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Wu X, Lin J, Yu D, Wang J, Yang H, Su Y, Ma A, Sun K, Chen Y. Transformation of self-assembled structures from spherical aggregates in solution to a network structure on a two-dimensional surface. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Guangzhou University; Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Guangzhou University; Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Danfeng Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Labratory of Colloid; Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Jinben Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Labratory of Colloid; Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Labratory of Colloid; Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhi Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Guangzhou University; Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Aiqing Ma
- Oil Production Technology Research Institute, Shengli Oilfield Branch Company; Sinopec, Dongying Shandong 257000 People's Republic of China
| | - Keji Sun
- Oil Production Technology Research Institute, Shengli Oilfield Branch Company; Sinopec, Dongying Shandong 257000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yibo Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Guangzhou University; Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
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Raghupathi KR, Guo J, Munkhbat O, Rangadurai P, Thayumanavan S. Supramolecular disassembly of facially amphiphilic dendrimer assemblies in response to physical, chemical, and biological stimuli. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:2200-11. [PMID: 24937682 PMCID: PMC4100797 DOI: 10.1021/ar500143u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
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Supramolecular assemblies formed from spontaneous self-assembly
of amphiphilic macromolecules are explored as biomimetic architectures
and for applications in areas such as sensing, drug delivery, and
diagnostics. Macromolecular assemblies are usually preferred, compared
with their simpler small molecule counterparts, due to their low critical
aggregate concentrations (CAC) and high thermodynamic stability. This
Account focuses on the structural and functional aspects of assemblies
formed from dendrimers, specifically facially amphiphilic dendrons
that form micelle or inverse micelle type supramolecular assemblies
depending on the nature of the solvent medium. The micelle type
assemblies formed from facially amphiphilic dendrons
sequester hydrophobic guest molecules in their interiors. The stability
of these assemblies is dependent on the relative compatibility of
the hydrophilic and hydrophobic functionalities with water, often
referred to as hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB). Disruption
of the HLB, using an external stimulus, could lead to disassembly
of the aggregates, which can then be utilized to cause an actuation
event, such as guest molecule release. Studying these possibilities
has led to (i) a robust and general strategy for stimulus-induced
disassembly and molecular release and (ii) the introduction of a new
approach to protein-responsive supramolecular disassembly. The latter
strategy provides a particularly novel avenue for impacting biomedical
applications. Most of the stimuli-sensitive supramolecular assemblies
have been designed to be responsive to factors such pH, temperature,
and redox conditions. The reason for this interest stems from the
fact that certain disease microenvironments have aberrations in these
factors. However, these variations are the secondary imbalances in
biology. Imbalances in protein activity are the primary reasons for
most, if not all, human pathology. There have been no robust strategies
in stimulus-responsive assemblies that respond to these variations.
The facially amphiphilic dendrimers provide a unique opportunity to
explore this possibility. Similarly, the propensity of these
molecules to form inverse micelles
in apolar solvents and thus bind polar guest molecules, combined with
the fact that these assemblies do not thermodynamically equilibrate
in biphasic mixtures, was used to predictably simplify peptide mixtures.
The structure–property relationships developed from these studies
have led to a selective and highly sensitive detection of peptides
in complex mixtures. Selectivity in peptide extraction was achieved
using charge complementarity between the peptides and the hydrophilic
components present in inverse micellar interiors. These findings will
have implications in areas such as proteomics and biomarker detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna R. Raghupathi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Oyuntuya Munkhbat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Poornima Rangadurai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Dutta K, Kundu PP. Amphiphiles as hydrophobicity regulator: Fine tuning the surface hydrophobicity of an electropolymerized film. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 397:192-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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4
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The intranuclear release of a potential anticancer drug from small nanoparticles that are derived from intracellular dissociation of large nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2012; 33:4220-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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5
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Dendronization: A Useful Synthetic Strategy to Prepare Multifunctional Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/polym4010355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Rajasekhar Reddy R, Raghupathi KR, Torres DA, Thayumanavan S. Stimuli Sensitive Amphiphilic Dendrimers. NEW J CHEM 2012; 36:340-349. [PMID: 24039387 PMCID: PMC3770314 DOI: 10.1039/c2nj20879b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been an increasing interest in supramolecular systems that can undergo physical or chemical tranformations upon encountering a specific stimulus. Micelle-forming amphiphilic systems based on polymers and dendrimers are particularly preferred over small molecule amphiphiles, due to their ability to sequester and release a vast library of hydrophobic guest molecules at micromolar polymer or dendrimer concentrations. Here we review a relatively underexplored, yet rapidly advancing, field of amphiphilic systems based on dendritic architechture that exhibit stimuli sensitive behaviour. In particular, we will be focusing on stimuli such as temperature, pH, enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins. These stimuli-responsive systems offer a unique opportunity in the field of drug delivery and sensing.
