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Dalui A, Ariga K, Acharya S. Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals: from bottom-up nanoarchitectonics to energy harvesting applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10835-10865. [PMID: 37608724 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02605a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) have been extensively investigated owing to their unique properties induced by the quantum confinement effect. The advent of colloidal synthesis routes led to the design of stable colloidal NCs with uniform size, shape, and composition. Metal oxides, phosphides, and chalcogenides (ZnE, CdE, PbE, where E = S, Se, or Te) are few of the most important monocomponent semiconductor NCs, which show excellent optoelectronic properties. The ability to build quantum confined heterostructures comprising two or more semiconductor NCs offer greater customization and tunability of properties compared to their monocomponent counterparts. More recently, the halide perovskite NCs showed exceptional optoelectronic properties for energy generation and harvesting applications. Numerous applications including photovoltaic, photodetectors, light emitting devices, catalysis, photochemical devices, and solar driven fuel cells have demonstrated using these NCs in the recent past. Overall, semiconductor NCs prepared via the colloidal synthesis route offer immense potential to become an alternative to the presently available device applications. This feature article will explore the progress of NCs syntheses with outstanding potential to control the shape and spatial dimensionality required for photovoltaic, light emitting diode, and photocatalytic applications. We also attempt to address the challenges associated with achieving high efficiency devices with the NCs and possible solutions including interface engineering, packing control, encapsulation chemistry, and device architecture engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Dalui
- Department of Chemistry, Jogamaya Devi College, Kolkata-700026, India
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- International Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Somobrata Acharya
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata-700032, India.
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Shulenberger KE, Jilek MR, Sherman SJ, Hohman BT, Dukovic G. Electronic Structure and Excited State Dynamics of Cadmium Chalcogenide Nanorods. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3852-3903. [PMID: 36881852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The cylindrical quasi-one-dimensional shape of colloidal semiconductor nanorods (NRs) gives them unique electronic structure and optical properties. In addition to the band gap tunability common to nanocrystals, NRs have polarized light absorption and emission and high molar absorptivities. NR-shaped heterostructures feature control of electron and hole locations as well as light emission energy and efficiency. We comprehensively review the electronic structure and optical properties of Cd-chalcogenide NRs and NR heterostructures (e.g., CdSe/CdS dot-in-rods, CdSe/ZnS rod-in-rods), which have been widely investigated over the last two decades due in part to promising optoelectronic applications. We start by describing methods for synthesizing these colloidal NRs. We then detail the electronic structure of single-component and heterostructure NRs and follow with a discussion of light absorption and emission in these materials. Next, we describe the excited state dynamics of these NRs, including carrier cooling, carrier and exciton migration, radiative and nonradiative recombination, multiexciton generation and dynamics, and processes that involve trapped carriers. Finally, we describe charge transfer from photoexcited NRs and connect the dynamics of these processes with light-driven chemistry. We end with an outlook that highlights some of the outstanding questions about the excited state properties of Cd-chalcogenide NRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madison R Jilek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Skylar J Sherman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Benjamin T Hohman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Gordana Dukovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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Sang J, Zhou X, Xia Z, Sun J, Wang J, Shang J, Zhang Y, Zhao S, Neyts K. Dispersion and Tunable Alignment of Colloidal Silver Nanowires in a Nematic Liquid Crystal for Applications in Electric-Optic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11016-11023. [PMID: 36700704 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The dispersion and tunable alignment of colloidal nanomaterials is desirable for practical applications in electric-optic (E-O) devices; however, it remains challenging for large one-dimensional nanomaterials with a large aspect ratio. Here, we demonstrate a large-scale, simple, multi-microdomain, and noncontact photoalignment technology to align colloidal silver nanowires (AgNWs, length ∼4.5 μm, diameter ∼70.6 nm) in a liquid crystal (LC) with a high two-dimensional order parameter (about 0.9). The AgNWs are precisely self-assembled via photomasks with twisted nematic and planar alignment models in microdomain regions. The AgNW orientation is tuned with an electric field, through the rotation of an LC director n, which allows three-dimensional (3D) tunable orientation combined with photoalignment. The colloidal dispersions of AgNWs in the LC cell influenced the ion transfer, elastic constant, dielectric anisotropy, and near LC alignment, changing the E-O properties of the LC devices. The 3D tunable orientation of an AgNW by photoalignment and an electric field could provide a new way to assemble large colloidal nanomaterials and fabricate functional E-O devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Sang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Liquid Crystals and Photonics Group, ELIS Department, Ghent University, Technologiepark 126, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ziqi Xia
