1
|
Toda M, Ono T, Okubo J. Metal-Multilayered Nanomechanical Cantilever Sensor for Detection of Molecular Adsorption. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:573. [PMID: 37366938 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
A metal-multilayered nanomechanical cantilever sensor was proposed to reduce the temperature effect for highly sensitive gas molecular detection. The multilayer structure of the sensor reduces the bimetallic effect, allowing for the detection of differences in molecular adsorption properties on various metal surfaces with higher sensitivity. Our results indicate that the sensor exhibits higher sensitivity to molecules with greater polarity under mixed conditions with nitrogen gas. We demonstrate that stress changes caused by differences in molecular adsorption on different metal surfaces can be detected and that this approach could be used to develop a gas sensor with selectivity for specific gas species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Toda
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takahito Ono
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Jun Okubo
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Imamura G, Minami K, Yoshikawa G. Repetitive Direct Comparison Method for Odor Sensing. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:368. [PMID: 36979580 PMCID: PMC10046632 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory sensors are one of the most anticipated applications of gas sensors. To distinguish odors-complex mixtures of gas species, it is necessary to extract sensor responses originating from the target odors. However, the responses of gas sensors tend to be affected by interfering gases with much higher concentrations than target odor molecules. To realize practical applications of olfactory sensors, extracting minute sensor responses of odors from major interfering gases is required. In this study, we propose a repetitive direct comparison (rDC) method, which can highlight the difference in odors by alternately injecting the two target odors into a gas sensor. We verified the feasibility of the rDC method on chocolates with two different flavors by using a sensor system based on membrane-type surface stress sensors (MSS). The odors of the chocolates were measured by the rDC method, and the signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) of the measurements were evaluated. The results showed that the rDC method achieved improved S/N compared to a typical measurement. The result also indicates that sensing signals could be enhanced for a specific combination of receptor materials of MSS and target odors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Imamura
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 1-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minami
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Genki Yoshikawa
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mei K, Yan T, Wang Y, Rao D, Peng Y, Wu W, Chen Y, Ren M, Yang J, Wu S, Zhang Q. Magneto-Nanomechanical Array Biosensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of Oncogenic Exosomes for Early Diagnosis of Cancers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205445. [PMID: 36464637 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are a class of nanoscale vesicles secreted by cells, which contain abundant information closely related to parental cells. The ultrasensitive detection of cancer-derived exosomes is highly significant for early non-invasive diagnosis of cancer. Here, an ultrasensitive nanomechanical sensor is reported, which uses a magnetic-driven microcantilever array to selectively detect oncogenic exosomes. A magnetic force, which can produce a far greater deflection of microcantilever than that produced by the intermolecular interaction force even with very low concentrations of target substances, is introduced. This method reduced the detection limit to less than 10 exosomes mL-1 . Direct detection of exosomes in the serum of patients with breast cancer and in healthy people showed a significant difference. This work improved the sensitivity by five orders of magnitude as compared to that of traditional nanomechanical sensing based on surface stress mode. This method can be applied parallelly for highly sensitive detection of other microorganisms (such as bacteria and viruses) by using different probe molecules, which can provide a supersensitive detection approach for cancer diagnosis, food safety, and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kainan Mei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Tianhao Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Depeng Rao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Yongpei Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Wenjie Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Ye Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Min Ren
- Department of Breast Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Shangquan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Qingchuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rao D, Yan T, Qiao Z, Wang Y, Peng Y, Tu H, Wu S, Zhang Q. Relay-type sensing mode: A strategy to push the limit on nanomechanical sensor sensitivity based on the magneto lever. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 16:3231-3239. [PMID: 36405983 PMCID: PMC9661467 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-5049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ultrasensitive molecular detection and quantization are crucial for many applications including clinical diagnostics, functional proteomics, and drug discovery; however, conventional biochemical sensors cannot satisfy the stringent requirements, and this has resulted in a long-standing dilemma regarding sensitivity improvement. To this end, we have developed an ultrasensitive relay-type nanomechanical sensor based on a magneto lever. By establishing the link between very weak molecular interaction and five orders of magnitude larger magnetic force, analytes at ultratrace level can produce a clearly observable mechanical response. Initially, proof-of-concept studies showed an improved detection limit up to five orders of magnitude when employing the magneto lever, as compared with direct detection using probe alone. In this study, we subsequently demonstrated that the relay-type sensing mode was universal in application ranging from micromolecule to macromolecule detection, which can be easily extended to detect enzymes, DNA, proteins, cells, viruses, bacteria, chemicals, etc. Importantly, we found that, sensitivity was no longer subject to probe affinity when the magneto lever was sufficiently high, theoretically, even reaching single-molecule resolution. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Supplementary material (experimental section) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-022-5049-0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Depeng Rao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| | - Tianhao Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| | - Zihan Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| | - Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| | - Yongpei Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| | - Han Tu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| | - Shangquan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| | - Qingchuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Recent Advances in Nanomechanical Membrane-Type Surface Stress Sensors towards Artificial Olfaction. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12090762. [PMID: 36140147 PMCID: PMC9496807 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanomechanical sensors have gained significant attention as powerful tools for detecting, distinguishing, and identifying target analytes, especially odors that are composed of a complex mixture of gaseous molecules. Nanomechanical sensors and their arrays are a promising platform for artificial olfaction in combination with data processing technologies, including machine learning techniques. This paper reviews the background of nanomechanical sensors, especially conventional cantilever-type sensors. Then, we focus on one of the optimized structures for static mode operation, a nanomechanical Membrane-type Surface stress Sensor (MSS), and discuss recent advances in MSS and their applications towards artificial olfaction.
