thus very little is known about its physicochemical properties and base-pairing preferences. Here we describe the synthesis of 8-nitro-2'-O-methylguanosine, a ribonucleoside analogue of this lesion, which is sufficiently stable to be incorporated into ODNs. Physicochemical studies demonstrated that 8-nitro-2'-O-methylguanosine adopts a syn conformation about the glycosidic bond; thermal melting studies and molecular modelling suggest a relatively stable syn-8-nitroG·anti-G base pair. Interestingly, when this lesion analogue was placed in a primer-template system, extension of the primer by either avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase (AMV-RT) or human DNA polymerase β (pol β), was significantly impaired, but where incorporation opposite 8-nitroguanine did occur, pol β showed a 2:1 preference to insert dA over dC, while AMV-RT incorporated predominantly dC. The fact that no 8-nitroG·G base pairing is seen in the primer extension products suggests that the polymerases may discriminate against this pairing system on the basis of its poor geometric match to a Watson-Crick pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inder Bhamra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
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11
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Franceschini L, Mikhailova E, Bayley H, Maglia G. Nucleobase recognition at alkaline pH and apparent pKa of single DNA bases immobilised within a biological nanopore. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 48:1520-2. [PMID: 22089628 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc16124e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The four DNA bases are recognized in immobilized DNA strands at high alkaline pH by nanopore current recordings. Ionic currents through the biological nanopores are also employed to measure the apparent pK(a) values of single nucleobases within the immobilised DNA strands.
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12
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Structural characterization of the viral and cRNA panhandle motifs from the infectious salmon anemia virus. J Virol 2011; 85:13398-408. [PMID: 21994446 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06250-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) has emerged as a virus of great concern to the aquaculture industry since it can lead to highly contagious and lethal infections in farm-raised salmon populations. While little is known about the transcription/replication cycle of ISAV, initial evidence suggests that it follows molecular mechanisms similar to those found in other orthomyxoviruses, which include the highly pathogenic influenza A (inf A) virus. During the life cycle of orthomyxoviruses, a panhandle structure is formed by the pairing of the conserved 5' and 3' ends of each genomic RNA. This structural motif serves both as a promoter of the viral RNA (vRNA)-dependent RNA polymerase and as a regulatory element in the transcription/replication cycle. As a first step toward characterizing the structure of the ISAV panhandle, here we have determined the secondary structures of the vRNA and the cRNA panhandles on the basis of solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and thermal melting data. The vRNA panhandle is distinguished by three noncanonical U · G pairs and one U · U pair in two stem helices that are linked by a highly stacked internal loop. For the cRNA panhandle, a contiguous stem helix with a protonated C · A pair near the terminus and tandem downstream U · U pairs was found. The observed noncanonical base pairs and base stacking features of the ISAV RNA panhandle motif provide the first insight into structural features that may govern recognition by the viral RNA polymerase.
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Huang Z, Pu F, Hu D, Wang C, Ren J, Qu X. Site‐Specific DNA‐Programmed Growth of Fluorescent and Functional Silver Nanoclusters. Chemistry 2011; 17:3774-80. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Huang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 (P.R. China)
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 0431‐85262625
| | - Fang Pu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 (P.R. China)
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 0431‐85262625
| | - Dan Hu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 (P.R. China)
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 0431‐85262625
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 (P.R. China)
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 0431‐85262625
| | - Jinsong Ren
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 (P.R. China)
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 0431‐85262625
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 (P.R. China)
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 0431‐85262625
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Tsoi M, Do TT, Tang VJ, Aguilera JA, Milligan JR. Reduction of electron deficient guanine radical species in plasmid DNA by tyrosine derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2553-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b922749k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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15