- College of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jiatong Sun
- College of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jianqiang Wang
- SAIC Volkswagen Automotive Co., Ltd., Yutian Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201805, China
| | - Jianhua Shang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yihong Zhang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shuguang Zhao
- College of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Kristiaan Neyts
- Liquid Crystals and Photonics Group, ELIS Department, Ghent University, Technologiepark 126, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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Gao F, Fan S, Liu H, Hu W, Wei C, Liu H, Li X, Chen Y. Photoinduced electron transfer for improved FET performance based on the hybrid film of an amphiphilic perylene diimide and CdS. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bhardwaj P, Kaushik S, Gairola P, Gairola SP. Designing of nickel cobalt molybdate/multiwalled carbon nanotube composites for suppression of electromagnetic radiation. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-018-0115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Lu N, Wang X, Liu X, Li X, Chen Y. Photoinduced electron and energy transfer in an amphiphilic perylenetetracarboxylic diimide derivative/CdS self-assembled hybrid film. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gevko PN, Zarubanov AA, Zhuravlev KS, Bulusheva LG, Larionov SV, Okotrub AV. The influence of water–organic solvent composition on the morphology and luminescent properties of CdS nanoparticles obtained by chemical precipitation. COLLOID JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x16010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ishida Y, Jirasupangkul T, Yonezawa T. One-pot preparation of cationic charged Pt nanoparticles by the autocatalytic hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00420a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Autocatalytic synthesis of cationic charged platinum nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ishida
- Division of Material Science and Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | | | - Tetsu Yonezawa
- Division of Material Science and Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
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Zhang SY, Regulacio MD, Han MY. Self-assembly of colloidal one-dimensional nanocrystals. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:2301-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60397k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Song J, Tian Q, Gao J, Wu H, Chen Y, Li X. Controlled preparation of CdS nanoparticle arrays in amphiphilic perylene tetracarboxylic diimides: organization, electron-transfer and semiconducting properties. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce41977k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Xu L, Ma W, Wang L, Xu C, Kuang H, Kotov NA. Nanoparticle assemblies: dimensional transformation of nanomaterials and scalability. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:3114-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35460a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Wang X, Yuan S, Chen G. Facile Synthesis of Uniform CdS Hollow Spheres in an Ethanol System and Their Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity. Chempluschem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Belman N, Israelachvili JN, Li Y, Safinya CR, Ezersky V, Rabkin A, Sima O, Golan Y. Hierarchical superstructure of alkylamine-coated ZnS nanoparticle assemblies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:4974-9. [PMID: 21321713 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00999g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe methodology for producing highly uniform, ordered and reproducible superstructures of surfactant-coated ZnS nanorod and nanowire assemblies, and propose a predictive multiscale "packing model" for superstructure formation based on electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction data on the superstructure, as well as on individual components of the nanostructured system. The studied nanoparticles showed a hierarchical structure starting from the individual faceted ZnS inorganic cores, onto which the crystalline surfactant molecules are adsorbed, to the superstructure of the nanoparticle arrays. Our results point out the critical role of the surfactant headgroup and polarity in nanoparticle assembly, and demonstrate the relationship between the molecular structure of the surfactant and the resulting superstructure of the nanoparticle assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Belman