Collapse
|
6
|
Rao D, Mei K, Yan T, Wang Y, Wu W, Chen Y, Wang J, Zhang Q, Wu S. Nanomechanical sensor for rapid and ultrasensitive detection of tumor markers in serum using nanobody. NANO RESEARCH 2021; 15:1003-1012. [PMID: 34221250 PMCID: PMC8240779 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-021-3588-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Early cancer diagnosis requires ultrasensitive detection of tumor markers in blood. To this end, we develop a novel microcantilever immunosensor using nanobodies (Nbs) as receptors. As the smallest antibody (Ab) entity comprising an intact antigen-binding site, Nbs achieve dense receptor layers and short distances between antigen-binding regions and sensor surfaces, which significantly elevate the generation and transmission of surface stress. Owing to the inherent thiol group at the C-terminus, Nbs are covalently immobilized on microcantilever surfaces in directed orientation via one-step reaction, which further enhances the stress generation. For microcantilever-based nanomechanical sensor, these advantages dramatically increase the sensor sensitivity. Thus, Nb-functionalized microcantilevers can detect picomolar concentrations of tumor markers with three orders of magnitude higher sensitivity, when compared with conventional Ab-functionalized microcantilevers. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates an ultrasensitive, label-free, rapid, and low-cost method for tumor marker detection. Moreover, interestingly, we find Nb inactivation on sensor interfaces when using macromolecule blocking reagents. The adsorption-induced inactivation is presumably caused by the change of interfacial properties, due to binding site occlusion upon complex coimmobilization formations. Our findings are generalized to any coimmobilization methodology for Nbs and, thus, for the construction of high-performance immuno-surfaces. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Supplementary material (experimental section, HER2 detection using anti-HER2-mAb-functionalized microcantilevers) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-021-3588-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Depeng Rao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| | - Kainan Mei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| | - Tianhao Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| | - Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| | - Wenjie Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| | - Ye Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| | - Jianye Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022 China
| | - Qingchuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| | - Shangquan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Choi YJ, Takahashi T, Taki M, Sawada K, Takahashi K. Label-free attomolar protein detection using a MEMS optical interferometric surface-stress immunosensor with a freestanding PMMA/parylene-C nanosheet. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 172:112778. [PMID: 33157412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated an optical interferometer-based surface-stress immunosensor using freestanding polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)/parylene-C nanosheet with high sensitivity for detection of biomolecules. PMMA/parylene-C nanosheets were transferred onto a silicon substrate with microcavities to fabricate freestanding submicron-thick membrane with a sealed cavity structure. The adhesive force between the transferred parylene-C and binder parylene-C layer was measured to be 1.06-2.4 N/10 mm by tape test. Evading Debye shielding, these nanomechanical sensors allow detection of the adsorption on the membrane surface through changes in surface stress transduced by the electric charge. We optimized the density of receptors and mode of immobilization for high sensitivity. To evaluate the selectivity of the sensor, membrane deflections induced by various proteins were measured and the spectral shifts showed high selectivity only for the target antigen. The minimum limit of detection (LOD) of the sensor for human serum albumin antigen was 0.1-1 fg/mL (1.5-15 aM), which was 20,000 times lower than that of the conventional micro-cantilever sensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Joon Choi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempakucho, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Takahashi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempakucho, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan
| | - Miki Taki
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempakucho, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Sawada
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempakucho, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempakucho, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kidane S, Ishida H, Sawada K, Takahashi K. A suspended graphene-based optical interferometric surface stress sensor for selective biomolecular detection. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:1431-1436. [PMID: 36132319 PMCID: PMC9417660 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00788a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based sensors are of great interest in research due to their high specific surface area and high electron mobility that make them suitable for numerous advanced applications. In this paper, selective molecular detection using an antigen-antibody reaction on suspended graphene with a cavity-sealing structure was demonstrated. The suspended graphene sealed nanocavities in a pre-patterned Si substrate, which increased robustness and allowed the use of wet chemical processes for surface functionalization of the suspended graphene to achieve selective molecular binding. The selectivity was evaluated by nanomechanical deflection induced by molecular adsorption on the suspended graphene, resulting in spectral shifts in the optical interference between the suspended graphene and Si substrate. The chemically functionalized suspended graphene enables the analysis of intermolecular interactions and molecular kinetics by colorimetry using optical interference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kidane
- Toyohashi University of Technology Toyohashi Aichi 441-8580 Japan
| | - Hayato Ishida
- Toyohashi University of Technology Toyohashi Aichi 441-8580 Japan
| | - Kazuaki Sawada
- Toyohashi University of Technology Toyohashi Aichi 441-8580 Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou MH, Meng WL, Zhang CY, Li XB, Wu JZ, Zhang NH. The pH-dependent elastic properties of nanoscale DNA films and the resultant bending signals for microcantilever biosensors. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:3028-3039. [PMID: 29637943 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01883e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The diverse mechanical properties of nanoscale DNA films on solid substrates have a close correlation with complex detection signals of micro-/nano-devices. This paper is devoted to formulating several multiscale models to study the effect of pH-dependent ionic inhomogeneity on the graded elastic properties of nanoscale DNA films and the resultant bending deflections of microcantilever biosensors. First, a modified inverse Debye length is introduced to improve the classical Poisson-Boltzmann equation for the electrical potential of DNA films to consider the inhomogeneous effect of hydrogen ions. Second, the graded characteristics of the particle distribution are taken into consideration for an improvement in Parsegian's mesoscopic potential for both attraction-dominated and repulsion-dominated films. Third, by the improved interchain interaction potential and the thought experiment about the compression of a macroscopic continuum DNA bar, we investigate the diversity of the elastic properties of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) films due to pH variations. The relevant theoretical predictions quantitatively or qualitatively agree well with the relevant DNA experiments on the electrical potential, film thickness, condensation force, elastic modulus, and microcantilever deflections. The competition between attraction and repulsion among the fixed charges and the free ions endows the DNA film with mechanical properties such as a remarkable size effect and a non-monotonic behavior, and a negative elastic modulus is first revealed in the attraction-dominated ssDNA film. There exists a transition between the pH-sensitive parameter interval and the pH-insensitive one for the bending signals of microcantilevers, which is predominated by the initial stress effect in the DNA film.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hong Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mathew R, Ravi Sankar A. A Review on Surface Stress-Based Miniaturized Piezoresistive SU-8 Polymeric Cantilever Sensors. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2018; 10:35. [PMID: 30393684 PMCID: PMC6199092 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-018-0189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) SU-8 polymeric cantilevers with piezoresistive readout combined with the advances in molecular recognition techniques have found versatile applications, especially in the field of chemical and biological sensing. Compared to conventional solid-state semiconductor-based piezoresistive cantilever sensors, SU-8 polymeric cantilevers have advantages in terms of better sensitivity along with reduced material and fabrication cost. In recent times, numerous researchers have investigated their potential as a sensing platform due to high performance-to-cost ratio of SU-8 polymer-based cantilever sensors. In this article, we critically review the design, fabrication, and performance aspects of surface stress-based piezoresistive SU-8 polymeric cantilever sensors. The evolution of surface stress-based piezoresistive cantilever sensors from solid-state semiconductor materials to polymers, especially SU-8 polymer, is discussed in detail. Theoretical principles of surface stress generation and their application in cantilever sensing technology are also devised. Variants of SU-8 polymeric cantilevers with different composition of materials in cantilever stacks are explained. Furthermore, the interdependence of the material selection, geometrical design parameters, and fabrication process of piezoresistive SU-8 polymeric cantilever sensors and their cumulative impact on the sensor response are also explained in detail. In addition to the design-, fabrication-, and performance-related factors, this article also describes various challenges in engineering SU-8 polymeric cantilevers as a universal sensing platform such as temperature and moisture vulnerability. This review article would serve as a guideline for researchers to understand specifics and functionality of surface stress-based piezoresistive SU-8 cantilever sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ribu Mathew
- School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Chennai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600127 India
| | - A. Ravi Sankar
- School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Chennai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600127 India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Mathew R, Sankar AR. Numerical study on the influence of buried oxide layer of SOI wafers on the terminal characteristics of a micro/nano cantilever biosensor with an integrated piezoresistor. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/2/5/055012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
13
|
Federici S, Padovani F, Poli M, Rodriguez FC, Arosio P, Depero LE, Bergese P. Energetics of surface confined ferritin during iron loading. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 145:520-525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
14
|
Shrestha P, Mandal S, Mao H. Mechanochemical Sensing: A Biomimetic Sensing Strategy. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:1829-37. [PMID: 25916512 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Existing biosensors employ two major components: analyte recognition and signal transduction. Although specificity is achieved through analyte recognition, sensitivity is usually enhanced through a chemical amplification stage that couples the two main units in a sensor. Although highly sensitive, the extra chemical amplification stage complicates the sensing protocol. In addition, it separates the two elements spatiotemporally, reducing the real-time response of the biosensor. In this review, we discuss the new mechanochemical biosensors that employ mechanochemical coupling strategies to overcome these issues. By monitoring changes in the mechanical properties of a single-molecule template upon analyte binding, single-molecule sensitivity is reached. As chemical amplification becomes unnecessary in this single-molecule mechanochemical sensing (SMMS) strategy, real-time sensing is achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242 (USA)
| | - Shankar Mandal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242 (USA)
| | - Hanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242 (USA).
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Direct determination of a small-molecule drug, valproic Acid, by an electrically-detected microcantilever biosensor for personalized diagnostics. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2015; 5:37-50. [PMID: 25632826 PMCID: PMC4384081 DOI: 10.3390/bios5010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Direct, small-molecule determination of the antiepileptic drug, valproic acid, was investigated by a label-free, nanomechanical biosensor. Valproic acid has long been used as an antiepileptic medication, which is administered through therapeutic drug monitoring and has a narrow therapeutic dosage range of 50-100 μg·mL-1 in blood or serum. Unlike labeled and clinically-used measurement techniques, the label-free, electrical detection microcantilever biosensor can be miniaturized and simplified for use in portable or hand-held point-of-care platforms or personal diagnostic tools. A micromachined microcantilever sensor was packaged into the micro-channel of a fluidic system. The measurement of the antiepileptic drug, valproic acid, in phosphate-buffered saline and serum used a single free-standing, piezoresistive microcantilever biosensor in a thermally-controlled system. The measured surface stresses showed a profile over a concentration range of 50-500 μg·mL-1, which covered the clinically therapeutic range of 50-100 μg·mL-1. The estimated limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 45 μg·mL-1, and the binding affinity between the drug and the antibody was measured at around 90 ± 21 μg·mL-1. Lastly, the results of the proposed device showed a similar profile in valproic acid drug detection with those of the clinically-used fluorescence polarization immunoassay.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ferrier DC, Shaver MP, Hands PJW. Micro- and nano-structure based oligonucleotide sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 68:798-810. [PMID: 25655465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a review of micro- and nano-structure based oligonucleotide detection and quantification techniques. The characteristics of such devices make them very attractive for Point-of-Care or On-Site-Testing biosensing applications. Their small scale means that they can be robust and portable, their compatibility with modern CMOS electronics means that they can easily be incorporated into hand-held devices and their suitability for mass production means that, out of the different approaches to oligonucleotide detection, they are the most suitable for commercialisation. This review discusses the advantages of micro- and nano-structure based sensors and covers the various oligonucleotide detection techniques that have been developed to date. These include: Bulk Acoustic Wave and Surface Acoustic Wave devices, micro- and nano-cantilever sensors, gene Field Effect Transistors, and nanowire and nanopore based sensors. Oligonucleotide immobilisation techniques are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C Ferrier
- School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Michael P Shaver
- School of Chemistry, David Brewster Road, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Philip J W Hands
- School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu Z, Xue Q, Tao Y, Li X, Wu T, Jin Y, Zhang Z. Carbon nanoscroll from C4H/C4F-type graphene superlattice: MD and MM simulation insights. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:3441-50. [PMID: 25531924 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04102j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanoscrolls from a C4H/C4F-type graphene superlattice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- China University of Petroleum
- Qingdao 266580
- P. R. China
- College of Science
| | - Qingzhong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- China University of Petroleum
- Qingdao 266580
- P. R. China
- College of Science
| | - Yehan Tao
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum
- Qingdao 266580
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum
- Qingdao 266580
- P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Wu
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum
- Qingdao 266580
- P. R. China
| | - Yakang Jin
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum
- Qingdao 266580
- P. R. China
| | - Zhongyang Zhang
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum
- Qingdao 266580
