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Tsuchiya T, Umemura R, Kaminaga M, Kushida S, Ohkubo K, Noro SI, Mazaki Y. Paddlewheel Complexes with Azulenes: Electronic Interaction between Metal Centers and Equatorial Ligands. Chempluschem 2020; 84:655-664. [PMID: 31944016 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Rhodium dinuclear complexes (1-3) with azulene moieties as equatorial ligands were obtained by reacting Rh2 (OAc)4 with guaiazulene-2-carboxylic acid, azulene-2-carboxylic acid, and azulene-1-carboxylic acid, respectively. The molecular structures in their crystalline states were determined by X-ray diffraction to be 1 ⋅ (H2 O)2 , 1 ⋅ (MeCN)2 , 2 ⋅ (MeCN)2 , and 3 ⋅ (DMF)2 , which were coordinated with the crystallization solvent at the axial positions. Among these, the crystal packing of 1 ⋅ (H2 O)2 , 1 ⋅ (MeCN)2 , and 3 ⋅ (DMF)2 revealed the formation of one-dimensional stacked chains nearly along the axial direction and of two-dimensional stacked sheets along the equatorial direction. In addition, it was found that 1 ⋅ (H2 O)2 contained cavities that could adsorb CO2 , thereby inducing structural changes. Furthermore, redox measurements revealed the stepwise one-electron redox behaviors of these complexes, indicating the intramolecular interactions between the azulene units. In addition, transient absorption measurements suggested the presence of an ultrafast intersystem crossing caused by the heavy-atom effect of rhodium, and an extended lifetime of the triplet state due to the energy migration among the azulene ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Reiya Umemura
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Kaminaga
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kushida
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kei Ohkubo
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies and Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Noro
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University N10 W5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Mazaki
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
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Claire FJ, Tenney SM, Li MM, Siegler MA, Wagner JS, Hall AS, Kempa TJ. Hierarchically Ordered Two-Dimensional Coordination Polymers Assembled from Redox-Active Dimolybdenum Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:10673-10676. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. James Claire
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Tenney
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Minyuan M. Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Maxime A. Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Justine S. Wagner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Anthony Shoji Hall
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Thomas J. Kempa
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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3
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Narita M, Murafuji T, Yamashita S, Fujinaga M, Hiyama K, Oka Y, Tani F, Kamijo S, Ishiguro K. Synthesis of 2-Iodoazulenes by the Iododeboronation of Azulen-2-ylboronic Acid Pinacol Esters with Copper(I) Iodide. J Org Chem 2018; 83:1298-1303. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Narita
- Graduate
School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Murafuji
- Graduate
School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
- Graduate
School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Saki Yamashita
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Graduate
School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Kumiko Hiyama
- Graduate
School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Yurie Oka
- Graduate
School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Fumito Tani
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shin Kamijo
- Graduate
School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ishiguro
- Graduate
School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
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4
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Zhu GY, Meng M, Tan YN, Xiao X, Liu CY. Electronic Coupling between Two Covalently Bonded Dimolybdenum Units Bridged by a Naphthalene Group. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:6315-22. [PMID: 27243960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate and its thiolated derivatives as bridging ligands, three Mo2 dimers of the type [Mo2(DAniF)3](E2CC10H6CE2)[Mo2(DAniF)3] (DAniF = N,N'-di-p-anisylformamidinate; E = O, S) have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction. These compounds can be generally formulated as [Mo2]-naph-[Mo2], where the complex unit [Mo2] ([Mo2(DAniF)3(μ-E2C)]) functions as an electron donor (acceptor) and the naphthalene (naph) group is the bridge. The mixed-valence (MV) complexes, generated by one-electron oxidation of the neutral precursors, display weak, very broad intervalence charge-transfer absorption bands in the near-to-mid-IR regions. The electronic coupling matrix elements for the MV complexes, Hab = 390-570 cm(-1), are calculated from the Mulliken-Hush equation, which fall between those for the phenyl (ph) and biphenyl (biph) analogues reported previously. The three series consisting of three complexes with the same [Mo2] units exhibit exponential decay of Hab as the bridge changes from ph to biph via naph, with decay factors of 0.21-0.17 Å(-1). Therefore, it is evidenced that while the extent of the bridge conjugacy varies, the electronic coupling between the two [Mo2] units is dominated by the Mo2···Mo2 separation. The absorption band energies for metal-to-ligand charge transfer are in the middle of those for the ph and biph analogues, which is consistent with variation of the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps for the complex series. These results indicate that the interplay of the bridge length and conjugacy is to affect the enegy for charge transfer crossing the intervening moiety, in accordance with a superechange mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yuan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Miao Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying Ning Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xuan Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chun Y Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
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5
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Kang MT, Meng M, Tan YN, Cheng T, Liu CY. Tuning the Electronic Coupling and Electron Transfer in Mo2 Donor-Acceptor Systems by Variation of the Bridge Conformation. Chemistry 2016; 22:3115-26. [PMID: 26807909 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Assembling two quadruply bonded dimolybdenum units [Mo2 (DAniF)3 ](+) (DAniF=N,N'-di(p-anisyl)formamidinate) with 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylate and its thiolated derivatives produced three complexes [{Mo2 (DAniF)3 }2 (μ-1,4-O2 CC10 H6 CO2 )], [{Mo2 (DAniF)3 }2 (μ-1,4-OSCC10 H6 COS)], and [{Mo2 (DAniF)3 }2 (μ-1,4-S2 CC10 H6 CS2 )]. In the X-ray structures, the naphthalene bridge deviates from the plane defined by the two Mo-Mo bond vectors with the torsion angle increasing as the chelating atoms of the bridging ligand vary from O to S. The mixed-valent species exhibit intervalence transition absorption bands with high energy and very low intensity. In comparison with the data for the phenylene analogues, the optically determined electronic coupling matrix elements (Hab =258-345 cm(-1) ) are lowered by a factor of two or more, and the electron-transfer rate constants (ket ≈10(11) s(-1) ) are reduced by about one order of magnitude. These results show that, when the electron-transporting ability of the bridge and electron-donating (electron-accepting) ability of the donor (acceptor) are both variable, the former plays a dominant role in controlling the intramolecular electron transfer. DFT calculations revealed that increasing the torsion angle enlarges the HOMO-LUMO energy gap by elevating the (bridging) ligand-based LUMO energy. Therefore, our experimental results and theoretical analyses verify the superexchange mechanism for electronic coupling and electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ting Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Miao Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying Ning Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Tao Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chun Y Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
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6
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Zhang HL, Zhu GY, Wang G, Meng M, Liu CY, Lei H. Electronic Coupling in [Mo2]-Bridge-[Mo2] Systems with Twisted Bridges. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:11314-22. [PMID: 26579936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the impact of bridge conformation on electronic coupling in donor-bridge-acceptor triad systems, two Mo2 dimers, [Mo2(DAniF)3]2[μ-1,4-{C(O)NH}2-Naph] (1, DAniF = N,N'-di(p-anisyl)formamidinate and Naph = naphthalenyl) and [Mo2(DAniF)3]2[μ-1,4-(CS2)2-2,5-Me2C6H2] (2), have been synthesized and structurally characterized. These two compounds feature a large dihedral angle (>60°) between the central aromatic ring and the plane defined by the Mo-Mo bond vectors, which is distinct from the previously reported phenylene bridged analogues [Mo2(DAniF)3]2[μ-1,4-{C(O)NH}2-ph] (I) and [Mo2(DAniF)3]2[μ-1,4-(CS2)2-C6H4] (II), respectively. Unusual optical behaviors are observed for the mixed-valence (MV) species (1(+) and 2(+)), generated by single-electron oxidation. While 2(+) exhibits a weak intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) absorption band in the near-IR region, the IVCT band is absent in the spectrum of 