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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Khan AH, Ji Q, Ariga K, Thupakula U, Acharya S. Size controlled ultranarrow PbS nanorods: spectroscopy and robust stability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm03665j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Chang JY, Tsai MH, Ou KL, Yang CH, Fan JC. Synthesis of CuInSe2 ternary nanostructures: a combined oriented attachment and ligand protection strategy. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ce05046j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Li X, Gao Y, Yu L, Zheng L. Template-free synthesis of CdS hollow nanospheres based on an ionic liquid assisted hydrothermal process and their application in photocatalysis. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Jang SY, Song YM, Kim HS, Cho YJ, Seo YS, Jung GB, Lee CW, Park J, Jung M, Kim J, Kim B, Kim JG, Kim YJ. Three synthetic routes to single-crystalline PbS nanowires with controlled growth direction and their electrical transport properties. ACS NANO 2010; 4:2391-2401. [PMID: 20349941 DOI: 10.1021/nn100163k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Single-crystalline rock-salt PbS nanowires (NWs) were synthesized using three different routes; the solvothermal, chemical vapor transport, and gas-phase substitution reaction of pregrown CdS NWs. They were uniformly grown with the [100] or [110], [112] direction in a controlled manner. In the solvothermal growth, the oriented attachment of the octylamine (OA) ligands enables the NWs to be produced with a controlled morphology and growth direction. As the concentration of OA increases, the growth direction evolves from the [100] to the higher surface-energy [110] and [112] directions under the more thermodynamically controlled growth conditions. In the synthesis involving chemical vapor transport and the substitution reaction, the use of a lower growth temperature causes the higher surface-energy growth direction to change from [100] to [110]. The high-resolution X-ray diffraction pattern and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results revealed that a thinner oxide-layer was produced on the surface of the PbS NWs by the substitution reaction. We fabricated field effect transistors using single PbS NW, which showed intrinsic p-type semiconductor characteristics for all three routes. For the PbS NW with a thinner oxide layer, the carrier mobility was measured to be as high as 10 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Jochiwon 339-700, Korea
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Yan S, Lu L, Meng H, Huang N, Xiao Z. Scalable alignment and transfer of nanowires based on oriented polymer nanofibers. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:095303. [PMID: 20124660 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/9/095303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We develop a simple and scalable method based on oriented polymer nanofiber films for the parallel assembly and transfer of nanowires at high density. Nanowires dispersed in solution are aligned and selectively deposited at the central space of parallel nanochannels formed by the well-oriented nanofibers as a result of evaporation-induced flow and capillarity. A general contact printing method is used to realize the transfer of the nanowires from the donor nanofiber film to a receiver substrate. The mechanism, which involves ordered alignment of nanowires on oriented polymer nanofiber films, is also explored with an evaporation model of cylindrical droplets. The simplicity of the assembly and transfer, and the facile fabrication of large-area well-oriented nanofiber films, make the present method promising for the application of nanowires, especially for the disordered nanowires synthesized by solution chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shancheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Zhai T, Fang X, Li L, Bando Y, Golberg D. One-dimensional CdS nanostructures: synthesis, properties, and applications. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:168-87. [PMID: 20644793 DOI: 10.1039/b9nr00415g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional (1D) semiconductor nanostructures are of prime interest due to their potential in investigating the size and dimensionality dependence of the materials' physical properties and constructing nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) is an important semiconductor compound of the II-VI group, and its synthesis and properties have been of growing interest owing to prominent applications in several fields. This article provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art research activities that focus on the rational synthesis, novel properties and unique applications of 1D CdS nanostructures in nanotechnology. It begins with the rational design and synthesis of 1D CdS nanostructures, and then highlights a range of unique properties and applications (e.g. photoluminescence, cathodoluminescence, electrochemiluminescence, photocatalysis, lasers, waveguides, modulators, solar cells, field-effect transistors, photodetectors, field-emitters, and nanogenerators) associated with them. Finally, the review is concluded with the author outlook of the perspectives with respect to future research on 1D CdS nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyou Zhai
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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Nie Z, Petukhova A, Kumacheva E. Properties and emerging applications of self-assembled structures made from inorganic nanoparticles. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 5:15-25. [PMID: 20032986 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2009.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 988] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Just as nanoparticles display properties that differ from those of bulk samples of the same material, ensembles of nanoparticles can have collective properties that are different to those displayed by individual nanoparticles and bulk samples. Self-assembly has emerged as a powerful technique for controlling the structure and properties of ensembles of inorganic nanoparticles. Here we review different strategies for nanoparticle self-assembly, the properties of self-assembled structures of nanoparticles, and potential applications of such structures. Many of these properties and possible applications rely on our ability to control the interactions between the electronic, magnetic and optical properties of the individual nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Nie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Acharya S, Sarma DD, Golan Y, Sengupta S, Ariga K. Shape-Dependent Confinement in Ultrasmall Zero-, One-, and Two-Dimensional PbS Nanostructures. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:11282-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja903539d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somobrata Acharya
