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Wysocka-Zolopa M, Wojtulewski K, Basa A, Satuła DM, Markiewicz KH, Grądzka E, Winkler K. Investigation of Magnetic Electrodes in Conducting Polymeric Materials: Electrochemical Properties of a Fullerene[C 60 ]-Pd Polymer and Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanocomposite. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300387. [PMID: 37758284 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
A composite of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles and coordination fullerene polymer (C60 Pd3 )n is formed by chemical deposition of spherical polymer nanoparticles on iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles in benzene containing C60 and Pd(0) complex. The composition of the composite can be controlled by the amount of magnetite and concentration of polymerization precursors as well as the time of polymerization. The magnetic composite material Fe3 O4 -γFe2 O3 /(C60 Pd3 )n is used as a model system to investigate its deposition on a magnetic electrode and its electrochemical properties. The iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles ensure both the magnetic activity of the composite and its nanostructured morphology. Both of these factors are responsible for the enhancement of the electrochemical activity of the polymer phase forming the composite in comparison to the pure polymer material deposited on the same magnetic electrode. In the magnetic field of the electrode, the composite undergoes permanent and strong bonding with the surface of the electrode. The nanostructured morphology of the Fe3 O4 -γFe2 O3 /(C60 Pd3 )n composite also provides very good capacitive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Wysocka-Zolopa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Wojtulewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Basa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dariusz M Satuła
- Department of Physics, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1L, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Karolina H Markiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Emilia Grądzka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
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2
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Xu X, Gunasekaran S, Renken S, Ripani L, Schollmeyer D, Kim W, Marcaccio M, Musser A, Narita A. Synthesis and Characterizations of 5,5'-Bibenzo[rst]pentaphene with Axial Chirality and Symmetry-Breaking Charge Transfer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200004. [PMID: 35156332 PMCID: PMC9259715 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Exploration of novel biaryls consisting of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) units can be an important strategy toward further developments of organic materials with unique properties. In this study, 5,5'-bibenzo[rst]pentaphene (BBPP) with two benzo[rst]pentaphene (BPP) units is synthesized in an efficient and versatile approach, and its structure is unambiguously elucidated by X-ray crystallography. BBPP exhibits axial chirality, and the (M)- and (P)-enantiomers are resolved by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography and studied by circular dichroism spectroscopy. These enantiomers have a relatively high isomerization barrier of 43.6 kcal mol-1 calculated by density functional theory. The monomer BPP and dimer BBPP are characterized by UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The results indicate that both BPP and BBPP fluoresce from a formally dark S1 electronic state that is enabled by Herzberg-Teller intensity borrowing from a neighboring bright S2 state. While BPP exhibits a relatively low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), BBPP exhibits a significantly enhanced PLQY due to a greater S2 intensity borrowing. Moreover, symmetry-breaking charge transfer in BBPP is demonstrated by spectroscopic investigations in solvents of different polarity. This suggests high potential for singlet fission in such π-extended biaryls through appropriate molecular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiushang Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University1919‐1 Tancha, Onna‐sonKunigami‐gunOkinawa904‐0495Japan
| | - Suman Gunasekaran
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Scott Renken
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Lorenzo Ripani
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”Università di Bolognavia Selmi 2Bologna40126Italy
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–14Mainz55128Germany
| | - Woojae Kim
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Massimo Marcaccio
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”Università di Bolognavia Selmi 2Bologna40126Italy
| | - Andrew Musser
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University1919‐1 Tancha, Onna‐sonKunigami‐gunOkinawa904‐0495Japan
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3
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Pijeat J, Chaussy L, Simoës R, Isopi J, Lauret J, Paolucci F, Marcaccio M, Campidelli S. Thermally Induced Synthesis of Anthracene-, Pyrene- and Naphthalene-Fused Porphyrins. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:997-1003. [PMID: 34617692 PMCID: PMC8495684 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of π-extended porphyrins containing anthracenyl moieties still represents an important challenge. Here, we report on the synthesis of a series of unsubstituted naphthyl-, pyrenyl- and anthracenyl-fused zinc porphyrin derivatives. To this aim, meso-substitued porphyrins are synthesized and the fusion of the PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon) on the β-positions are performed through thermally induced dehydro-aromatization. The fused zinc-porphyrin derivatives are fully characterized and their optical absorption and photoluminescence properties are reported. We also demonstrate that zinc can be removed from the porphyrin core, giving rise to pure C, H, N materials. This work constitutes the first step towards the synthesis of the fully-fused tetra-anthracenylporphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joffrey Pijeat