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang J, Segatori L, Biswal SL. Probing the association of triblock copolymers with supported lipid membranes using microcantilevers. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:6417-6424. [PMID: 24978842 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00928b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pluronics are a class of amphiphilic triblock copolymers that are known to interact with cellular membranes in interesting ways. The solubility of these triblock copolymers in free lipid membranes can be altered with temperature, allowing the possibility of tuning their membrane insertion. However, for supported lipid membranes, the asymmetric local environment and the strong influence of the solid support can alter the solubility of these triblock copolymers in lipid membranes. Here, we probe the interactions of these copolymers with supported lipid membranes using microcantilevers and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) measurements. We measure the solubility and interactions of triblock copolymers (F68 and F98) in supported lipid bilayers as a function of temperature and the length of the copolymer lipophilic block. A Langmuir isotherm model and a free mean area theory are applied to describe the polymer-lipid interactions at the microcantilever surface, determine association constants, and analyze the effect of triblock copolymers on lateral lipid diffusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lim YC, Kouzani AZ, Kaynak A, Dai XJ, Littlefair G, Duan W. Theoretical modeling and experimental validation of surface stress in thrombin aptasensor. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2014; 13:384-91. [PMID: 25122838 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2014.2337517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Adsorption of target molecules on the immobilized microcantilever surface produced beam displacement due to the differential surface stress generated between the immobilized and non-immobilized surface. Surface stress is caused by the intermolecular forces between the molecules. Van der Waals, electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic effect and steric hindrance are some of the intermolecular forces involved. A theoretical framework describing the adsorption-induced microcantilever displacement is derived in this paper. Experimental displacement of thrombin aptamer-thrombin interactions was carried out. The relation between the electrostatic interactions involved between adsorbates (thrombin) as well as adsorbates and substrates (thrombin aptamer) and the microcantilever beam displacement utilizing the proposed mathematical model was quantified and compared to the experimental value. This exercise is important to aid the designers in microcantilever sensing performance optimization.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wu S, Liu H, Liang XM, Wu X, Wang B, Zhang Q. Highly Sensitive Nanomechanical Immunosensor Using Half Antibody Fragments. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4271-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac404065m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangquan Wu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department
of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department
of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xin M. Liang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department
of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
- Center
for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department
of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Baomin Wang
- College
of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qingchuan Zhang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department
of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang J, Liu KW, Segatori L, Biswal SL. Lipid Bilayer Phase Transformations Detected Using Microcantilevers. J Phys Chem B 2013; 118:171-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4095112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Wang
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Kai-Wei Liu
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Laura Segatori
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Sibani Lisa Biswal
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu Z, Xue Q, Xing W, Du Y, Han Z. Self-assembly of C4H-type hydrogenated graphene. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:11132-11138. [PMID: 24064528 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03558a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate by molecular dynamic (MD) simulations that patterned partially hydrogenated graphene (C4H) can self-assemble at room temperature. The main driving force of the self-assembly of C4H is due to the one-sided distribution of hydrogen and the corresponding asymmetric orientation of sp(3) bonding, there exists strong electrostatic repulsion between the relatively close H atoms. The simulations show that C4H can self-assemble into various carbon nanoscroll (CNS) structures, this is mainly controlled by its geometry (size and aspect ratio). And the carbon nanotube (CNT) is a good candidate to activate and guide C4H to form CNS, whose core size can be controlled. Meanwhile, a novel CNT/C4H core/shell composite nanostructure is also formed. The theoretical results shed important light on a feasible approach to fabricate high-quality CNS and other novel nanostructures including core/shell structures, which hold great potential applications in optics, optoelectronic devices, hydrogen storage, sensors, and energy storage in supercapacitors or batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, Shandong, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bache M, Bosco FG, Brøgger AL, Frøhling KB, Alstrøm TS, Hwu ET, Chen CH, Eugen-Olsen J, Hwang IS, Boisen A. Nanomechanical recognition of prognostic biomarker suPAR with DVD-ROM optical technology. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:444011. [PMID: 24113286 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/44/444011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work the use of a high-throughput nanomechanical detection system based on a DVD-ROM optical drive and cantilever sensors is presented for the detection of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor inflammatory biomarker (uPAR). Several large scale studies have linked elevated levels of soluble uPAR (suPAR) to infectious diseases, such as HIV, and certain types of cancer. Using hundreds of cantilevers and a DVD-based platform, cantilever deflection response from antibody-antigen recognition is investigated as a function of suPAR concentration. The goal is to provide a cheap and portable detection platform which can carry valuable prognostic information. In order to optimize the cantilever response the antibody immobilization and unspecific binding are initially characterized using quartz crystal microbalance technology. Also, the choice of antibody is explored in order to generate the largest surface stress on the cantilevers, thus increasing the signal. Using optimized experimental conditions the lowest detectable suPAR concentration is currently around 5 nM. The results reveal promising research strategies for the implementation of specific biochemical assays in a portable and high-throughput microsensor-based detection platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bache
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wu S, Liu H, Cheng T, Zhou X, Wang B, Zhang Q, Wu X. Highly sensitive nanomechanical assay for the stress transmission of carbon chain. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2013; 186:353-359. [PMID: 32288244 PMCID: PMC7125786 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2013.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the first quantitative experimental study into the molecular basis of the transmission of mechanical signal that originates from biochemical reaction focusing on the length of carbon chain. We designed an experiment by using n-alkanethiols with a same carboxyl group and different chain lengths (n = 1, 5, 10 and 15) to immobilize a same receptor molecule on the gold surface of a microcantilever, and detected the nanomechanical response of biochemical reaction. The sensitivity of the microcantilever was found to be greatly influenced by the chain length of linker that is between the receptor molecule and the microcantilever surface. The efficiency of stress transmission increases significantly with decreasing length of carbon chain. At the same time, we develop a label-free microcantilever sensor for highly sensitive detection of Glycyrrhizic acid (GL). The detection limit of the microcantilever sensor for GL is found to be as low as 20 pg/mL for the shortest linker (n = 1), which is 500 times lower than the longest linker (n = 15) and 50 times lower than that of the corresponding icELISA. These findings will provide new insights into the fundamental mechanisms of stress transmission, which may be exploited for biochemical sensor and nanoactuation applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangquan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiarong Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Baomin Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 62731305; fax: +86 10 62732567.
| | - Qingchuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 551 63607613; fax: +86 551 63601248.