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan, Centre for Advanced Materials, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India, Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit and Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, and Department of Materials Engineering and the Ilse Katz Institute for Meso and
| | - D. D. Sarma
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan, Centre for Advanced Materials, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India, Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit and Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, and Department of Materials Engineering and the Ilse Katz Institute for Meso and
| | - Yuval Golan
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan, Centre for Advanced Materials, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India, Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit and Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, and Department of Materials Engineering and the Ilse Katz Institute for Meso and
| | - Sucheta Sengupta
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan, Centre for Advanced Materials, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India, Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit and Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, and Department of Materials Engineering and the Ilse Katz Institute for Meso and
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan, Centre for Advanced Materials, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India, Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit and Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, and Department of Materials Engineering and the Ilse Katz Institute for Meso and
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Belman N, Israelachvili JN, Li Y, Safinya CR, Bernstein J, Golan Y. The Temperature-Dependent Structure of Alkylamines and Their Corresponding Alkylammonium-Alkylcarbamates. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:9107-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ja902944t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Belman
- Department of Materials Engineering and Ilse Katz Institute of Nanotechnology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Departments, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Jacob N. Israelachvili
- Department of Materials Engineering and Ilse Katz Institute of Nanotechnology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Departments, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Youli Li
- Department of Materials Engineering and Ilse Katz Institute of Nanotechnology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Departments, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Cyrus R. Safinya
- Department of Materials Engineering and Ilse Katz Institute of Nanotechnology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Departments, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Joel Bernstein
- Department of Materials Engineering and Ilse Katz Institute of Nanotechnology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Departments, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Yuval Golan
- Department of Materials Engineering and Ilse Katz Institute of Nanotechnology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Departments, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
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Belman N, Israelachvili JN, Li Y, Safinya CR, Bernstein J, Golan Y. Reaction of alkylamine surfactants with carbon dioxide: relevance to nanocrystal synthesis. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:2088-2093. [PMID: 19374385 DOI: 10.1021/nl900534m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of tetradecylamine, hexadecylamine, and octadecylamine to CO(2) results in their transformation to alkylammonium alkylcarbamate (AAAC) pairs, which we find is a major source of irreproducibility in nanoparticle synthesis. Controlled exposure to CO(2) allows for highly uniform, ultranarrow ZnS nanorods coated with tetradecylamine to be reproducibly obtained in a single step. The crystal structures of the alkylamines and their AAAC analogs were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction and their isostructural three-dimensional unit cells are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Belman
- Department of Materials Engineering and Ilse Katz Institute of Nanotechnology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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Li Y, Wu Y. Coassembly of Graphene Oxide and Nanowires for Large-Area Nanowire Alignment. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:5851-7. [PMID: 19348420 DOI: 10.1021/ja9000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanguang Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Yiying Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Strupeit T, Klinke C, Kornowski A, Weller H. Synthesis of InP nanoneedles and their use as Schottky devices. ACS NANO 2009; 3:668-72. [PMID: 19254003 DOI: 10.1021/nn800846d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Indium phosphide (InP) nanostructures have been synthesized by means of colloidal chemistry. Under appropriate conditions needle-shaped nanostructures composed of an In head and an InP tail with lengths up to several micrometers could be generated in a one-pot synthesis. The growth is interpreted in terms of simultaneous decomposition of the In precursor and in situ generation of In and InP nanostructures. Owing to their specific design such In/InP nanoneedles suit the use as ready-made Schottky transistors. Their transfer and output characteristics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Strupeit