1(+), which is quite different from what observed for I(+) and II(+). Optical analyses, based on superexchange formalism and Hush model, indicate that, in terms of Robin-Day classification, mixed-valence species 1(+) belongs to the electronically uncoupled Class I and complex 2(+), with Hab = 220 cm(-1), is assigned to the weakly coupled Class II. Together with I(+) and II(+), the four MV complexes complete a transition from Class I to Class II-III borderline as a result of manipulating the geometric topology of the bridge. Given the structural and electronic features for the molecular systems, the impacts of electrostatic interaction (through-space) and electron resonance (through-bond) on electronic coupling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guang Yuan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Gangyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Miao Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chun Y Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hao Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
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7
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Applegate JC, Okeowo MK, Erickson NR, Neal BM, Berrie CL, Gerasimchukand NN, Barybin MV. First π-linker featuring mercapto and isocyano anchoring groups within the same molecule: Synthesis, heterobimetallic complexation and self-assembly on Au(111). Chem Sci 2015; 7:1422-1429. [PMID: 26877864 PMCID: PMC4748958 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04017e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercapto (-SH) and isocyano (-N≡C) terminated conducting π-linkers are often employed in the ever-growing quest for organoelectronic materials. While such systems typically involve symmetric dimercapto or diisocyano anchoring of the organic bridge, this article introduces the chemistry of a linear azulenic π-linker equipped with one mercapto and one isocyano terminus. The 2-isocyano-6-mercaptoazulene platform was efficiently accessed from 2-amino-6-bromo-1,3-diethoxycarbonylazulene in four steps. The 2-N≡C end of this 2,6-azulenic motif was anchrored to the [Cr(CO)5] fragment prior to formation of its 6-SH terminus. Metalation of the 6-SH end of [(OC)5Cr(η1-2-isocyano-1,3-diethoxycarbonyl-6-mercaptoazulene)] (7) with Ph3PAuCl, under basic conditions, afforded X-ray structurally characterized heterobimetallic Cr0/AuI ensemble [(OC)5Cr(μ-η1:η1-2-isocyano-1,3-diethoxycarbonyl-6-azulenylthiolate)AuPPh3] (8). Analysis of the 13C NMR chemical shifts for the [(NC)Cr(CO)5] core in a series of the related complexes [(OC)5Cr(2-isocyano-6-X-1,3-diethoxy-carbonylazulene)] (X = -N≡C, Br,H, SH, SCH2CH2CO2CH2CH3, SAuPPh3) unveiled remarkably consistent inverse-linear correlations δ( 13COtrans) vs. δ( 13CN) and δ( 13COcis) vs. δ( 13CN) that appear to hold well beyond the above 2-isocyanoazulenic series to include complexes [(OC)5Cr(CNR)] containing strongly electron-withdrawing substituents R, such as CF3, CFClCF2Cl, C2F3, and C6F5. In addition to functioning as asensitive 13C NMR handle, the essentially C4v-symmetric [(-NC)Cr(CO)5] moiety proved to be an informative, remote, νN≡C/νC≡O infrared reporter in probing chemisorption of 7 on the Au(111) surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Applegate
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Monisola K Okeowo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Nathan R Erickson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Brad M Neal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Cindy L Berrie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Nikolay N Gerasimchukand
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave., Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Mikhail V Barybin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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EPR studies on carboxylic esters, 23 [1]. Preparation of new dialkyl azulenedicarboxylates and EPR-spectroscopic study of their radical anions. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2015-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSelected dialkyl azulenedicarboxylates were prepared by carbo-bromination of alkyl azulenemonocarboxylates and subsequent alcoholysis or by alkoxycarbonylcarbene insertion of ethyl indane-2-carboxylate. The electrochemical behavior of the diesters was studied by means of differential pulse polarography and cyclovoltammetry.In-situelectroreduction of the azulenedicarboxylic esters led to the corresponding radical anions, the EPR spectra of which were recorded. For certain radical anions a rearrangement under migration of the functional group from the 5- into the 6-position was observed. The spin density distribution in these non-alternantπ-electron systems as determined from the proton hyperfine structure (hfs) coupling constants was compared with the results of MO calculations and discussed with respect to the influence of substituents.