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Dauvergne J, Bendjeriou A, Bonneté F, Kohlbrecher J, Pucci B, Barret LA, Polidori A. Tripod facial surfactants with benzene as the central core: design, synthesis and self-assembly study. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj20876h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Felipe MJ, Estillore N, Pernites RB, Nguyen T, Ponnapati R, Advincula RC. Interfacial behavior of OEG-linear dendron monolayers: aggregation, nanostructuring, and electropolymerizability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:9327-9336. [PMID: 21696202 DOI: 10.1021/la200916n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on the interesting interfacial behavior of oligoethylene glycol or OEGylated linear dendron monolayers at the air-water interface as a function of (a) carbazole dendron generation, (b) the length of the OEG units, and (c) the surface pressure applied upon compression. Surface pressure-area isotherms, hysteresis studies, and isobaric creep measurement revealed a structure-property relationship consistent with the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of a linear dendron with the OEG group serving as the surface anchor to the water subphase. AFM studies revealed that all the OEGylated carbazole dendrons self-assemble into spherical morphology at low surface pressures but form ribbonlike structures as the surface pressure is increased. This nanostructuring is primarily imparted by the increase in van der Waals forces with increasing amount of carbazole units per dendron generation on a hydrophilic mica surface. Further, electrochemical cross-linking of the carbazole molecules by cyclic voltammetery (CV) on doped Si wafer has enabled the formation of an LB film monolayer with a secondary level of organization in the monolayer imparted by the inter- and intramolecular cross-linking among the carbazole units. This study should provide a basis for monolayer film materials based on combining the LB technique and electrochemical cross-linking for nanostructuring superstructures at the air-water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jane Felipe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA
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Vuram PK, Subuddhi U, Krishnaji ST, Chadha A, Mishra AK. Synthesis and Aggregation Properties of Dansylated Glycerol-Based Amphiphilic Polyether Dendrons. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Gong M, Xu X, Yang Z, Liu Y, Lv H, Lv L. A reticulate superhydrophobic self-assembly structure prepared by ZnO nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:165602. [PMID: 19420572 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/16/165602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A simple hydrothermal self-assembly method was adopted to grow a newly reported superhydrophobic reticulate ZnO film with papillary nodes. The formation mechanism has also been explained by the tension junction model. This structure can extremely enhance the dewettability for the surface modification with low-surface-energy materials such as long chain fluorinated organic compounds. The surfaces of the ZnO thin film were superhydrophobic with a contact angle (CA) of 170 degrees +/- 1 degrees, while the sliding angle (SA) is 2 degrees. The samples were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maogang Gong
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
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Han J, Wang X, Wang H. Superhydrophobic surface fabricated by bulk photografting of acrylic acid onto high-density polyethylene. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 326:360-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Feng X, Taton D, Ibarboure E, Chaikof EL, Gnanou Y. Janus-type dendrimer-like poly(ethylene oxide)s. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:11662-76. [PMID: 18681431 PMCID: PMC2723772 DOI: 10.1021/ja7103119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward and original methodology allowing the synthesis of Janus-type dendrimer-like poly(ethylene oxide)s (PEOs) carrying orthogonal functional groups on their surface is described. The use of 3-allyloxy-1,2-propanediol (1) as a latent AB2-type heterofunctional initiator of anionic ring-opening polymerization (AROP) of ethylene oxide (EO) and of selective branching agents of PEO chain ends served to construct the two dendrons of these dendrimer-like PEOs, following a divergent pathway. Thus, the first PEO generation of the first dendron was grown by AROP from 1 followed by the reaction of the corresponding alpha-allyl,omega,omega'-bishydroxy- heterofunctional PEO derivative with 2-(3'-chloromethybenzyloxymethyl)-2-methyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane (2) used as a branching agent. This afforded the dendron A with four latent peripheral hydroxyls protected in the form of two ketal rings. The remaining alpha-allylic double bond of the PEO thus prepared was transformed into two hydroxyl groups using OsO4 in order to create the first PEO generation of the dendron B by AROP of EO. Allyl chloride (3) was then used as another (latent) branching agent to react with the terminal hydroxyl of the corresponding PEO chains. Deprotection under acidic conditions of the ketal groups of dendron A, followed by AROP of EO, afforded the second PEO generation on this face. This alternate and divergent procedure, combining AROP of EO and selective branching of PEO branches, could be readily iterated, one dendron after the other up to the generation six, leading to a Janus-type dendrimer-like PEO exhibiting a total mass of around 300 kg/mol and possessing 64 peripheral groups on each face. The possibility of orthogonal functionalization of the surfaces of such Janus-type dendritic PEOs was exploited. Indeed, a dendron of generation 4 was functionalized with hydroxyl functions at its periphery, whereas the other was end-capped with either tertiary amino or disulfide groups. In a variant of this strategy, azido groups and acetylene could also be orthogonally introduced at the periphery of the fourth generation Janus-type dendrimer-like PEO and subjected to polycondensation by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. This afforded a necklace-like covalent assembly of dendrimer-like PEOs through the formation of stable [1,2,3]-triazole linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Feng
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, Université Bordeaux 1, ENSCPB 16, Avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac cedex, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, Université Bordeaux 1, ENSCPB 16, Avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Ibarboure
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, Université Bordeaux 1, ENSCPB 16, Avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac cedex, France
| | - Elliot L. Chaikof