- Université Paris-SaclayCEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Léo Chaussy
- Université Paris-SaclayCEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Roxanne Simoës
- Université Paris-SaclayCEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Jacopo Isopi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”Università di Bolognavia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly
| | - Jean‐Sébastien Lauret
- Université Paris SaclayENS Paris-SaclayCentrale Supelec, CNRS, LUMIN91405Orsay CedexFrance
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”Università di Bolognavia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly
| | - Massimo Marcaccio
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”Università di Bolognavia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly
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4
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Arnaboldi S, Cauteruccio S, Grecchi S, Benincori T, Marcaccio M, Biroli AO, Longhi G, Licandro E, Mussini PR. Thiahelicene-based inherently chiral films for enantioselective electroanalysis. Chem Sci 2018; 10:1539-1548. [PMID: 30809372 PMCID: PMC6357859 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03337d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enantiopure inherently chiral films with helicoidal stereogenicity of outstanding enantiodiscrimination potentialities for chiral redox probes and as spin filters.
Chiral electroanalysis could be regarded as the highest recognition degree in electrochemical sensing, implying the ability to discriminate between specular images of an electroactive molecule, particularly in terms of significant peak potential difference. A groundbreaking strategy was recently proposed, based on the use of “inherently chiral” molecular selectors, with chirality and key functional properties originating from the same structural element. Large differences in peak potentials have been observed for the enantiomers of different chiral molecules, also of applicative interest, using different selectors, all of them based on atropisomeric biheteroaromatic scaffolds of axial stereogenicity. However, helicene systems also provide inherently chiral building blocks with attractive features. In this paper the enantiodiscrimination performances of enantiopure inherently chiral films obtained by electrooxidation of a thiahelicene monomer with helicoidal stereogenicity are presented for the first time. The outstanding potentialities of this novel approach are evaluated towards chiral probes with different chemical nature and bulkiness, in comparison with a representative case of the so far exploited class of inherently chiral selectors with axial stereogenicity. It is also verified that the high enantiodiscrimination ability holds as well for electron spins, as for atropisomeric selectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Arnaboldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi, 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ; ;
| | - Silvia Cauteruccio
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi, 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ; ;
| | - Sara Grecchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi, 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ; ;
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia , Università degli Studi dell'Insubria , Via Valleggio 11 , 22100 Como , Italy
| | - Massimo Marcaccio
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician" , Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Alessio Orbelli Biroli
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) , SmartMatLab Centre , Via Golgi, 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Giovanna Longhi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale , Università degli Studi di Brescia , Viale Europa 11 , 25123 Brescia , Italy
| | - Emanuela Licandro
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi, 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ; ;
| | - Patrizia Romana Mussini
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi, 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ; ;
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5
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Wang Y, Díaz-Tendero S, Alcamí M, Martín F. Topology-Based Approach to Predict Relative Stabilities of Charged and Functionalized Fullerenes. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:1791-1810. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Díaz-Tendero
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Alcamí
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), 28049 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Dasler D, Schäfer RA, Minameyer MB, Hitzenberger JF, Hauke F, Drewello T, Hirsch A. Direct Covalent Coupling of Porphyrins to Graphene. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11760-11765. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Dasler
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ricarda A. Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin B. Minameyer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Physical Chemistry I, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jakob F. Hitzenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Physical Chemistry I, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Drewello
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Physical Chemistry I, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Efficient Energy-Conversion Materials for the Future: Understanding and Tailoring Charge-Transfer Processes in Carbon Nanostructures. Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Petrizza L, Genovese D, Valenti G, Iurlo M, Fiorani A, Paolucci F, Rapino S, Marcaccio M. Electrochemical and Surface Characterization of Dense Monolayers Grafted on ITO and Si/SiO2