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Ventura K, Veleta JM, Metta-Magaña A, Villagrán D. Stabilization of a W26+ bimetallic complex supported by two N,N′,N″-triphenylguanidinate ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Tanaka S, Tsurugi H, Mashima K. Supramolecular assemblies of multi-nuclear transition metal complexes: Synthesis and redox properties. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Xiao X, Liu CY, He Q, Han MJ, Meng M, Lei H, Lu X. Control of the charge distribution and modulation of the class II-III transition in weakly coupled Mo2-Mo2 systems. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:12624-33. [PMID: 24151862 DOI: 10.1021/ic4017855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three novel dimolybdenum dimers [Mo2(DAniF)3]2(μ-OSCC6H4CSO), [Mo2(DAniF)3]2(μ-O2CC6H4CS2), and [Mo2(DAniF)3]2(μ-S2CC6H4CS2) (DAniF = N,N'-di(p-anisyl)formamidinate) have been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffractions. Together with the terephthalate analogue, the four compounds, denoted as [O2-O2], [OS-OS], [S2-S2], and [O2-S2], have similar molecular skeletons and Mo2···Mo2 separations (∼12 Å), but varying sulfur contents or symmetry. The singly oxidized complexes [O2-O2](+), [OS-OS](+), [S2-S2](+), and [O2-S2](+) display characteristic intervalence transition absorption bands in the near- and mid-IR regions, with differing band energy, intensity, and shape. Applying the geometrical length of the bridging group "-CC6H4C-" (5.8 Å) as the effective electron transfer distance, calculations from the Mulliken-Hush equation yield electronic coupling matrix elements (H(ab)) in the range 600-900 cm(-1). Significantly, this series presents a transition from electron localization to "almost-delocalization" as the carboxylate groups of the bridging ligand are successively thiolated. In terms of Robin-Day's scheme, [S2-S2](+) is best described as an intermediate between Class II and III, while [O2-O2](+) and [OS-OS](+) belong to Class II. It is unusual that the Class II-III transition occurs in such a weakly coupled system (H(ab) < 1000 cm(-1)). This is attributed to the d(δ)-p(π) conjugation between the Mo2 center and bridging ligand. By electrochemical and spectroscopic methods, the internal energy difference for [O2-S2](+) is determined to be 2250 ± 80 cm(-1), which controls the charge distribution of the cation radical. The experimental results and theoretical analyses illustrate that the unsymmetrical geometry leads to unbalanced electronic configurations and asymmetrical redox and optical behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University , 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
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12
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13
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Scheetz KJ, Spaeth AD, Vorushilov AS, Powell DR, Day VW, Barybin MV. The 2,6-dimercaptoazulene motif: efficient synthesis and completely regioselective metallation of its 6-mercapto terminus. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51773j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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14
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Chisholm MH. Incorporating MM Quadruple Bonds Into Conjugated Organic Oligomers: Syntheses and Optoelectronic Properties. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Hicks J, Ring SP, Patmore NJ. Tuning the electronic structure of Mo–Mo quadruple bonds by N for O for S substitution. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:6641-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30234a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Neal BM, Vorushilov AS, DeLaRosa AM, Robinson RE, Berrie CL, Barybin MV. Ancillary nitrile substituents as convenient IR spectroscopic reporters for self-assembly of mercapto- and isocyanoazulenes on Au(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:10803-5. [PMID: 21892471 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14554a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and self-assembly of structurally related mercapto- and isocyanoazulenes, including novel 2-mercapto-1,3-dicyanoazulene (4) and 2-isocyano-1,3-dicyanoazulene (5), are reported. Exposing 5 adsorbed on Au(111) to a solution of 4 displaces the isocyanoazulene monolayer with that of the mercaptoazulene as judged by ν(C≡N) signatures of these films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad M Neal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Boyd DA, Fanwick PE, Ren T. New diruthenium complexes formed via modification with 1,1′-ferrocene dicarboxylic acid. Inorganica Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2011.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Bunting P, Chisholm MH, Gallucci JC, Lear BJ. Extent of M2δ to Ligand π-Conjugation in Neutral and Mixed Valence States of Bis(4-isonicotinate)-bis(2,4,6-triisopropylbenzoate) Dimetal Complexes (MM), Where M = Mo or W, and Their Adducts with Tris(pentafluorophenyl)boron. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:5873-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ja109522b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Bunting