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Chen G, Kennedy SD, Turner DH. A CA(+) pair adjacent to a sheared GA or AA pair stabilizes size-symmetric RNA internal loops. Biochemistry 2009; 48:5738-52. [PMID: 19485416 PMCID: PMC2697601 DOI: 10.1021/bi8019405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
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RNA internal loops are often important sites for folding and function. Residues in internal loops can have pKa values shifted close to neutral pH because of the local structural environment. A series of RNA internal loops were studied at different pH by UV absorbance versus temperature melting experiments and imino proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). A stabilizing CA pair forms at pH 7 in the and nearest neighbors when the CA pair is the first noncanonical pair (loop-terminal pair) in 3 × 3 nucleotide and larger size-symmetric internal loops. These and nearest neighbors, with CA adjacent to a closing Watson−Crick pair, are further stabilized when the pH is lowered from 7 to 5.5. The results are consistent with a significantly larger fraction (from ∼20% at pH 7 to ∼90% at pH 5.5) of adenines being protonated at the N1 position to form stabilizing wobble CA+ pairs adjacent to a sheared GA or AA pair. The noncanonical pair adjacent to the GA pair in can either stabilize or destabilize the loop, consistent with the sequence-dependent thermodynamics of GA pairs. No significant pH-dependent stabilization is found for most of the other nearest neighbor combinations involving CA pairs (e.g., and ), which is consistent with the formation of various nonwobble pairs observed in different local sequence contexts in crystal and NMR structures. A revised free-energy model, including stabilization by wobble CA+ pairs, is derived for predicting stabilities of medium-size RNA internal loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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16
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Abstract
Self-cleaving hammerhead, hairpin, hepatitis delta virus, and glmS ribozymes comprise a family of small catalytic RNA motifs that catalyze the same reversible phosphodiester cleavage reaction, but each motif adopts a unique structure and displays a unique array of biochemical properties. Recent structural, biochemical, and biophysical studies of these self-cleaving RNAs have begun to reveal how active site nucleotides exploit general acid-base catalysis, electrostatic stabilization, substrate destabilization, and positioning and orientation to reduce the free energy barrier to catalysis. Insights into the variety of catalytic strategies available to these model RNA enzymes are likely to have important implications for understanding more complex RNA-catalyzed reactions fundamental to RNA processing and protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha J Fedor
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Qi SF, Wang XN, Yang ZZ, Xu XH. Effect of N7-Protonated Purine Nucleosides on Formation of C8 Adducts in Carcinogenic Reactions of Arylnitrenium Ions with Purine Nucleosides: A Quantum Chemistry Study. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:5645-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jp811262x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Fei Qi
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, People’s Republic of China, and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Faculty, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, People’s Republic of China, and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Faculty, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Zhi Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, People’s Republic of China, and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Faculty, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hong Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, People’s Republic of China, and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Faculty, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, People’s Republic of China
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18
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A short guide for molecular dynamics simulations of RNA systems. Methods 2009; 47:187-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2008.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Seela F, Jiang D, Xu K. 8-Aza-2′-deoxyguanosine: Base pairing, mismatch discrimination and nucleobase anion fluorescence sensing in single-stranded and duplex DNA. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3463-73. [DOI: 10.1039/b908017a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Sengupta B, Ritchie C, Buckman J, Johnsen K, Goodwin P, Petty J. Base-Directed Formation of Fluorescent Silver Clusters. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2008; 112:18776-18782. [PMID: 30319723 PMCID: PMC6178949 DOI: 10.1021/jp804031v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Small silver clusters that form with short oligonucleotides are distinguished by their strong fluorescence. Previous work showed that red and blue/green emitting species form with the cytosine oligonucleotide dC12. To understand how the bases and base sequence influence cluster formation, the blue/green emitting clusters that form with the thymine-containing oligonucleotides dT12, dT4C4T4, and dC4T4C4 are discussed. With dT12 and dT4C4T4, variations in the solution pH establish that the clusters associate with the N3 of thymine. The small clusters are bound to the larger DNA template, as demonstrated by fluorescence anisotropy, circular dichroism, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) studies. For dT4C4T4, FCS studies showed that approximately 50% of the strands are labeled with the fluorescent clusters. Absorption spectra and the gas dependence of the fluorescence show that nonfluorescent clusters also form following the reduction of the silver cation - oligonucleotide conjugates. Fluorescent cluster formation is favored by oxygen, thus indicating that the DNA-bound clusters are partially oxidized. To elaborate the sequence dependence of cluster formation, dC4T4C4 was studied. Cluster formation depends on the oligonucleotide concentration, and higher concentrations favor a red emitting species. A blue/green emissive species dominates at lower concentrations of dC4T4C4, and it has spectroscopic, physical, and chemical properties that are similar to those of the clusters that form with dT12 and dT4C4T4. These results suggest that cytosine- and thymine-containing oligonucleotides stabilize a preferred emissive silver cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613
| | - Caroline Ritchie
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613
| | - Jenna Buckman
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613
| | - Kenneth Johnsen
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613
| | - Peter Goodwin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Mail Stop M888, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - Jeffrey Petty
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613
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Verdolino V, Cammi R, Munk BH, Schlegel HB. Calculation of pKa Values of Nucleobases and the Guanine Oxidation Products Guanidinohydantoin and Spiroiminodihydantoin using Density Functional Theory and a Polarizable Continuum Model. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:16860-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8068877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Verdolino
- Department o di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Università di Parma, Parco Area della Scienze 1, 43100 Parma, Italy and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202
| | - Roberto Cammi
- Department o di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Università di Parma, Parco Area della Scienze 1, 43100 Parma, Italy and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202
| | - Barbara H. Munk
- Department o di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Università di Parma, Parco Area della Scienze 1, 43100 Parma, Italy and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202
| | - H. Bernhard Schlegel
- Department o di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Università di Parma, Parco Area della Scienze 1, 43100 Parma, Italy and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202
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22
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Lippert B. Ligand-pKaShifts through Metals: Potential Relevance to Ribozyme Chemistry. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:1455-1474. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Ye JD, Li NS, Dai Q, Piccirilli JA. The mechanism of RNA strand scission: an experimental measure of the Brønsted coefficient, beta nuc. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:3714-7. [PMID: 17415726 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200605124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Dong Ye
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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24
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Ye JD, Li NS, Dai Q, Piccirilli J. The Mechanism of RNA Strand Scission: An Experimental Measure of the Brønsted Coefficient,βnuc. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200605124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Ryu JH, Seo YJ, Hwang GT, Lee JY, Kim BH. Triad base pairs containing fluorene unit for quencher-free SNP typing. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Mironova NL, Pyshnyi DV, Shtadler DV, Fedorova AA, Vlassov VV, Zenkova MA. RNase T1 mimicking artificial ribonuclease. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:2356-67. [PMID: 17389642 PMCID: PMC1874650 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, artificial ribonucleases (aRNases)—conjugates of oligodeoxyribonucleotides and peptide (LR)4-G-amide—were designed and assessed in terms of the activity and specificity of RNA cleavage. The conjugates were shown to cleave RNA at Pyr-A and G–X sequences. Variations of oligonucleotide length and sequence, peptide and linker structure led to the development of conjugates exhibiting G–X cleavage specificity only. The most efficient catalyst is built of nonadeoxyribonucleotide of unique sequence and peptide (LR)4-G-NH2 connected by the linker of three abasic deoxyribonucleotides (conjugate pep-9). Investigation of the cleavage specificity of conjugate pep-9 showed that the compound is the first single-stranded guanine-specific aRNase, which mimics RNase T1. Rate enhancement of RNA cleavage at G–X linkages catalysed by pep-9 is 108 compared to non-catalysed reaction, pep-9 cleaves these linkages only 105-fold less efficiently than RNase T1 (kcat_RNase T1/kcat_pep-9 = 105).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - M. A. Zenkova
