1
|
Lu Y, Chen C, Zhuang D, Qian L. Molecular Dynamic Simulation To Reveal the Mechanism Underlying MGL-3196 Resistance to Thyroxine Receptor Beta. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:20957-20965. [PMID: 38764645 PMCID: PMC11097192 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Thyroxine receptor beta (TRβ) is a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor that participates in regulating multiple biological processes, particularly playing an important role in lipid metabolism regulation. TRβ is currently a popular therapeutic target for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), while no drugs have been approved to treat this disease. MGL-3196 (Resmetirom) is the first TRβ agonist that has succeeded in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of NASH; therefore, studying its molecular mechanism of action is of great significance. In this study, we employed molecular dynamic simulation to investigate the interaction mode between MGL-3196 and TRβ at the all-atom level. More importantly, by comparing the binding patterns of MGL-3196 in several prevalent TRβ mutants, it was identified that the mutations R243Q and H435R located, respectively, around and within the ligand-binding pocket of TRβ cause TRβ to be insensitive to MGL-3196. This indicates that patients with NASH carrying these two mutations may exhibit resistance to the medication of MGL-3196, thereby highlighting the potential impact of TRβ mutations on TRβ-targeted treatment of NASH and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Fujian
Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Neonatal
Diseases, Xiamen Childreǹs Hospital
(Children’s Hospital of Fudan University at Xiamen), Xiamen 361006, China
- Department
of Pediatrics, Chidren’s Hospital
of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Fujian
Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Neonatal
Diseases, Xiamen Childreǹs Hospital
(Children’s Hospital of Fudan University at Xiamen), Xiamen 361006, China
| | - Deyi Zhuang
- Fujian
Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Neonatal
Diseases, Xiamen Childreǹs Hospital
(Children’s Hospital of Fudan University at Xiamen), Xiamen 361006, China
| | - Liling Qian
- Fujian
Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Neonatal
Diseases, Xiamen Childreǹs Hospital
(Children’s Hospital of Fudan University at Xiamen), Xiamen 361006, China
- Division
of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School
of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang J, Zhu B, Ran C. The Application of Bio-orthogonality for In Vivo Animal Imaging. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 1:434-447. [PMID: 37655167 PMCID: PMC10466453 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The application of bio-orthogonality has greatly facilitated numerous aspects of biological studies in recent years. In particular, bio-orthogonal chemistry has transformed biological research, including in vitro conjugate chemistry, target identification, and biomedical imaging. In this review, we highlighted examples of bio-orthogonal in vivo imaging published in recent years. We grouped the references into two major categories: bio-orthogonal chemistry-related imaging and in vivo imaging with bio-orthogonal nonconjugated pairing. Lastly, we discussed the challenges and opportunities of bio-orthogonality for in vivo imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Biyue Zhu
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Q, Yao B, Zhao S, Lu Z, Zhang Y, Xiang Q, Wu X, Yu H, Zhang C, Li J, Zhuang X, Wu D, Li Y, Xu Y. Discovery of a Highly Selective and H435R-Sensitive Thyroid Hormone Receptor β Agonist. J Med Chem 2022; 65:7193-7211. [PMID: 35507418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design and development of agonists selectively targeting thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) and TRβ mutants remain challenging tasks. In this study, we first adopted the strategy of breaking the "His-Phe switch" to solve two problems, simultaneously. A structure-based design approach was successfully utilized to obtain compound 16g, which is a potent TRβ agonist (EC50: 21.0 nM, 85.0% of the maximum efficacy of 1) with outstanding selectivity for TRβ over TRα and also effectively activates the TRβH435R mutant. Then, we developed a highly efficient synthetic method for 16g. Our serials of cocrystal structures revealed detailed structural mechanisms in overcoming subtype selectivity and rescuing the H435R mutation. 16g also showed excellent lipid metabolism, safety, metabolic stability, and pharmacokinetic properties. Collectively, 16g is a well-characterized selective and mutation-sensitive TRβ agonist for further investigating its function in treating dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Li
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Benqiang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shiting Zhao
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhou Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Qiuping Xiang
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xishan Wu
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Haonan Yu
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Junhua Li
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhuang
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Donghai Wu