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nagai Y, Carbajal JD, White JH, Sladek R, Grutter P, Lennox RB. An electrochemically controlled microcantilever biosensor. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:9951-9957. [PMID: 23841706 DOI: 10.1021/la400975b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An oligonucleotide-based electrochemically controlled gold-coated microcantilever biosensor that can transduce specific biomolecular interactions is reported. The derivatized microcantilever exhibits characteristic surface stress time course patterns in response to an externally applied periodic square wave potential. Experiments demonstrate that control of the surface charge density with an electrode potential is essential to producing a sensor that exhibits large, reproducible surface stress changes. The time course of surface stress changes are proposed to be linked to an electrochemically mediated competition between the adsorption of solution-based ions and the single- or double-stranded oligonucleotides tethered to the gold surface. A similar potential-actuated change in surface stress also results from the interaction between an oligonucleotide aptamer and its cognate ligand, demonstrating the broad applicability of this methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Nagai
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy Street, Montréal, Québec H3H 2R9, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yen YK, Lai YC, Hong WT, Pheanpanitporn Y, Chen CS, Huang LS. Electrical detection of C-reactive protein using a single free-standing, thermally controlled piezoresistive microcantilever for highly reproducible and accurate measurements. SENSORS 2013; 13:9653-68. [PMID: 23899933 PMCID: PMC3812573 DOI: 10.3390/s130809653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates a novel method for electrical detection of C-reactive protein (CRP) as a means of identifying an infection in the body, or as a cardiovascular disease risk assay. The method uses a single free-standing, thermally controlled piezoresistive microcantilever biosensor. In a commonly used sensing arrangement of conventional dual cantilevers in the Wheatstone bridge circuit, reference and gold-coated sensing cantilevers that inherently have heterogeneous surface materials and different multilayer structures may yield independent responses to the liquid environmental changes of chemical substances, flow field and temperature, leading to unwanted signal disturbance for biosensing targets. In this study, the single free-standing microcantilever for biosensing applications is employed to resolve the dual-beam problem of individual responses in chemical solutions and, in a thermally controlled system, to maintain its sensor performance due to the sensitive temperature effect. With this type of single temperature-controlled microcantilever sensor, the electrical detection of various CRP concentrations from 1 µg/mL to 200 µg/mL was performed, which covers the clinically relevant range. Induced surface stresses were measured at between 0.25 N/m and 3.4 N/m with high reproducibility. Moreover, the binding affinity (KD) of CRP and anti-CRP interaction was found to be 18.83 ± 2.99 µg/mL, which agreed with results in previous reported studies. This biosensing technique thus proves valuable in detecting inflammation, and in cardiovascular disease risk assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Kuang Yen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-K.Y.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.H.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yu-Cheng Lai
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-K.Y.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.H.); (Y.P.)
| | - Wei-Ting Hong
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-K.Y.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.H.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yotsapoom Pheanpanitporn
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-K.Y.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.H.); (Y.P.)
| | - Chuin-Shan Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Long-Sun Huang
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-K.Y.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.H.); (Y.P.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-2-3366-5653; Fax: +886-2-2363-9290
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tamayo J, Kosaka PM, Ruz JJ, San Paulo Á, Calleja M. Biosensors based on nanomechanical systems. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:1287-311. [PMID: 23152052 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35293a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The advances in micro- and nanofabrication technologies enable the preparation of increasingly smaller mechanical transducers capable of detecting the forces, motion, mechanical properties and masses that emerge in biomolecular interactions and fundamental biological processes. Thus, biosensors based on nanomechanical systems have gained considerable relevance in the last decade. This review provides insight into the mechanical phenomena that occur in suspended mechanical structures when either biological adsorption or interactions take place on their surface. This review guides the reader through the parameters that change as a consequence of biomolecular adsorption: mass, surface stress, effective Young's modulus and viscoelasticity. The mathematical background needed to correctly interpret the output signals from nanomechanical biosensors is also outlined here. Other practical issues reviewed are the immobilization of biomolecular receptors on the surface of nanomechanical systems and methods to attain that in large arrays of sensors. We then describe some relevant realizations of biosensor devices based on nanomechanical systems that harness some of the mechanical effects cited above. We finally discuss the intrinsic detection limits of the devices and the limitation that arises from non-specific adsorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Tamayo
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Madrid, CSIC, Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yoshikawa G, Loizeau F, Lee CJY, Akiyama T, Shiba K, Gautsch S, Nakayama T, Vettiger P, de Rooij NF, Aono M. Double-side-coated nanomechanical membrane-type surface stress sensor (MSS) for one-chip-one-channel setup. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:7551-7556. [PMID: 23742183 DOI: 10.1021/la3046719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
With their capability for real-time and label-free detection of targets ranging from gases to biological molecules, nanomechanical sensors are expected to contribute to various fields, such as medicine, security, and environmental science. For practical applications, one of the major issues of nanomechanical sensors is the difficulty of coating receptor layers on their surfaces to which target molecules adsorb or react. To have measurable deflection, a single-side coating is commonly applied to cantilever-type geometry, and it requires specific methods or protocols, such as inkjet spotting or gold-thiol chemistry. If we can apply a double-side coating to nanomechanical sensors, it allows almost any kind of coating technique including dip coating methods, making nanomechanical sensors more useful with better user experiences. Here we address the feasibility of the double-side coating on nanomechanical sensors demonstrated by a membrane-type surface stress sensor (MSS) and verify its working principle by both finite element analysis (FEA) and experiments. In addition, simple hand-operated dip coating is demonstrated as a proof of concept, achieving practical receptor layers without any complex instrumentation. Because the double-side coating is compatible with batch protocols such as dip coating, double-side-coated MSS represents a new paradigm of one-chip-one-channel (channels on a chip are all coated with the same receptor layers) shifting from the conventional one-chip-multiple-channel (channels on a chip are coated with different receptor layers) paradigm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genki Yoshikawa
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yoshikawa G, Akiyama T, Loizeau F, Shiba K, Gautsch S, Nakayama T, Vettiger P, de Rooij NF, Aono M. Two dimensional array of piezoresistive nanomechanical Membrane-type Surface Stress Sensor (MSS) with improved sensitivity. SENSORS 2012. [PMID: 23202237 PMCID: PMC3522990 DOI: 10.3390/s121115873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a new generation of piezoresistive nanomechanical Membrane-type Surface stress Sensor (MSS) chips, which consist of a two dimensional array of MSS on a single chip. The implementation of several optimization techniques in the design and microfabrication improved the piezoresistive sensitivity by 3~4 times compared to the first generation MSS chip, resulting in a sensitivity about ~100 times better than a standard cantilever-type sensor and a few times better than optical read-out methods in terms of experimental signal-to-noise ratio. Since the integrated piezoresistive read-out of the MSS can meet practical requirements, such as compactness and not requiring bulky and expensive peripheral devices, the MSS is a promising transducer for nanomechanical sensing in the rapidly growing application fields in medicine, biology, security, and the environment. Specifically, its system compactness due to the integrated piezoresistive sensing makes the MSS concept attractive for the instruments used in mobile applications. In addition, the MSS can operate in opaque liquids, such as blood, where optical read-out techniques cannot be applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genki Yoshikawa
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan; E-Mails: (K.S.); (T.N.); (M.A.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-29-860-4749; Fax: +81-29-860-4706
| | - Terunobu Akiyama
- Institute of Microengineering (IMT), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Neuchâtel CH-2002, Switzerland; E-Mails: (T.A.); (F.L.); (S.G.); (P.V.); (N.F.R.)