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. (383)3333761(383)3333677
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27
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Varghese OP, Barman J, Pathmasiri W, Plashkevych O, Honcharenko D, Chattopadhyaya J. Conformationally constrained 2'-N,4'-C-ethylene-bridged thymidine (aza-ENA-T): synthesis, structure, physical, and biochemical studies of aza-ENA-T-modified oligonucleotides. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:15173-87. [PMID: 17117869 DOI: 10.1021/ja0634977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 2'-deoxy-2'-N,4'-C-ethylene-bridged thymidine (aza-ENA-T) has been synthesized using a key cyclization step involving 2'-ara-trifluoromethylsufonyl-4'-cyanomethylene 11 to give a pair of 3',5'-bis-OBn-protected diastereomerically pure aza-ENA-Ts (12a and 12b) with the fused piperidino skeleton in the chair conformation, whereas the pentofuranosyl moiety is locked in the North-type conformation (7 degrees < P < 27 degrees, 44 degrees < phi m < 52 degrees). The origin of the chirality of two diastereomerically pure aza-ENA-Ts was found to be due to the endocyclic chiral 2'-nitrogen, which has axial N-H in 12b and equatorial N-H in 12a. The latter is thermodynamically preferred, while the former is kinetically preferred with Ea = 25.4 kcal mol-1, which is thus far the highest observed inversion barrier at pyramidal N-H in the bicyclic amines. The 5'-O-DMTr-aza-ENA-T-3'-phosphoramidite was employed for solid-phase synthesis to give four different singly modified 15-mer antisense oligonucleotides (AONs). Their AON/RNA duplexes showed a Tm increase of 2.5-4 degrees C per modification, depending upon the modification site in the AON. The relative rates of the RNase H1 cleavage of the aza-ENA-T-modified AON/RNA heteroduplexes were very comparable to that of the native counterpart, but the RNA cleavage sites of the modified AON/RNA were found to be very different. The aza-ENA-T modifications also made the AONs very resistant to 3' degradation (stable over 48 h) in the blood serum compared to the unmodified AON (fully degraded in 4 h). Thus, the aza-ENA-T modification in the AON fulfilled three important antisense criteria, compared to the native: (i) improved RNA target affinity, (ii) comparable RNase H cleavage rate, and (iii) higher blood serum stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oommen P Varghese
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Box 581, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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Chatterjee S, Pathmasiri W, Plashkevych O, Honcharenko D, Varghese OP, Maiti M, Chattopadhyaya J. The chemical nature of the 2'-substituent in the pentose-sugar dictates the pseudoaromatic character of the nucleobase (pKa) in DNA/RNA. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:1675-86. [PMID: 16633560 DOI: 10.1039/b601460g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We here show that the pKa (error limit: 0.01 to 0.03 pKa unit) of a nucleobase in a nucleotide can be modulated by the chemical nature of the 2'-substituent at the sugar moiety. This has been evidenced by the measurement of nucleobase pKa in 47 different model nucleoside 3',5'-bis- and 3'-mono-ethylphosphates. The fact that the electronic character of each of the 2'-substituents (Fig. 1) alters the chemical shift of the H2' sugar proton, and also alters the pKa of the nucleobase in the nucleotides has been evidenced by a correlation plot of pKa of N3 of pyrimidine (T/C/U) or pKa of N7 of 9-guaninyl with the corresponding deltaH2' chemical shifts at the neutral pH, which shows linear correlation with high Pearson's correlation coefficients (R = 0.85-0.97). That this modulation of the pKa of the nucleobase by a 2'-substituent is a through-bond as well as through-space effect has been proven by ab initio determined pKa estimation. Interestingly, experimental pKas of nucleobases from NMR titration and the calculated pKas (by ab initio calculations utilizing closed shell HF 6-31G** basis set) are linearly correlated with R = 0.98. It has also been observed that the difference of ground and protonated/de-protonated HOMO orbital energies (DeltaHOMO, a.u.) for the nucleobases (A/G/C/T/U) are well correlated with their pK(a)s in different 2'-substituted 3',5'-bis-ethylphosphate analogs suggesting that only the orbital energy of HOMO can be successfully used to predict the modulation of the chemical reactivity of the nucleobase by the 2'-substituent. It has also been demonstrated that pKa values of nucleobases in 3',5'-bis-ethylphosphates (Table 1) are well correlated with the change in dipole moment for the respective nucleobases after protonation or de-protonation. This work thus unambiguously shows that alteration of the thermodynamic stability (Tm) of the donor-acceptor complexes [ref. 20], as found with various 2'-modified duplexes in the antisense, siRNA or in triplexes by many workers in the field, is a result of alteration of the pseudoaromatic character of the nucleobases engineered by alteration of the chemical nature of the 2'-substitution.