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Bonniard L, Kahlal S, Diallo AK, Ornelas C, Roisnel T, Manca G, Rodrigues J, Ruiz J, Astruc D, Saillard JY. How do nitriles compare with isoelectronic alkynyl groups in the electronic communication between iron centers bridged by phenylenebis- and -tris(nitrile) ligands? An electronic and crystal-structure study. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:114-24. [PMID: 21117620 DOI: 10.1021/ic101415c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the model [{FeCp(dpe)}(2){1,4-C(6)H(4)(CN)(2)}](2+) (3(2+); dpe = diphosphinoethane) of salts of the cations [{FeCp(dppe)}(2){1,4-C(6)H(4)(CN)(2)}](2+) (1(2+); dppe = 1,2-bis[diphenyldiphosphino]ethane) and [{FeCp*(CO)(2)}(2){1,4-C(6)H(4)(CN)(2)}](2+) (2(2+)), for which the X-ray crystal structures have been determined, as well as on its isomer [{FeCp(dpe)}(2){1,3-C(6)H(4)(CN)(2)}](2+) (4(2+)) and on the related complex [{FeCp(dpe)}(3){1,3,5-C(6)H(3)(CN)(3)}](3+) (5(2+)), indicate that the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) of these compounds are localized on the metal centers with negligible participation of the C(6) ring. Thus, the poly(nitrile)phenylene ligand efficiently quenches the electronic communication between the metal centers. This is at variance with the related isoelectronic polyacetylene phenylene complexes, in which the iron centers have been shown to be electronically coupled. Consistently, apart from the case of 3(3+), which shows some degree of delocalization, all of the oxidized forms of 3(2+), 4(2+), and 5(2+) can be described as class II, localized mixed-valent species, in agreement with the electrochemical data showing two close oxidation potentials around 1 V vs FeCp*(2). This is at variance with the p-phenylene-bridged biethynyldiiron analogue, for which extended electronic delocalization was earlier shown to provide greater degree of delocalization of the mixed valency. Time-dependent DFT calculations on 3(2+), 4(2+), and 5(2+) indicate that the lowest-energy absorption band is associated with metal-to-ligand charge-transfer transitions involving the metallic HOMOs and the two lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals that derive from the lowest π*(phenylene) orbitals with some π*(CN) bonding admixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauréline Bonniard
- Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR CNRS No. 6226, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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Gracia R, Adams H, Patmore NJ. Unexpected structural and electronic effects of internal rotation in diruthenium paddlewheel complexes containing bulky carboxylate ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2010.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Maher TR, Spaeth AD, Neal BM, Berrie CL, Thompson WH, Day VW, Barybin MV. Linear 6,6'-biazulenyl framework featuring isocyanide termini: synthesis, structure, redox behavior, complexation, and self-assembly on Au(111). J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:15924-6. [PMID: 20977232 DOI: 10.1021/ja108202d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The key step in accessing the title species (5), the first nonbenzenoid diisocyanobiaryl, involved an unexpected homocoupling of a 6-bromoazulene derivative. The reversible 2e(-) reduction of 5 was addressed electrochemically and computationally. The shifts in energies of the S(0)→S(1) and S(0)→S(2) transitions for a series of related 6,6'-biazulenyl derivatives correlate with the e(-)-donating/-withdrawing strength of their 2,2'-substituents but follow opposite trends. Species 5 adsorbs end-on (η(1)) to the Au(111) surface via one of its -NC groups to form a 2-nm-thick film. In addition, bimetallic coordination of 5's -NC termini can be readily achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R Maher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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Electronically Coupled MM Quadruple Bonded Complexes of Molybdenum and Tungsten. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-05243-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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23