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Groeneweg S, Peeters RP, Visser TJ, Visser WE. Therapeutic applications of thyroid hormone analogues in resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) syndromes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:82-90. [PMID: 28235578 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is crucial for normal development and metabolism of virtually all tissues. TH signaling is predominantly mediated through binding of the bioactive hormone 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) to the nuclear T3-receptors (TRs). The intracellular TH levels are importantly regulated by transporter proteins that facilitate the transport of TH across the cell membrane and by the three deiodinating enzymes. Defects at the level of the TRs, deiodinases and transporter proteins result in resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) syndromes. Compounds with thyromimetic potency but with different (bio)chemical properties compared to T3 may hold therapeutic potential in these syndromes by bypassing defective transporters or binding to mutant TRs. Such TH analogues have the potential to rescue TH signaling. This review describes the role of TH analogues in the treatment of RTH syndromes. In particular, the application of 3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid (Triac) in RTH due to defective TRβ and the role of 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid (DITPA), 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyroacetic acid (Tetrac) and Triac in MCT8 deficiency will be highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Groeneweg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nguyen DP, Miyaoka Y, Gilbert LA, Mayerl SJ, Lee BH, Weissman JS, Conklin BR, Wells JA. Ligand-binding domains of nuclear receptors facilitate tight control of split CRISPR activity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12009. [PMID: 27363581 PMCID: PMC4932181 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cas9-based RNA-guided nuclease (RGN) has emerged to be a versatile method for genome editing due to the ease of construction of RGN reagents to target specific genomic sequences. The ability to control the activity of Cas9 with a high temporal resolution will facilitate tight regulation of genome editing processes for studying the dynamics of transcriptional regulation or epigenetic modifications in complex biological systems. Here we show that fusing ligand-binding domains of nuclear receptors to split Cas9 protein fragments can provide chemical control over split Cas9 activity. The method has allowed us to control Cas9 activity in a tunable manner with no significant background, which has been challenging for other inducible Cas9 constructs. We anticipate that our design will provide opportunities through the use of different ligand-binding domains to enable multiplexed genome regulation of endogenous genes in distinct loci through simultaneous chemical regulation of orthogonal Cas9 variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duy P Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Yuichiro Miyaoka
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Luke A Gilbert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Steven J Mayerl
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Brian H Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Bruce R Conklin
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - James A Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Flamant F. Futures Challenges in Thyroid Hormone Signaling Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:58. [PMID: 27445973 PMCID: PMC4916735 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical pathway of thyroid hormone signaling involves its binding to nuclear receptors (TRs) acting directly on the transcription of a number of genes. Recent genome-wide studies revealed that chromatin occupancy by TR is not sufficient for transactivation of gene expression. Reciprocally, in some cases, DNA binding by TR may not be required for cellular response. This leaves many new questions to be addressed in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Flamant
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- *Correspondence: Frédéric Flamant,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Seçinti H, Burmaoğlu S, Altundaş R, Seçen H. Total syntheses of multicaulins via oxidative photocyclization of stilbenes. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:2134-2137. [PMID: 25140606 DOI: 10.1021/np5001158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Wittig reaction of 3-isopropyl-4-methoxybenzaldehyde and 2,3-dimethylbenzylphosphonium bromide afforded the corresponding stilbene mixture 16. Oxidative photocyclization of stilbene 16 with iodine facilitated the first total synthesis of 7-isopropyl-6-methoxy-1,2-dimethylphenanthrene, multicaulin (1). The O-demethylation of 1 with BBr3 afforded the 7-isopropyl-1,2-dimethylphenanthren-6-ol, O-demethylmulticaulin (2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Seçinti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ataturk University , 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
St. Denis JD, Scully CCG, Lee CF, Yudin AK. Development of the Direct Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling of Primary B-Alkyl MIDA-boronates and Aryl Bromides. Org Lett 2014; 16:1338-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ol500057a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. St. Denis
- Davenport Research Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Conor C. G. Scully
- Davenport Research Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - C. Frank Lee