| | - Frederic Loizeau
- Institute of Microengineering (IMT), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Neuchâtel CH-2002, Switzerland; E-Mails: (T.A.); (F.L.); (S.G.); (P.V.); (N.F.R.)
| | - Kota Shiba
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan; E-Mails: (K.S.); (T.N.); (M.A.)
| | - Sebastian Gautsch
- Institute of Microengineering (IMT), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Neuchâtel CH-2002, Switzerland; E-Mails: (T.A.); (F.L.); (S.G.); (P.V.); (N.F.R.)
| | - Tomonobu Nakayama
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan; E-Mails: (K.S.); (T.N.); (M.A.)
| | - Peter Vettiger
- Institute of Microengineering (IMT), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Neuchâtel CH-2002, Switzerland; E-Mails: (T.A.); (F.L.); (S.G.); (P.V.); (N.F.R.)
| | - Nico F. de Rooij
- Institute of Microengineering (IMT), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Neuchâtel CH-2002, Switzerland; E-Mails: (T.A.); (F.L.); (S.G.); (P.V.); (N.F.R.)
| | - Masakazu Aono
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan; E-Mails: (K.S.); (T.N.); (M.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The alarming rise in drug-resistant hospital ‘superbugs’ and the associated increase in fatalities is driving the development of technologies to search for new antibiotics and improve disease diagnostics. One of the most successful drug targets is the bacterial cell wall, an evolutionary feature of virtually all prokaryotes and vital for their survival by providing mechanical strength. The recent discovery of bacterial cytoskeletal proteins analogous to the key force-bearing machinery in eukaryotes also provides new opportunities for drug discovery, but little is known about their mechanical role in bacteria. In the present short article, I review recent developments in the field of nanotechnology to investigate the mechanical mechanisms of action of potent antibiotics on cell wall and cytoskeletal targets with unprecedented spatial, temporal and force resolution and the development of a new generation of nanomechanical devices to detect pathogens for point-of-care diagnostics.
Collapse
|
31
|
ZHANG HY, PAN HQ, ZHANG BL, TANG JL. Microcantilever Sensors for Chemical and Biological Applications in Liquid. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(11)60549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
32
|
Zhang J, Lang HP, Yoshikawa G, Gerber C. Optimization of DNA hybridization efficiency by pH-driven nanomechanical bending. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:6494-6501. [PMID: 22439593 DOI: 10.1021/la205066h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The accessibility and binding affinity of DNA are two key parameters affecting the hybridization efficiency in surface-based biosensor technologies. Better accessibility will result in a higher hybridization efficiency. Often, mixed ssDNA and mercaptohexanol monolayers are used to increase the hybridization efficiency and accessibility of surface-bound oligonucleotides to complementary target DNA. Here, no mercaptohexanol monolayer was used. We demonstrate by differential microcantilever deflection measurements at different pH that the hybridization efficiency peaks between pH 7.5 and 8.5. At low pH 4.5, hydration and electrostatic forces led to tensile surface stress, implying the reduced accessibility of the bound ssDNA probe for hybridization. In contrast, at high pH 8.5, the steric interaction between neighboring ssDNA strands was decreased by higher electrostatic repulsive forces, bending the microcantilever away from the gold surface to provide more space for the target DNA. Cantilever deflection scales with pH-dependent surface hybridization efficiency because of high target DNA accessibility. Hence, by changing the pH, the hybridization efficiency is adjusted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Zhang
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mertens J, Daudén MI, Carrascosa JL, Tamayo J. Stepwise motion of a microcantilever driven by the hydrolysis of viral ATPases. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:015501. [PMID: 22156040 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/1/015501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The biomolecular machines involved in DNA packaging by viruses generate one of the highest mechanical powers observed in nature. One component of the DNA packaging machinery, called the terminase, has been proposed as the molecular motor that converts chemical energy from ATP hydrolysis into mechanical movement of DNA during bacteriophage morphogenesis. However, the conformational changes involved in this energy conversion have never been observed. Here we report a real-time measurement of ATP-induced conformational changes in the terminase of bacteriophage T7 (gp19). The recording of the cantilever bending during its functionalization shows the existence of a gp19 monolayer arrangement confirmed by atomic force microscopy of the immobilized proteins. The ATP hydrolysis of the gp19 terminase generates a stepped motion of the cantilever and points to a mechanical cooperative effect among gp19 oligomers. Furthermore, the effect of ATP can be counteracted by non-hydrolyzable nucleotide analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johann Mertens
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Madrid (IMM-CNM), CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mader A, Gruber K, Castelli R, Hermann BA, Seeberger PH, Rädler JO, Leisner M. Discrimination of Escherichia coli strains using glycan cantilever array sensors. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:420-423. [PMID: 22136522 DOI: 10.1021/nl203736u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-based sensors, that specifically detect sugar binding molecules or cells, are increasingly important in medical diagnostic and drug screening. Here we demonstrate that cantilever arrays functionalized with different mannosides allow the real-time detection of several Escherichia coli strains in solution. Cantilever deflection is thereby dependent on the bacterial strain studied and the glycan used as the sensing molecule. The cantilevers exhibit specific and reproducible deflection with a sensitivity range over four orders of magnitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mader
- Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Fakultät für Physik, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bongrain A, Agnès C, Rousseau L, Scorsone E, Arnault JC, Ruffinatto S, Omnès F, Mailley P, Lissorgues G, Bergonzo P. High sensitivity of diamond resonant microcantilevers for direct detection in liquids as probed by molecular electrostatic surface interactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:12226-12234. [PMID: 21805979 DOI: 10.1021/la2013649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Resonant microcantilevers have demonstrated that they can play an important role in the detection of chemical and biological agents. Molecular interactions with target species on the mechanical microtransducers surface generally induce a change of the beam's bending stiffness, resulting in a shift of the resonance frequency. In most biochemical sensor applications, cantilevers must operate in liquid, even though damping deteriorates the vibrational performances of the transducers. Here we focus on diamond-based microcantilevers since their transducing properties surpass those of other materials. In fact, among a wide range of remarkable features, diamond possesses exceptional mechanical properties enabling the fabrication of cantilever beams with higher resonant frequencies and Q-factors than when made from other conventional materials. Therefore, they appear as one of the top-ranked materials for designing cantilevers operating in liquid media. In this study, we evaluate the resonator sensitivity performances of our diamond microcantilevers using grafted carboxylated alkyl chains as a tool to investigate the subtle changes of surface stiffness as induced by electrostatic interactions. Here, caproic acid was immobilized on the hydrogen-terminated surface of resonant polycrystalline diamond cantilevers using a novel one-step grafting technique that could be also adapted to several other functionalizations. By varying the pH of the solution one could tune the -COO(-)/-COOH ratio of carboxylic acid moieties immobilized on the surface, thus enabling fine variations of the surface stress. We were able to probe the cantilevers resonance frequency evolution and correlate it with the ratio of -COO(-)/-COOH terminations on the functionalized diamond surface and consequently the evolution of the electrostatic potential over the cantilever surface. The approach successfully enabled one to probe variations in cantilevers bending stiffness from several tens to hundreds of millinewtons/meter, thus opening the way for diamond microcantilevers to direct sensing applications in liquids. The evolution of the diamond surface chemistry was also investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Collapse
|
36
|
Watari M, McKendry RA, Vögtli M, Aeppli G, Soh YA, Shi X, Xiong G, Huang X, Harder R, Robinson IK. Differential stress induced by thiol adsorption on facetted nanocrystals. NATURE MATERIALS 2011; 10:862-6. [PMID: 21946612 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polycrystalline gold films coated with thiol-based self-assembled monolayers (SAM) form the basis of a wide range of nanomechanical sensor platforms. The detection of adsorbates with such devices relies on the transmission of mechanical forces, which is mediated by chemically derived stress at the organic-inorganic interface. Here, we show that the structure of a single 300-nm-diameter facetted gold nanocrystal, measured with coherent X-ray diffraction, changes profoundly after the adsorption of one of the simplest SAM-forming organic molecules. On self-assembly of propane thiol, the crystal's flat facets contract radially inwards relative to its spherical regions. Finite-element modelling indicates that this geometry change requires large stresses that are comparable to those observed in cantilever measurements. The large magnitude and slow kinetics of the contraction can be explained by an intermixed gold-sulphur layer that has recently been identified crystallographically. Our results illustrate the importance of crystal edges and grain boundaries in interface chemistry and have broad implications for the application of thiol-based SAMs, ranging from nanomechanical sensors to coating technologies.
Collapse
|
37
|
Yoshikawa G, Akiyama T, Gautsch S, Vettiger P, Rohrer H. Nanomechanical membrane-type surface stress sensor. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:1044-1048. [PMID: 21314159 DOI: 10.1021/nl103901a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical cantilever sensors have been emerging as a key device for real-time and label-free detection of various analytes ranging from gaseous to biological molecules. The major sensing principle is based on the analyte-induced surface stress, which makes a cantilever bend. In this letter, we present a membrane-type surface stress sensor (MSS), which is based on the piezoresistive read-out integrated in the sensor chip. The MSS is not a simple "cantilever," rather it consists of an "adsorbate membrane" suspended by four piezoresistive "sensing beams," composing a full Wheatstone bridge. The whole analyte-induced isotropic surface stress on the membrane is efficiently transduced to the piezoresistive beams as an amplified uniaxial stress. Evaluation of a prototype MSS used in the present experiments demonstrates a high sensitivity which is comparable with that of optical methods and a factor of more than 20 higher than that obtained with a standard piezoresistive cantilever. The finite element analyses indicate that changing dimensions of the membrane and beams can substantially increase the sensitivity further. Given the various conveniences and advantages of the integrated piezoresistive read-out, this platform is expected to open a new era of surface stress-based sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genki Yoshikawa
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
A biosensor is a sensing device that incorporates a biological sensing element and a transducer to produce electrochemical, optical, mass, or other signals in proportion to quantitative information about the analytes in the given samples. The microfluidic chip is an attractive miniaturized platform with valuable advantages, e.g., low cost analysis requiring low reagent consumption, reduced sample volume, and shortened processing time. Combination of biosensors and microfluidic chips enhances analytical capability so as to widen the scope of possible applications. This review provides an overview of recent research activities in the field of biosensors integrated on microfluidic chips, focusing on the working principles, characteristics, and applicability of the biosensors. Theoretical background and applications in chemical, biological, and clinical analysis are summarized and discussed.