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Alberding BG, Barybin MV, Chisholm MH, Gustafson TL, Reed CR, Robinson RE, Patmore NJ, Singh N, Turro C. Molecular, electronic structure and spectroscopic properties of MM quadruply bonded units supported by trans-6-carboethoxy-2-carboxylatoazulene ligands. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:1979-84. [DOI: 10.1039/b919282d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chisholm MH, Chou PT, Chou YH, Ghosh Y, Gustafson TL, Ho ML. Preparations and Photophysical Properties of Fused and Nonfused Thienyl Bridged MM (M = Mo or W) Quadruply Bonded Complexes. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:3415-25. [DOI: 10.1021/ic800090n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm H. Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185, and Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185, and Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Chou
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185, and Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yagnaseni Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185, and Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Terry L. Gustafson
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185, and Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lin Ho
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185, and Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Chisholm MH. Mixed valence complexes involving MM quadruple bonds (M=Mo or W). PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2008; 366:101-12. [PMID: 17846014 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2007.2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The MM quadruple bond of configuration MM sigma2pi4delta2 is redox active and in many ways ideally suited for studies of mixed valency when two or more such centres are linked by a bridging ligand. In this account, the mechanism of electronic coupling is examined for complexes of the type [L3M2bridgeM2L3]0/+ where L, a pivalate; bridge, a dicarboxylate or related ligand and M, Mo or W. The represented examples allow us to probe electronic factors close to the class II/III border and readily distinguish between electron and hole transfer in the superexchange mechanism. The potential for mixed valence organic radical anions mediated by the M2 centre is also raised and one specific example of class III behaviour is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm H Chisholm
- The Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Chisholm MH. Metal to metal multiple bonds in ordered assemblies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:2563-70. [PMID: 17299047 PMCID: PMC1815223 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610364104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and properties of metal-metal (MM) quadruply bonded compounds of molybdenum and tungsten in liquid crystalline phases are described. Covalently linked MM quadruply bonded complexes, dimers of dimers, are shown to give rise to mixed valence complexes upon oxidation and the degree of electron delocalization is shown to be correlated with the M(2)delta bridge pi interactions. Class III behavior or complete delocalization is observed to M(2) to M(2) distances of up to 14 A. When the M(2) unit is attached to oligothiophenes via a carboxylate tether, the photophysical properties of the thienyl units are greatly modified due to M(2)delta-thienyl pi conjugation and spin-orbit coupling. This leads to long-lived emissive states and electroluminescence in solid-state devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm H Chisholm
- Newman-Wolfrom Chemical Laboratories, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Cotton FA, Liu CY, Murillo CA, Zhao Q. Electronic Localization versus Delocalization Determined by the Binding of the Linker in an Isomer Pair. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:2604-11. [PMID: 17295476 DOI: 10.1021/ic0622252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
By using stoichiometric amounts of (C5H5)2FePF6, the isomeric neutral diamidate-bridged molecules, alpha- and beta-(DAniF)3Mo2(ArN(O)CC(O)NAr)Mo2(DAniF)3, with Ar = p-MeOC6H4, have been oxidized to give the PF6 salts of the four cations alpha1+, alpha2+, beta1+, and beta2+. All four structures have been accurately determined and, together with supporting evidence from near-IR, EPR, NMR and magnetic susceptibility measurements, it clearly establishes that in the mixed-valent alpha+ species the unpaired electron is localized over only one of the Mo2 units while the alpha2+ cation behaves as a diradical having two Mo25+ units that are essentially uncoupled. However, the beta+ species is fully delocalized, in the time scale of the experiments, with the unpaired electron being equally shared by the two Mo2 units. It displays a HOMO-1 --> SOMO transition at 4700 cm-1 (Deltanu1/2 = 2300 cm-1). Because of strong coupling, the beta2+ species is diamagnetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Albert Cotton
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Molecular Structure and Bonding, P. O. Box 3012, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, USA.