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Greener J, van der Loop TH, Paquet C, Scholes G, Kumacheva E. A study of simultaneous patterning and alignment of semiconductor nanorods via polymerization-induced phase separation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:3173-3177. [PMID: 19437720 DOI: 10.1021/la803521t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report simultaneous patterning and alignment of semiconductor nanorods (NRs) in nanorod-polymer films by using photolithographic polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS). Exposure of the nanoparticle-monomer mixture to UV irradiation through a mask resulted in the site-specific photoinitiated polymerization of the monomer, which was followed with flow of the NRs from the areas rich in polymer to the areas rich in monomer. The orientation of NRs in the direction of flow was trapped in the polymerized films and characterized in polarization absorption experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Greener
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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Gao F, Lu Q. Single Crystalline Cadmium Sulfide Nanowires with Branched Structure. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2009; 4:371-376. [PMID: 20596355 PMCID: PMC2894212 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-009-9256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we report the synthesis of branched single crystal CdS nanowires. This branched CdS nanostructure is prepared by a simple surfactant-directing method, which is of particular interest as it uses readily available reagents and provides a convenient route to high-yield single crystal nanowires but with branched shape. These branched nanowires have an average diameter of about 40 nm and length up to several micrometers. A possible mechanism has been proposed and the addition of surfactant dodecylthiol into the two mixed-solvents would play an importance effect on the structure of the product. Based on the mechanism, by controlling the synthesis conditions, such as the ratios between the surfactant, inorganic solvent, and organic solvent, other kinds of nanostructures based on CdS nanowires were also prepared. Photoluminescence (PL) measurement reveals that the branched CdS nanowires have a strong emission at about 700 nm which might be due to its special structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingyi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry Institute, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People’s Republic of China
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Yong KT, Roy I, Swihart MT, Prasad PN. Multifunctional Nanoparticles as Biocompatible Targeted Probes for Human Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 19:4655-4672. [PMID: 20305738 DOI: 10.1039/b817667c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticles in biological application has been rapidly advancing toward practical applications in human cancer diagnosis and therapy. Upon linking the nanoparticles with biomolecules, they can be used to locate cancerous area as well as for traceable drug delivery with high affinity and specificity. In this review, we discuss the engineering of multifunctional nanoparticle probes and their use in bioimaging and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Tye Yong
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-4200
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Saunders AE, Ghezelbash A, Sood P, Korgel BA. Synthesis of high aspect ratio quantum-size CdS nanorods and their surface-dependent photoluminescence. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:9043-9. [PMID: 18616312 DOI: 10.1021/la800964s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal CdS nanorods with diameters near 4 nm and narrow size distributions ( approximately +/-10%) were synthesized up to 300 nm long by a sequential reactant injection technique that utilizes phosophonic acids as capping ligands. The phosphonic acid strongly passivates the nonpolar CdS surfaces and sequential reactant injection provides controlled CdS formation kinetics to enable heterogeneous and facet-selective CdS deposition on the more reactive {002} surfaces. With this process, the nanorod length can be systematically increased by increasing reactant addition to extend nanorod growth. The phosphonic acid concentration, however, is quite important, as "low" concentrations allow radial deposition and branching to occur. These high aspect ratio (>100) CdS nanorods luminesce with relatively high efficiencies of 10.8% quantum yield at room temperature. The luminescence, however, mostly arises from trap-related recombination, and the emission is significantly red-shifted from the absorption edge. Various surface passivation treatments were explored to eliminate trap emission and increase the luminescence quantum yield. Thiol and amine passivation both significantly reduced trap emission and enhanced band-edge emission, but the total luminescence quantum yields dropped significantly, with a maximum measured value of 1.5% for the amine-passivated CdS nanorods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron E Saunders
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1062, USA