Collapse
|
39
|
Martínez-Otero A, Busqué F, Hernando J, Ruiz-Molina D. Structuration of pH-responsive fluorescent molecules on surfaces by soft lithographic techniques. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:1781-1788. [PMID: 20820710 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00169d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Two different soft lithographic techniques (LCW and microCP) have been successfully used for the structuration of fluorescent pH-responsive molecules on surface. The molecules of choice, fluorescein (1) and a new catechol derivative (2), exhibit several protonation states with distinct emission properties over a large acid-base range. This allowed us to fabricate fluorescent arrays that respond over a large pH-window.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martínez-Otero
- Centro de Investigación en Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CIN2, CSIC-ICN), Esfera UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Watari M, Ndieyira JW, McKendry RA. Chemically programmed nanomechanical motion of multiple cantilever arrays. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:4623-4626. [PMID: 20222719 DOI: 10.1021/la100448v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biologically inspired cantilever systems which transform biochemical reactions into nanomechanical motion have attracted attention for label-free biosensing and nanorobotic applications. Here, we take advantage of chemically programmable proton-driven reactions to actuate both the direction and amplitude of nanomechanical cantilever motion in aqueous environments, corresponding to femto-Newton single molecule surface stress. By altering the end groups of self-assembled coatings, we deconvolute the dominant role of surface charge over hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions and attribute reference cantilever signals to the silicon underside of the cantilever. These findings and underlying concepts will lead to the next generation of massively parallel intelligent nanomechanical systems triggered by self-assembled reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moyu Watari
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Division of Medicine, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Godin M, Tabard-Cossa V, Miyahara Y, Monga T, Williams PJ, Beaulieu LY, Bruce Lennox R, Grutter P. Cantilever-based sensing: the origin of surface stress and optimization strategies. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:75501. [PMID: 20081290 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/7/075501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many interactions drive the adsorption of molecules on surfaces, all of which can result in a measurable change in surface stress. This article compares the contributions of various possible interactions to the overall induced surface stress for cantilever-based sensing applications. The surface stress resulting from adsorption-induced changes in the electronic density of the underlying surface is up to 2-4 orders of magnitude larger than that resulting from intermolecular electrostatic or Lennard-Jones interactions. We reveal that the surface stress associated with the formation of high quality alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers on gold surfaces is independent of the molecular chain length, supporting our theoretical findings. This provides a foundation for the development of new strategies for increasing the sensitivity of cantilever-based sensors for various applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Godin
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nanotechnology for early cancer detection. SENSORS 2010; 10:428-55. [PMID: 22315549 PMCID: PMC3270850 DOI: 10.3390/s100100428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vast numbers of studies and developments in the nanotechnology area have been conducted and many nanomaterials have been utilized to detect cancers at early stages. Nanomaterials have unique physical, optical and electrical properties that have proven to be very useful in sensing. Quantum dots, gold nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, gold nanowires and many other materials have been developed over the years, alongside the discovery of a wide range of biomarkers to lower the detection limit of cancer biomarkers. Proteins, antibody fragments, DNA fragments, and RNA fragments are the base of cancer biomarkers and have been used as targets in cancer detection and monitoring. It is highly anticipated that in the near future, we might be able to detect cancer at a very early stage, providing a much higher chance of treatment.
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Abstract
Microfabricated cantilever sensors have attracted much interest in recent years as devices for the fast and reliable detection of small concentrations of molecules in air and solution. In addition to application of such sensors for gas and chemical-vapor sensing, for example as an artificial nose, they have also been employed to measure physical properties of tiny amounts of materials in miniaturized versions of conventional standard techniques such as calorimetry, thermogravimetry, weighing, photothermal spectroscopy, as well as for monitoring chemical reactions such as catalysis on small surfaces. In the past few years, the cantilever-sensor concept has been extended to biochemical applications and as an analytical device for measurements of biomaterials. Because of the label-free detection principle of cantilever sensors, their small size and scalability, this kind of device is advantageous for diagnostic applications and disease monitoring, as well as for genomics or proteomics purposes. The use of microcantilever arrays enables detection of several analytes simultaneously and solves the inherent problem of thermal drift often present when using single microcantilever sensors, as some of the cantilevers can be used as sensor cantilevers for detection, and other cantilevers serve as passivated reference cantilevers that do not exhibit affinity to the molecules to be detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- Ohio State University, Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- and Nanotechnology and Biomimetics (NLB2), 201 W. 19th Avenue, 43210-1142 Columbus, OH USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Iozzi MF, Helgaker T, Uggerud E. Assessment of theoretical methods for the determination of the mechanochemical strength of covalent bonds. Mol Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970903401041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
46
|
Tan W, Huang Y, Nan T, Xue C, Li Z, Zhang Q, Wang B. Development of Protein A Functionalized Microcantilever Immunosensors for the Analyses of Small Molecules at Parts per Trillion Levels. Anal Chem 2009; 82:615-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901937g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Tan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China, and Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Huang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China, and Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tiegui Nan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China, and Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changguo Xue
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China, and Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaohu Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China, and Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingchuan Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China, and Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baomin Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China, and Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Arroyo-Hernández M, Tamayo J, Costa-Krämer JL. Stress and DNA assembly differences on cantilevers gold coated by resistive and e-beam evaporation techniques. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:10633-10638. [PMID: 19694416 DOI: 10.1021/la900696f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the sign of differential surface stress of gold-coated cantilevers produced by thiol-derivatized single-stranded DNA immobilization are observed, depending on the method used to deposit the gold. While the DNA immobilization on e-beam gold-coated cantilevers produces a compressive differential surface stress in the metallic layer, the opposite is observed for resistively coated cantilevers under the same immobilization conditions. The gold films exhibit quite a similar morphology, and the immobilization differences seem to be related to the charge state of the metallic layer surface. This in turn produces a different distribution of the orientation of the DNA strands on the gold layer. A tentative explanation for the observed effect is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Arroyo-Hernández
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Madrid, IMM-CNM-CSIC, Isaac Newton 8, PTM, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Xu Y, Zhang B, Wu S, Xia Y. The adsorption of dopamine on gold and its interactions with iron(III) ions studied by microcantilevers. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 649:117-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 05/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
49
|
Xie X, Ju L, Feng X, Sun Y, Zhou R, Liu K, Fan S, Li Q, Jiang K. Controlled fabrication of high-quality carbon nanoscrolls from monolayer graphene. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:2565-70. [PMID: 19499895 DOI: 10.1021/nl900677y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple and effective way of fabricating high-quality carbon nanoscrolls (CNSs), using isopropyl alcohol solution to roll up monolayer graphene predefined on SiO(2)/Si substrates. Transmission electron microscopy studies reveal that the CNS has a tube-like structure with a hollow core surrounded by graphene walls 0.35 nm apart. Raman spectroscopy studies show that the CNS is free of significant defects, and the electronic structure and phonon dispersion are slightly different from those of two-dimensional graphene. Finally, the CNS-based device is fabricated, directly on the SiO(2)/Si substrate. Electrical-transport measurements show that its resistance is weakly gate-dependent but strongly temperature-dependent. In addition, the CNS can sustain a high current density up to 5 x 10(7) A/cm(2), indicating that it is a good candidate for microcircuit interconnects. The controlled fabrication of high-quality CNSs may open up new opportunities for both fundamental and applied research of CNSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xie
- Department of Physics and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
White DA, Buell AK, Dobson CM, Welland ME, Knowles TP. Biosensor-based label-free assays of amyloid growth. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:2587-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|