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Chisholm MH, Patmore NJ. Studies of electronic coupling and mixed valency in metal-metal quadruply bonded complexes linked by dicarboxylate and closely related ligands. Acc Chem Res 2007; 40:19-27. [PMID: 17226942 DOI: 10.1021/ar068100i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Complexes of the form [(tBuCO2)3M2]2(mu-O2C-X-CO2), where M is Mo or W and X is a pi conjugated organic group, are ideally suited for studies of electronic coupling between the two redox centers via M2 delta-bridge pi conjugation. The complexes have intense metal-to-bridge charge-transfer transitions in the visible or near-IR region of the spectrum and exhibit thermo-, solvato- and electrochromic behavior. Chemical oxidation results in the formation of mixed-valence species that are particularly well-suited for the study of the class II/III border. The extent of electronic coupling is determined by a variety of spectroscopic techniques and, in particular, by EPR and electronic absorption spectroscopy. The latter provides a direct measure of the electronic coupling parameter Hab in pairs (Mo and W) of otherwise identical complexes. Similarly, the substitution within the bridge of the CO2 group by COS or RNCO allows an evaluation of the mechanism of the electronic coupling in closely related complexes. Electronic structure calculations employing density functional theory complement frontier molecular orbital theory in the interpretation of the physicochemical properties of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm H Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185, USA.
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Chisholm MH, Patmore NJ. 2,5-Dianilinoterephthalate bridged MM quadruply bonded complexes of molybdenum and tungsten. Dalton Trans 2007:91-6. [PMID: 17160178 DOI: 10.1039/b607709a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
From the reactions between 2,5-dianilinoterephthalic acid and M2(O2CBut)4 in toluene the dicarboxylate bridged complexes [(ButCO2)3M2]2{micro-1,4-(CO2)(2)-2,5-(NHPh)2C6H2}, (M=Mo) and (M=W) have been isolated. The compounds are air sensitive, sparingly soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons but appreciably soluble in tetrahydrofuran. Electronic structure calculations employing density functional theory on the model compounds [(HCO2)3M2]2{micro-1,4-(CO2)(2)-2,5-(NHPh)2C6H2}, indicate that the ground state structure contains a planar bridge and that for molybdenum the HOMO is a bridge based molecular orbital. However, the compounds show reversible oxidation waves (CV and DPV) that for both M=Mo and W are metal based oxidations. Furthermore, the cations + and + are shown to be valence trapped and fully delocalized respectively. The magnitude of the electronic coupling of the two M2 centers, Hab, can be estimated as 383 cm-1 for + and 1500 cm-1 for + based on the corresponding low energy IVCT or charge resonance bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm H Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1185, USA.
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Barybin MV, Chisholm MH, Patmore NJ, Robinson RE, Singh N. Concerning the molecular and electronic structure of a tungsten-tungsten quadruply bonded complex supported by two 6-Carboethoxy-2-carboxylatoazulene ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:3652-4. [PMID: 17728883 DOI: 10.1039/b708746b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and molecular structure of a W2(4+)-quadruply bonded complex is reported wherein two mutually trans azulene-2-carboxylato ligands are shown to be strongly coupled by ligand pi-M2delta-ligand pi conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Barybin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582, USA
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31
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Electronic communication between tungsten alkylidyne and metal isocyanide complex fragments across phenyleneethynylene bridges. J Organomet Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2006.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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DuBose DL, Robinson RE, Holovics TC, Moody DR, Weintrob EC, Berrie CL, Barybin MV. Interaction of mono- and diisocyanoazulenes with gold surfaces: first examples of self-assembled monolayer films involving azulenic scaffolds. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:4599-606. [PMID: 16649770 DOI: 10.1021/la0532050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The formation and properties of a new class of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of aryl isocyanides and diisocyanides based on the nonbenzenoid azulenic framework have been investigated using FTIR spectroscopy and ellipsometry. Syntheses of several new members of the isocyanoazulene family, a recently established type of aryl isocyanides, are reported as well. The FTIR spectra for the isocyanoazulene derivatives absorbed on the gold surface indicate the terminal upright coordination of every isocyanoazulene molecule studied. In addition, the ellipsometric thicknesses have been measured and are consistent with those calculated for single monolayers of the isocyanides oriented along the surface normal. Unlike SAMs of some benzenoid aryl isocyanides, the nonbenzenoid isocyanoazule-based SAMs proved resistant to oxidation, oligomerization, and isomerization into the corresponding nitriles under ambient conditions, which is an important prerequisite to their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L DuBose
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence Kansas 66045, USA
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