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Min Y, Akbulut M, Kristiansen K, Golan Y, Israelachvili J. The role of interparticle and external forces in nanoparticle assembly. NATURE MATERIALS 2008; 7:527-38. [PMID: 18574482 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 695] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The past 20 years have witnessed simultaneous multidisciplinary explosions in experimental techniques for synthesizing new materials, measuring and manipulating nanoscale structures, understanding biological processes at the nanoscale, and carrying out large-scale computations of many-atom and complex macromolecular systems. These advances have led to the new disciplines of nanoscience and nanoengineering. For reasons that are discussed here, most nanoparticles do not 'self-assemble' into their thermodynamically lowest energy state, and require an input of energy or external forces to 'direct' them into particular structures or assemblies. We discuss why and how a combination of self- and directed-assembly processes, involving interparticle and externally applied forces, can be applied to produce desired nanostructured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younjin Min
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Development of a microemulsion-based process for synthesis of cobalt (Co) and cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles from submicrometer rods of cobalt oxalate. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 321:434-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 01/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sun J, Buhro W. The Use of Single-Source Precursors for the Solution–Liquid–Solid Growth of Metal Sulfide Semiconductor Nanowires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:3215-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200705142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Sun J, Buhro W. The Use of Single-Source Precursors for the Solution–Liquid–Solid Growth of Metal Sulfide Semiconductor Nanowires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200705142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Tai G, Guo W. Sonochemistry-assisted microwave synthesis and optical study of single-crystalline CdS nanoflowers. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2008; 15:350-356. [PMID: 18441538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined flower-like CdS nanostructures have been synthesized by applying ultrasound and microwave simultaneously, which consist of hexagonal nanopyramids and/or nanoplates depending on different sulfur sources. It is shown that the synergistic effect of microwave and sonochemistry is the main mechanism for the formation of the nanoflowers. Optical characterization of the nanoflowers shows a large blue-shift up to 100 nm in comparing with simple low-dimensional CdS nanostructures. This structure induced shift in optical properties may have potential applications in optoelectronics devices, catalysis, and solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoan Tai
- Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, No. 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing 210016, PR China
| | - Wanlin Guo
- Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, No. 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing 210016, PR China.
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Kang CC, Lai CW, Peng HC, Shyue JJ, Chou PT. 2D self-bundled CdS nanorods with micrometer dimension in the absence of an external directing process. ACS NANO 2008; 2:750-756. [PMID: 19206607 DOI: 10.1021/nn800020h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of an external direction-controlling process, exclusive self-bundled arrays of CdS nanorods are formed using a facile solution-based method involving trioctylphosphine (TOP) and tetradecylphosphonic acids (TDPA) as cosurfactants. CdS self-bundled arrays with an area of as large as 2.0 microm(2) could be obtained. A detailed mechanistic investigation leads us to conclude that the matching in nanorod concentration, intrinsic properties of CdS, and the hydrocarbon chains of the surfactants between adjacent CdS rods play key roles in the self-assembly. In sharp contrast to the defect dominant emission in solutions, the self-bundled CdS nanorods exhibit optical emission nearly free from the defect-states, demonstrating their potential for applications in luminescence and photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Cheng Kang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Acharya S, Gautam UK, Sasaki T, Bando Y, Golan Y, Ariga K. Ultra Narrow PbS Nanorods with Intense Fluorescence. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:4594-5. [PMID: 18338893 DOI: 10.1021/ja711064b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somobrata Acharya
- International Center for Young Scientists, Nanoscale Materials Center, and Supermolecules Group, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan, and Department of Materials Engineering and the Ilse Katz Institute for Meso and Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel 84105
| | - Ujjal K. Gautam
- International Center for Young Scientists, Nanoscale Materials Center, and Supermolecules Group, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan, and Department of Materials Engineering and the Ilse Katz Institute for Meso and Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel 84105
| | - Toshio Sasaki
- International Center for Young Scientists, Nanoscale Materials Center, and Supermolecules Group, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan, and Department of Materials Engineering and the Ilse Katz Institute for Meso and Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel 84105
| | - Yoshio Bando