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Materials Research, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Yves Gnanou
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, Université Bordeaux 1, ENSCPB 16, Avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac cedex, France
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Heyen AJJV, Buron CC, Tianshi Q, Bauer R, Jonas AM, Müllen K, De Schryver FC, De Feyter S. Guiding the self-assembly of a second-generation polyphenylene dendrimer into well-defined patterns. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:1160-1167. [PMID: 18651629 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200701009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A second-generation polyphenylene dendrimer 1 is shown to self-assemble into nanofibers. To guide the formation of the dendrimer fibers into well-defined patterns, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane is grafted in the gas phase onto a silicon substrate. De-wetting of the solution on the nanopatterned surface results in the formation of a nanostructured template, into which fiber growth subsequently occurs under the constraints set by the de-wetted morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- An J J Ver Heyen
- K.U. Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Nanomaterials, and Institute for Nanoscale Physics and Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Willham KA, Laurent BA, Grayson SM. Synthesis of a pH-independent bifurcated amphiphile. Tetrahedron Lett 2008; 49:2091-2094. [PMID: 19325700 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.01.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthetic method for preparing bifurcated amphiphiles has been developed such that the functionality for attachment is located at the interface between the lipophilic and hydrophilic side chains. Attachment of the amphiphile to the repeat units of polymeric substrates enables the rapid preparation of amphiphilic homopolymers.
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15
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Zhang Y, Wang H, Yan B, Zhang Y, Yin P, Shen G, Yu R. A rapid and efficient strategy for creating super-hydrophobic coatings on various material substrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b801212a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Goyal P, Yoon K, Weck M. Multifunctionalization of dendrimers through orthogonal transformations. Chemistry 2007; 13:8801-10. [PMID: 17508379 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward methodology for the synthesis of multifunctionalized dendrimers that is based on an orthogonal functionalization strategy has been developed. Polyamide-based dendrimers that possess both a single aldehyde and a single azide moiety on their periphery have been synthesized by using a convergent synthetic strategy. These dendrimers can be functionalized quantitatively with small organic and biological molecules that contain hydrazide and/or alkyne groups in which each functional moiety is completely specific for its complementary motif. This orthogonal functionalization strategy has the potential to be used to synthesize multifunctional dendrimers for a variety of applications, which range from targeted biological delivery vehicles to optical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorva Goyal
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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Ambade AV, Aathimanikandan SV, van der Poll D, Thayumanavan S. Smaller building blocks form larger assemblies: aggregation behavior of biaryl-based dendritic facial amphiphiles. J Org Chem 2007; 72:8167-74. [PMID: 17915918 DOI: 10.1021/jo070447r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and micellar behavior of biaryl-based benzyl ether dendritic molecules prepared from a new biaryl building block are described. The key objective of the study is to tune the size of individual dendritic molecules and investigate its effect on aggregation behavior of the resulting micelle-like assemblies. We show that the functional group placement in the building block influences flexibility of the dendritic backbone and interior volume available for packing the hydrophobic groups, which is reflected in different aggregation behavior and aggregate size of the two types of micellar assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashootosh V Ambade
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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Lohse B, Ivanov MT, Andreasen JW, Vestberg R, Hvilsted S, Berg RH, Ramanujam PS, Hawker CJ, Mortensen K. Self-Assembly of Uracil−PAMAM Dendrimer Systems into Domains of Micrometer Length Scale. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma062703s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lohse
- Danish Polymer Centre, Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Optics and Plasma Research Department, Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Mario T. Ivanov
- Danish Polymer Centre, Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Optics and Plasma Research Department, Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Jens W. Andreasen
- Danish Polymer Centre, Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Optics and Plasma Research Department, Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Robert Vestberg
- Danish Polymer Centre, Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Optics and Plasma Research Department, Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Søren Hvilsted
- Danish Polymer Centre, Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Optics and Plasma Research Department, Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Rolf H. Berg
- Danish Polymer Centre, Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Optics and Plasma Research Department, Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - P. S. Ramanujam
- Danish Polymer Centre, Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Optics and Plasma Research Department, Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Danish Polymer Centre, Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Optics and Plasma Research Department, Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Kell Mortensen
- Danish Polymer Centre, Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Optics and Plasma Research Department, Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
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Ambade AV, Chen Y, Thayumanavan S. Controlled functional group presentations in dendrimers as a tool to probe the hyperbranched architecture. NEW J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b617628c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Carl Englert B. Nanomaterials and the environment: uses, methods and measurement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:1154-61. [DOI: 10.1039/b705988d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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