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29
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Barman J, Acharya S, Zhou C, Chatterjee S, Engström A, Chattopadhyaya J. Non-identical electronic characters of the internucleotidic phosphates in RNA modulate the chemical reactivity of the phosphodiester bonds. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:928-41. [PMID: 16493477 DOI: 10.1039/b516733g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We here show that the electronic properties and the chemical reactivities of the internucleotidic phosphates in the heptameric ssRNAs are dissimilar in a sequence-specific manner because of their non-identical microenvironments, in contrast with the corresponding isosequential ssDNAs. This has been evidenced by monitoring the delta H8(G) shifts upon pH-dependent ionization (pK(a1)) of the central 9-guaninyl (G) to the 9-guanylate ion (G-), and its electrostatic effect on each of the internucleotidic phosphate anions, as measured from the resultant delta 31P shifts (pKa2) in the isosequential heptameric ssRNAs vis-à-vis ssDNAs: [d/r(5'-Cp1Ap2Q1p3Gp4Q2p5Ap6C-3'): Q1 = Q2 = A (5a/5b) or C (8a/8b), Q(1) = A, Q(2) = C (6a/6b), Q1 = C, Q2 = A (7a/7b)]. These oligos with single ionizable G in the centre are chosen because of the fact that the pseudoaromatic character of G can be easily modulated in a pH-dependent manner by its transformation to G- (the 2'-OH to 2-O- ionization effect is not detectable below pH 11.6 as evident from the N(1-Me)-G analog), thereby modulating/titrating the nature of the electrostatic interactions of G to G- with the phosphates, which therefore constitute simple models to interrogate how the variable pseudoaromatic characters of nucleobases under different sequence context (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 8674-8681) can actually influence the reactivity of the internucleotide phosphates as a result of modulation of sequence context-specific electrostatic interactions. In order to better understand the impact of the electrostatic effect of the G to G- on the tunability of the electronic character of internucleotidic phosphates in the heptameric ssRNAs 5b, 6b, 7b and 8b, we have also performed their alkaline hydrolysis at pH 12.5 at 20 degrees C, and have identified the preferences of the cleavage sites at various phosphates, which are p2, p3 and p4 (Fig.3). The results of these alkaline hydrolysis studies have been compared with the hydrolysis of analogous N(1-Me)-G heptameric ssRNA sequences 5c, 7c and 8c under identical conditions in order to establish the role of the electrostatic effect of the 9-guanylate ion (and the 2'-OH to 2-O- ionization) on the internucleotidic phosphate. It turned out that the relative alkaline hydrolysis rate at those particular phosphates (p2, p3 and p4) in the N(1-Me)-G heptamers was reduced from 16-78% compared to those in the native counterparts [Fig. 4, and ESI 2 (Fig. S11)]. Thus, these physico-chemical studies have shown that those p2, p3 and p4 phosphates in the native heptameric RNAs, which show pKa2 as well as more deshielding (owing to weaker 31P screening) in the alkaline pH compared to those at the neutral pH, are more prone to the alkaline hydrolysis because of their relatively enhanced electrophilic character resulting from weaker 31P screening. This screening effect originates as a result of the systematic charge repulsion effect between the electron cloud in the outermost orbitals of phosphorus and the central guanylate ion, leading to delocalization of the phosphorus p(pi) charge into its dpi orbitals. It is thus likely that, just as in the non-enzymatic hydrolysis, the enzymatic hydrolysis of a specific phosphate in RNA by general base-catalysis in RNA-cleaving proteins (RNase A, RNA phosphodiesterase or nuclease) can potentially be electrostatically influenced by tuning the transient charge on the nucleobase in the steric proximity or as a result of specific sequence context owing to nearest-neighbor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jharna Barman
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Box 581, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Morell Cerdà M, Amantia D, Costisella B, Houlton A, Lippert B. Multiple metal binding to 6-oxopurine nucleobases as a source of deprotonation. The role of metal ions at N7 and N3. Dalton Trans 2006:3894-9. [PMID: 16896449 DOI: 10.1039/b603650c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous metal coordination to N7 (Pt(II)) and N3 (Pd(II)) of N9-blocked guanine leads to a 10(4) fold acidification of the guanine-N(1)H position and hence to a virtual complete deprotonation of the N(1)H position at neutral pH. The chelate-tethered nucleobase ethylenediamine-N9-ethylguanine was employed and relevant acid-base equilibria were studied by pD dependent 1H NMR spectroscopy. CH2 resonances of the tether were assigned on the basis of NOESY and COSY experiments. Our findings suggest a plausible method of formation of a previously reported trinuclear Pt(II) complex of 9-ethylguanine with metals coordinated to N1, N3 and N7. According to this, a sequence with the first metal binding to N7, the second one binding to N3, and only the third one binding to N1 with deprotonation of this site is proposed.