- International Center for Young Scientists, Nanoscale Materials Center, and Supermolecules Group, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan, and Department of Materials Engineering and the Ilse Katz Institute for Meso and Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel 84105
| | - Yuval Golan
- International Center for Young Scientists, Nanoscale Materials Center, and Supermolecules Group, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan, and Department of Materials Engineering and the Ilse Katz Institute for Meso and Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel 84105
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- International Center for Young Scientists, Nanoscale Materials Center, and Supermolecules Group, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan, and Department of Materials Engineering and the Ilse Katz Institute for Meso and Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel 84105
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Ariga K, Hill JP, Lee MV, Vinu A, Charvet R, Acharya S. Challenges and breakthroughs in recent research on self-assembly. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2008; 9:014109. [PMID: 27877935 PMCID: PMC5099804 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/9/1/014109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The controlled fabrication of nanometer-scale objects is without doubt one of the central issues in current science and technology. However, existing fabrication techniques suffer from several disadvantages including size-restrictions and a general paucity of applicable materials. Because of this, the development of alternative approaches based on supramolecular self-assembly processes is anticipated as a breakthrough methodology. This review article aims to comprehensively summarize the salient aspects of self-assembly through the introduction of the recent challenges and breakthroughs in three categories: (i) types of self-assembly in bulk media; (ii) types of components for self-assembly in bulk media; and (iii) self-assembly at interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International (WPI), Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jonathan P Hill
- World Premier International (WPI), Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
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Kang CC, Lai CW, Peng HC, Shyue JJ, Chou PT. Surfactant- and temperature-controlled CdS nanowire formation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:1882-5. [PMID: 17935078 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200700390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Cheng Kang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, P.R. China
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Patla I, Acharya S, Zeiri L, Israelachvili J, Efrima S, Golan Y. Synthesis, two-dimensional assembly, and surface pressure-induced coalescence of ultranarrow PbS nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2007; 7:1459-62. [PMID: 17488046 DOI: 10.1021/nl070001q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultranarrow (1.8 nm) PbS nanowires are synthesized in a single step, under benchtop conditions at relatively low temperature (90 degrees C). The nanowires exhibit a nearly perfect crystal lattice, high width uniformity, and tight side-by-side registry. Two-dimensional (2D) assembly over large areas (>15 microm2) is achieved using the Langmuir Blodgett method. The wire width can be readily controlled in the range 1.8-10 nm by a surface pressure-induced coalescence reaction, as monitored by transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The fluorescence of the 2D assembly shows strong polarization dependence along the long axis of the wires, making the system potentially suitable for orientation-sensitive devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Patla
- Department of Chemistry, Ilse Katz Center for Meso and Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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Akbulut M, Alig ARG, Min Y, Belman N, Reynolds M, Golan Y, Israelachvili J. Forces between surfaces across nanoparticle solutions: role of size, shape, and concentration. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:3961-9. [PMID: 17338555 DOI: 10.1021/la062613g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Using a surface force apparatus, we have measured the normal forces between mica surfaces across various types of nanoparticles consisting of ZnS cores coated with a monolayer of physisorbed surfactant, dispersed in organic solvents. We focused on the effects of nanoparticle size, shape, and concentration on the force-distance profiles. Forces were exponentially repulsive when the surfactant layers were strongly bound to the nanoparticles and were roughly linear when there was adhesion between the nanoparticle cores, i.e., when the surfactant layers detached from the nanoparticles. In both cases, the range and magnitude of the forces were dependent upon the particle size, shape, and solution concentration. Fine details in the otherwise smooth force-distance profiles indicate specific effects due to particle chemistry and geometry and the existence of first-order disorder-order phase transitions upon confinement. Small amounts of water in the (hydrophobic) organic solvents had dramatic effects on the measured forces. Understanding and controlling the effects of particle shape, size, and concentration and the presence of water (or other surface-active solutes) on particle-particle and particle-surface interactions are important for the processing of nanoparticles into ordered superstructured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Akbulut
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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