- Davenport Research Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Andrei K. Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ji D, Wang L, Liu W, Hou S, Zhao KZ. Synthesis of NAD analogs to develop bioorthogonal redox system. Sci China Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-012-4815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
Goldstein R, Cheng J, Stec B, Roberts MF. Structure of the S. aureus PI-specific phospholipase C reveals modulation of active site access by a titratable π-cation latched loop. Biochemistry 2012; 51:2579-87. [PMID: 22390775 DOI: 10.1021/bi300057q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus secretes a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) as a virulence factor that is unusual in exhibiting higher activity at acidic pH values than other enzymes in this class. We have determined the crystal structure of this enzyme at pH 4.6 and pH 7.5. Under slightly basic conditions, the S. aureus PI-PLC structure closely follows the conformation of other bacterial PI-PLCs. However, when crystallized under acidic conditions, a large section of mobile loop at the αβ-barrel rim in the vicinity of the active site shows ~10 Å shift. This loop displacement at acidic pH is the result of a titratable intramolecular π-cation interaction between His258 and Phe249. This was verified by a structure of the mutant protein H258Y crystallized at pH 4.6, which does not exhibit the large loop shift. The intramolecular π-cation interaction for S. aureus PI-PLC provides an explanation for the activity of the enzyme at acid pH and also suggests how phosphatidylcholine, as a competitor for Phe249, may kinetically activate this enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Goldstein
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hirano T, Kagechika H. Thyromimetics: a review of recent reports and patents (2004 – 2009). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:213-28. [DOI: 10.1517/13543770903567069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
12
|
Pastuszka MK, Mackay JA. Biomolecular engineering of intracellular switches in eukaryotes. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2010; 20:163-169. [PMID: 21209849 DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(10)50025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tools to selectively and reversibly control gene expression are useful to study and model cellular functions. When optimized, these cellular switches can turn a protein's function "on" and "off" based on cues designated by the researcher. These cues include small molecules, drugs, hormones, and even temperature variations. Here we review three distinct areas in gene expression that are commonly targeted when designing cellular switches. Transcriptional switches target gene expression at the level of mRNA polymerization, with examples including the tetracycline gene induction system as well as nuclear receptors. Translational switches target the process of turning the mRNA signal into protein, with examples including riboswitches and RNA interference. Post-translational switches control how proteins interact with one another to attenuate or relay signals. Examples of post-translational modification include dimerization and intein splicing. In general, the delay times between switch and effect decreases from transcription to translation to post-translation; furthermore, the fastest switches may offer the most elegant opportunities to influence and study cell behavior. We discuss the pros and cons of these strategies, which directly influence their usefulness to study and implement drug targeting at the tissue and cellular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M K Pastuszka
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9121, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Levitsky K, Szymanski P, Jin F, Meurer-Ogden JA, Harkins RN. Development and validation of an improved inducer-regulator protein complex in the pBRES-regulated expression system. Hum Gene Ther 2009; 19:1273-82. [PMID: 19000019 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2008.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread adaptation of small molecule-regulated expression systems requires the development of selective inducer molecules that do not have any significant side effects on the endogenous receptors from which the regulated expression system is derived. Here we report the identification and in vitro validation of a novel inducer-receptor pair for the single-plasmid regulated expression system termed pBRES, which contains the ligand-binding domain from the human progesterone receptor (hPR). A small molecule inducer, BLX-913, has been identified as having a 30-fold lower IC(50) for the human progesterone receptor than mifepristone (MFP), the previously best characterized inducer for pBRES. Using modeling-guided protein engineering, compensatory mutations were installed at positions W755 and V729 (hPR numbering) in the ligand-binding pocket of the pBRES regulator protein (pBRES RP) to accommodate the new inducer and allow induction of transgene expression to levels previously seen with MFP. The improved inducer-pBRES RP complex was validated in vitro by monitoring the induction of luciferase, murine secreted alkaline phosphatase, and human interferon beta transgenes in mouse skeletal muscle cells. The engineered pBRES demonstrated low levels of transgene expression in the absence, and high expression levels in the presence, of the new BLX-913 inducer. Findings presented here allow induction of the pBRES-regulated gene expression system by a compound with markedly lower anti-hPR activity than MFP, the previously best characterized inducer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Levitsky
