1
|
Wang M, Wang Y. Advances for Triangular and Sandwich-Shaped All-Metal Aromatics. Molecules 2024; 29:763. [PMID: 38398515 PMCID: PMC10892378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Much experimental work has been contributed to all-metal σ, π and δ-aromaticity among transition metals, semimetallics and other metals in the past two decades. Before our focused investigations on the properties of triangular and sandwich-shaped all-metal aromatics, A. I. Boldyrev presented general discussions on the concepts of all-metal σ-aromaticity and σ-antiaromaticity for metallo-clusters. Schleyer illustrated that Nucleus-Independent Chemical Shifts (NICS) were among the most authoritative criteria for aromaticity. Ugalde discussed the earlier developments of all-metal aromatic compounds with all possible shapes. Besides the theoretical predictions, many stable all-metal aromatic trinuclear clusters have been isolated as the metallic analogues of either the σ-aromatic molecule's [H3]+ ion or the π-aromatic molecule's [C3H3]+ ion. Different from Hoffman's opinion on all-metal aromaticity, triangular all-metal aromatics were found to hold great potential in applications in coordination chemistry, catalysis, and material science. Triangular all-metal aromatics, which were theoretically proved to conform to the Hückel (4n + 2) rule and possess the smallest aromatic ring, could also play roles as stable ligands during the formation of all-metal sandwiches. The triangular and sandwich-shaped all-metal aromatics have not yet been specifically summarized despite their diversity of existence, puissant developments and various interesting applications. These findings are different from the public opinion that all-metal aromatics would be limited to further applications due to their overstated difficulties in synthesis and uncertain stabilities. Our review will specifically focus on the summarization of theoretical predictions, feasible syntheses and isolations, and multiple applications of triangular and sandwich shaped all-metal aromatics. The appropriateness and necessities of this review will emphasize and disseminate their importance and applications forcefully and in a timely manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanlan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bigi F, Cauzzi D, Della Ca’ N, Malacria M, Maggi R, Motti E, Wang Y, Maestri G. Evolution of Triangular All-Metal Aromatic Complexes from Bonding Quandaries to Powerful Catalytic Platforms. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 2:373-385. [PMID: 36855666 PMCID: PMC9955218 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript describes an overview on the literature detailing the observation of trinuclear complexes that present delocalized metal-metal bonds similar to those of regular aromatics, which are formed combining main group elements. A particular emphasis is given to the structural and electronic features of aromatic clusters that are sufficiently stable to allow their isolation. In parallel to the description of their key bonding properties, the work presents reported catalytic applications of these complexes, which already span from elaborated C-C-forming cascades to highly efficient cross-coupling methods. These examples present peculiar aspects of the unique reactivity exerted by all-metal aromatic complexes, which can often be superior to their established, popular mononuclear peers in terms of chemoselectivity and chemical robustness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franca Bigi
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy,IMEM-CNR, Parco Area
delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Cauzzi
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nicola Della Ca’
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Max Malacria
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, IPCM, UMR CNRS 8232, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, Paris 75252 Cedex 05, France
| | - Raimondo Maggi
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Motti
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Yanlan Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng
University, 252059 Liaocheng, China
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fortney-Zirker RG, Henderson W, Tiekink ER. Mixed-chalcogenide diplatinum complexes; an investigation of ligand exchange processes using ESI mass spectrometry. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
4
|
Haiduc I. Inverse coordination – An emerging new chemical concept. Oxygen and other chalcogens as coordination centers. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
5
|
Ara I, Forniés J, Ibáñez S, Mastrorilli P, Todisco S, Gallo V. Polynuclear platinum phosphanido/phosphinito complexes: formation of P-O and P-O-P bonds through reductive coupling processes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:2156-71. [PMID: 26555928 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02593a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A mixture of the asymmetric complexes of formula [(RF)2Pt(μ-Ph2PO)(μ-PPh2)Pt(μ-PPh2)2Pt(solv)(solv')] [(1-(solv)(solv')] (solv, solv' = acetone, H2O, CH3CN) has been prepared by reaction of [(RF)2Pt(II)(μ-PPh2)2Pt(II)(μ-PPh2)2Pt(II)(NCCH3)2] with AgClO4 in CH3CN/acetone. The lability of the Pt-solvent bonds allows the displacement of the coordinated solvent molecules by dppm or Cl(-) and the isolation of the tri- or hexanuclear phosphanido/phosphinito Pt(ii) complexes [(C6F5)2Pt(μ-PPh2)(μ-PPh2O)Pt(μ-PPh2)2Pt(dppm)] (2) or [NBu4]2[(C6F5)2Pt(μ-PPh2)(μ-PPh2O)Pt(μ-PPh2)2Pt(μ-Cl)2Pt(μ-PPh2)2Pt(μ-PPh2)(μ-PPh2O)Pt(C6F5)2] (as a mixture of the two possible isomers 4a and 4b). Complex 2 reacts with AgClO4 to form the tetranuclear derivative [(C6F5)2Pt(μ-PPh2)(μ-PPh2O)Pt(μ-PPh2)2Pt(dppm)Ag(OClO3)] (3), which displays two Pt-Ag