Surfaces via Tetra(tert
-Butoxy)Tin Linker. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Petrizza
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; Università di Bologna; via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Damiano Genovese
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; Università di Bologna; via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; Università di Bologna; via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Matteo Iurlo
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; Università di Bologna; via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Fiorani
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; Università di Bologna; via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; Università di Bologna; via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; Università di Bologna; via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Massimo Marcaccio
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; Università di Bologna; via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
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9
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Balch AL, Winkler K. Two-Component Polymeric Materials of Fullerenes and the Transition Metal Complexes: A Bridge between Metal–Organic Frameworks and Conducting Polymers. Chem Rev 2016; 116:3812-82. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan L. Balch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Krzysztof Winkler
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Hurtowa 1, 15-399 Bialystok, Poland
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10
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Wang Y, Díaz-Tendero S, Alcamí M, Martín F. Cage connectivity and frontier π orbitals govern the relative stability of charged fullerene isomers. Nat Chem 2015; 7:927-34. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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11
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Valenti G, Fiorani A, Di Motta S, Bergamini G, Gingras M, Ceroni P, Negri F, Paolucci F, Marcaccio M. Molecular Size and Electronic Structure Combined Effects on the Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Sulfurated Pyrene-Cored Dendrimers. Chemistry 2014; 21:2936-47. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Suarez MB, Durantini J, Otero L, Dittrich T, Santo M, Milanesio ME, Durantini E, Gervaldo M. Electrochemical Generation of Porphyrin-Porphyrin and Porphyrin-C60 Polymeric Photoactive Organic Heterojunctions. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Kirner S, Sekita M, Guldi DM. 25th anniversary article: 25 years of fullerene research in electron transfer chemistry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:1482-1493. [PMID: 24532250 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The past 25 years have served as a test bed for exploring the chemistry and physics, in general, and the electron transfer chemistry, in particular, of low-dimensional carbon. Nevertheless, the new realm started with the advent of fullerenes, followed in chronological order by carbon nanotubes, and, more recently, by graphene. The major thrust of this Review article is to historically recap the versatility of fullerenes regarding the design, the synthesis, and the tests as an electroactive building block in photosynthetic reaction mimics, photovoltaics, and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Kirner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Boeré RT, Bolli C, Finze M, Himmelspach A, Knapp C, Roemmele TL. Quantum-Chemical and Electrochemical Investigation of the Electrochemical Windows of Halogenated Carborate Anions. Chemistry 2012; 19:1784-95. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Formation and properties of electroactive fullerene based films with a covalently attached ferrocenyl redox probe. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.03.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Anodic oxidation of organometallic sandwich complexes using [Al(OC(CF3)3)4]− or [AsF6]− as the supporting electrolyte anion. J Fluor Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Geiger WE, Barrière F. Organometallic electrochemistry based on electrolytes containing weakly-coordinating fluoroarylborate anions. Acc Chem Res 2010; 43:1030-9. [PMID: 20345126 DOI: 10.1021/ar1000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry is a powerful tool for the study of oxidative electron-transfer reactions (anodic processes). Since the 1960s, the electrolytes of choice for nonaqueous electrochemistry were relatively small (heptaatomic or smaller) inorganic anions, such as perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate, or hexafluorophosphate. Owing to the similar size-to-charge ratios of these "traditional" anions, structural alterations of the electrolyte anion are not particularly valuable in effecting changes in the corresponding redox reactions. Systematic variations of supporting electrolytes were largely restricted to cathodic processes, in which interactions of anions produced in the reactions are altered by changes in electrolyte cations. A typical ladder involves going from a weakly ion-pairing tetraalkylammonium cation, [N(C(n)H(2n+1))(4)](+), with n > or = 4, to more strongly ion-pairing counterparts with n < 4, and culminating in very strongly ion-pairing alkali metal ions. A new generation of supporting electrolyte salts that incorporate a weakly coordinating anion (WCA) expands anodic applications by providing a dramatically different medium in which to generate positively charged electrolysis products. A chain of electrolyte anions is now available for the control of anodic reactions, beginning with weakly ion-pairing WCAs, progressing through the traditional anions, and culminating in halide