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Chatterjee S, Pathmasiri W, Chattopadhyaya J. The 5-Me of thyminyl (T) interaction with the neighboring nucleobases dictate the relative stability of isosequential DNA-RNA hybrid duplexes. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:3911-5. [PMID: 16240008 DOI: 10.1039/b511139k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Relative energetic contributions from the base-pairing [DeltaG(degrees)(bp)] vis-a-vis stacking [DeltaG(degrees)(stacking)] to the total free-energy of stabilization [DeltaG(degrees)(37)] for 14 pairs of isosequential hybrid DNA-RNA duplexes (taken from E. A. Lesnik and S. M. Freier, Biochemistry ,1995, 34, 10807) have been dissected in order to understand the differences in the intrinsic nature of the electrostatic forces that are responsible for the self-assembly of the heteroduplexes compared to homoduplexes. The pKa differences between the monomeric nucleotide 3'-ethylphosphates [(d/rN)pEt] as well as nucleotide 3',5'-bis-ethylphosphates [Etp(d/rN)pEt] in both 2'-deoxy (dN) and ribo (rN) series (N = A/G/C/T/U), as the model donor and acceptor (in which stacking is completely eliminated) mimicking those of the internucleotide monomer building blocks of a duplex, can be qualitatively used (P. Acharya, P. Cheruku, S. Chatterjee, S. Acharya and J. Chattopadhyaya, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 2862) to understand the strength of base-pairing energies in different DNA-RNA (DR), RNA-DNA (RD), DNA-DNA (DD), and RNA-RNA (RR) duplexes. The study has led us to show the following. (1) As the number of excess %T in DR duplexes compared to the isosequential RD duplexes increase the differences in their thermal stabilization [DeltaT(m)](DR-RD) increase and vice-versa(2) The total relative stabilizations, [DeltaDeltaG(degrees)(37)](DR-RD) among the 14 pairs of isosequential DR and RD duplexes (E. A. Lesnik and S. M. Freier, Biochemistry ,1995, 34, 10807) are wholly dependent on the differences in the number of 5-Me(T) stacking interactions with the nearest-neighbors in the D strands of DR duplexes compared to that of the RD duplexes (3) In the relative stabilization of the DR or RD duplexes differences in the free-energy of stackings [DeltaDeltaG(degrees)(stacking)](DR-RD) play a more significant role than the differences in the free-energy of base-pairing, [DeltaDeltaG(degrees)(bp)](DR-RD). In contradistinction, our experimental data shows that RNA-RNA duplexes are more stable than DNA-DNA duplexes because of larger energy gain from the base-pairing in the former compared to the latter (P. Acharya, P. Cheruku, S. Chatterjee, S. Acharya and J. Chattopadhyaya, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 2862).
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrangsu Chatterjee
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Box 581, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
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Ly A, Tran NQ, Sullivan K, Bandong SL, Milligan JR. Involvement of proton transfer in the reductive repair of DNA guanyl radicals by aniline derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:917-23. [PMID: 15731879 DOI: 10.1039/b418681h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The most easily oxidized sites in DNA are the guanine bases, and major intermediates produced by the direct effect of ionizing radiation (ionization of the DNA itself) are electron deficient guanine species. By means of a radiation chemical method (gamma-irradiation of aqueous thiocyanate), we are able to produce these guanyl radicals in dilute aqueous solutions of plasmid DNA where the direct effect would otherwise be negligible. Stable modified guanine products are formed from these radicals. They can be detected in the plasmid conversion to strand breaks after a post-irradiation incubation with a DNA base excision endonuclease enzyme. If aniline compounds are also present, the yield of modified guanines is strongly attenuated. The mechanism responsible for this effect is electron donation from the aniline compound to the guanyl radical, and it is possible to derive rate constants for this reaction. Aniline compounds bearing electron withdrawing groups (e.g., 4-CF3) were found to be less reactive than those bearing electron donating groups (e.g., 4-CH3). At physiological pH values, the reduction of a guanyl radical involves the transfer of a proton as well as of an electron. The mild dependence of the rate constant on the driving force suggests that the electron is not transferred before the proton. Although the source of the proton is unclear, our observations emphasize the importance of an accompanying proton transfer in the reductive repair of oxidative damage to guanine bases which are located in a biologically active double stranded plasmid DNA substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ly
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0610, USA
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