donor-acceptor bonds. The mixture of the hexanuclear isomers 4a-4b reacts with Tl(acac) producing the acetylacetonato complex [NBu4][(C6F5)2Pt(μ-PPh2)(μ-PPh2O)Pt(μ-PPh2)2Pt(acac)] (5) which, upon reaction with HCl, yields back the mixture of 4a-4b. The reaction of 4a-4b with PPh3 produces [NBu4][(C6F5)2Pt(μ-PPh2)(μ-PPh2O)Pt(μ-PPh2)2Pt(Cl)(PPh3)] (6) as a mixture of isomers with the chloro ligand located syn (6a) or anti (6b) to the PPh2O(-) group. Either the reaction of 6 with AgClO4 or the treatment of 5 with HPPh3ClO4 results in the formation of the species [(C6F5)2Pt(II)(μ-PPh2)2Pt(I)(μ-PPh2OPPh2)Pt(I)(PPh3)] (7) (44 VEC), which can be explained as the consequence of a PPh2O/PPh2 reductive coupling and a rearrangement of ligands in the molecule generating a Pt(ii),Pt(i),Pt(i) compound. All complexes were characterised in the solid state by XRD (only one of the isomers, in the cases of 4 and 6) and in solution by NMR spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ara
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, Universidad de Zaragoza - CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Y, Deyris PA, Caneque T, Blanchard F, Li Y, Bigi F, Maggi R, Blanchard S, Maestri G, Malacria M. A Simple Synthesis of Triangular All-Metal Aromatics Allowing Access to Isolobal All-Metal Heteroaromatics. Chemistry 2015; 21:12271-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
7
|
Funaioli T, Leoni P, Marchetti L, Albinati A, Rizzato S, Fabrizi de Biani F, Ienco A, Manca G, Mealli C. Unprecedented tris-phosphido-bridged triangular clusters with 42 valence electrons. Chemical, electrochemical and computational studies of their formation and stability. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:4635-47. [PMID: 23537366 DOI: 10.1021/ic400251y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the synthesis and structural characterization of the unprecedented tris-phosphido-bridged compounds Pt3(μ-PBu(t)2)3X3 (X = Cl, Br, I), having only 42 valence electrons, while up to now analogous clusters typically have 44e(-). The new species were obtained by an apparent bielectronic oxidation of the 44e(-) monohalides Pt3(μ-PBu(t)2)3(CO)2X with the corresponding dihalogen X2. Their X-ray structures are close to the D3h symmetry, similarly to the 44e(-) analogues with three terminal carbonyl ligands. The products were also obtained by electrochemical oxidation of the same monohalides in the presence of the corresponding halide. In a detailed study on the formation of Pt3(μ-PBu(t)2)3I3, the redox potentials indicated that I2 can only perform the first monoelectronic oxidation but is unsuited for the second one. Accordingly, the 43e(-) intermediate [Pt3(μ-PBu(t)2)3(CO)2I](+) was ascertained to play a key role. Another piece of information is that, together with the fully oxidized product Pt3(μ-PBu(t)2)3I3, the transient 44e(-) species [Pt3(μ-PBu(t)2)3(CO)3](+) is formed in the early steps of the reaction. In order to extract detailed information on the formation pathway, involving both terminal ligand substitutions and electron transfer processes, a DFT investigation has been performed and all the possible intermediates have been defined together with their associated energy costs. The profile highlights many important aspects, such as the formation of an appropriate couple of 43e(-) intermediates having different sets of terminal coligands, and suitable redox potentials for the transfer of one electron. Optimizations of 45e(-) associative intermediates in the ligand substitution reactions indicate their possible involvement in the redox process with reduction of the overall energy cost. Finally, according to MO arguments, the unique stability of the 42e(-) phosphido-bridged Pt3 clusters can be attributed to the simultaneous presence of three terminal halides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Funaioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale dell'Università di Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dobrzańska L, Stander-Grobler E, Strasser CE, Cronje S, Raubenheimer HG. Coordination of Ligands That Contain Thiocarbonyl, Carbonyl, or Thiolate Functionalities to Complex Fragments of Palladium in Various Oxidation States. Helv Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
9
|
Further studies on the dialkylation chemistry of [Pt2(μ-S)2(PPh3)4] with activated alkyl halides RC(O)CH2X (X=Cl, Br). Inorganica Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
10
|
Henderson W, Nicholson BK, Ujam OT. Further investigations on the methylation chemistry of [Pt2(µ-S)2(PPh3)4]. J COORD CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2011.606366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Henderson
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Waikato , Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240 , New Zealand
| | - Brian K. Nicholson
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Waikato , Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240 , New Zealand
| | - Oguejiofo T. Ujam
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Waikato , Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240 , New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Okamoto K, Kuwabara J, Kanbara T. Versatile bridging ability of secondary thioamide group for constructing metal cluster based on pincer complex. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
12
|
|
13
|
Deadman BJ, Henderson W, Nicholson BK, Petchell LE, Rose SL, Hor TA. The arylation of [Pt2(μ-S)2(PPh3)4]. Inorganica Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
14
|
Albrecht C, Bruhn C, Wagner C, Steinborn D. Zur Reaktivität von alkylthioverbrückten 44-CVE-triangularen Platinclustern: Umsetzungen mit bidentaten Phosphanliganden. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200800037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|