- Novel Technologies Department, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
As the focus of synthesis increasingly shifts from its historical emphasis on molecular structure to function, improved strategies are clearly required for the generation of molecules with defined physical, chemical, and biological properties. In contrast, living organisms are remarkably adept at producing molecules and molecular assemblies with an impressive array of functions - from enzymes and antibodies to the photosynthetic center. Thus, the marriage of Nature's synthetic strategies, molecules, and biosynthetic machinery with more traditional synthetic approaches might enable the generation of molecules with properties difficult to achieve by chemical strategies alone. Here we illustrate the potential of this approach and overview some opportunities and challenges in the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Valadares NF, Polikarpov I, Garratt RC. Ligand induced interaction of thyroid hormone receptor beta with its coregulators. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 112:205-12. [PMID: 19000767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones exert most of their physiological effects through two thyroid hormone receptor (TR) subtypes, TRalpha and TRbeta, which associate with many transcriptional coregulators to mediate activation or repression of target genes. The search for selective TRbeta ligands has been stimulated by the finding that several pharmacological actions mediated by TRbeta might be beneficial in medical conditions such as obesity, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes. Here, we present a new methodology which employs surface plasmon resonance to investigate the interactions between TRbeta ligand binding domain (LBD) complexes and peptides derived from the nuclear receptor interaction motifs of two of its coregulators, SRC2 and DAX1. The effect of several TRbeta ligands, including the TRbeta selective agonist GC-1 and the TRbeta selective antagonist NH-3, were investigated. We also determined the kinetic rate constants for the interaction of TRbeta-T3 with both coregulators, and accessed the thermodynamic parameters for the interaction with DAX1. Our findings suggest that flexibility plays an important role in the interaction between the receptor and its coregulators, and point out important aspects of experimental design that should be addressed when using TRbeta LBD and its agonists. Furthermore, the methodology described here may be useful for the identification of new TRbeta ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Napoleão F Valadares
- Departamento de Física e Informática, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense 400, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hassan A, Koh J. Selective Chemical Rescue of a Thyroid-Hormone-Receptor Mutant, TRβ(H435Y), Identified in Pituitary Carcinoma and Resistance to Thyroid Hormone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:7280-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
17
|
Hassan A, Koh J. Selective Chemical Rescue of a Thyroid-Hormone-Receptor Mutant, TRβ(H435Y), Identified in Pituitary Carcinoma and Resistance to Thyroid Hormone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
18
|
Biggins JB, Hashimoto A, Koh JT. Photocaged Agonist for an Analogue-Specific form of the Vitamin D Receptor. Chembiochem 2007; 8:799-803. [PMID: 17393546 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) represent a diverse class of ligand-dependent transcriptional regulators. NHRs that have been rendered functionally inactive due to mutations that abrogate proper ligand binding can often be rescued by appropriately designed hormone analogues. The analogue-specific receptor-ligand pairs provide an ideal platform from which to develop new chemogenomic tools for the spatial and temporal control of gene expression. Here, we describe the synthesis and in vitro assessment of a photocaged VDR agonist specific to a mutant NHR that is associated with vitamin D-resistant rickets. The results provide insight into the utility of the agonist as a potential tool for photoinduced gene patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John B Biggins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Brown Laboratories, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Biggins JB, Koh JT. Chemical biology of steroid and nuclear hormone receptors. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2007; 11:99-110. [PMID: 17188557 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptors are ligand-gated transcription factors that modulate gene expression by directly acting upon genomic DNA, and have been of profound interest across all biological disciplines. Recent advancements in this area have included the expansion of transgene activation through ligand-receptor engineering, drug development from structural design and the exploitation of innate ligand-specific associations towards developing novel conditional protein-based recombinant and diagnostic tools. These advancements come on the heels of exciting new modes of hormone action that challenge and expand upon the classic paradigms of hormone receptor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John B Biggins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|