ions. Although the electrochemical properties of a number of different WCAs have been reported, the most systematic work involves fluoro- or trifluoromethyl-substituted tetraphenylborate anions (fluoroarylborate anions). In this Account, we focus on tetrakis(perfluorophenyl)borate, [B(C(6)F(5))(4)](-), which has a significantly more positive anodic window than tetrakis[(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)]borate, [BArF(24)](-), making it suitable in a larger range of anodic oxidations. These WCAs also have a characteristic of specific importance to organometallic redox processes. Many electron-deficient organometallic compounds are subject to nucleophilic attack by the traditional family of electrolyte anions. With a view to testing the scope of the much less nucleophililic WCAs in providing a benign electrolyte anion for the generation of organometallic cation radicals, we carried out a series of studies on transition metal sandwich and half-sandwich compounds. The model compounds were chosen both for their fundamental importance and because their radical cations had been neither isolated nor spectrally characterized, despite many previous electrochemical investigations with traditional anions. The oxidation of prototypical organometallic compounds, such as the sandwich-structured ruthenocene and the piano-stool structured Cr(eta(6)-C(6)H(6))(CO)(3), Mn(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))(CO)(3), Re(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))(CO)(3), and Co(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))(CO)(2), gave the first definitive in situ characterization of their radical cations. In several cases, the kinetic stabilization of the anodic products allowed the identification of dimers or unique dimer radicals having weak metal-metal bonds and provided new preparative options for organometallic systems. In terms of thermodynamic effects, the lower ion-pairing abilities of WCAs and their good solubility in a broad range of solvents, including those of lower polarity, permitted a systematic study that yielded an integrated model of how to use solvent-electrolyte combinations to manipulate the E(1/2) differences of compounds undergoing multiple electron-transfer reactions. Although the efficacy of WCA-based electrolytes in organometallic anodic chemistry is now established, WCAs might further expand applications of organic redox chemistry. Other WCAs, including those derived from carboranes and fluorinated alkoxyaluminates, merit additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E. Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05445
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19
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Riccò M, Pontiroli D, Mazzani M, Gianferrari F, Pagliari M, Goffredi A, Brunelli M, Zandomeneghi G, Meier BH, Shiroka T. Fullerenium Salts: A New Class of C60-Based Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:2064-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja909614x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Riccò
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Parma, Via G. Usberti 7/a, 43100 Parma, Italy, Institut Laue Langevin, BP 156, 6, rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Physical Chemistry Laboratory, ETH-Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik, ETH-Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 16, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Pontiroli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Parma, Via G. Usberti 7/a, 43100 Parma, Italy, Institut Laue Langevin, BP 156, 6, rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Physical Chemistry Laboratory, ETH-Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik, ETH-Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 16, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Mazzani
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Parma, Via G. Usberti 7/a, 43100 Parma, Italy, Institut Laue Langevin, BP 156, 6, rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Physical Chemistry Laboratory, ETH-Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik, ETH-Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 16, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Gianferrari
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Parma, Via G. Usberti 7/a, 43100 Parma, Italy, Institut Laue Langevin, BP 156, 6, rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Physical Chemistry Laboratory, ETH-Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik, ETH-Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 16, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Pagliari
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Parma, Via G. Usberti 7/a, 43100 Parma, Italy, Institut Laue Langevin, BP 156, 6, rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Physical Chemistry Laboratory, ETH-Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik, ETH-Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 16, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angelo Goffredi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Parma, Via G. Usberti 7/a, 43100 Parma, Italy, Institut Laue Langevin, BP 156, 6, rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Physical Chemistry Laboratory, ETH-Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik, ETH-Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 16, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michela Brunelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Parma, Via G. Usberti 7/a, 43100 Parma, Italy, Institut Laue Langevin, BP 156, 6, rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Physical Chemistry Laboratory, ETH-Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik, ETH-Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 16, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Zandomeneghi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Parma, Via G. Usberti 7/a, 43100 Parma, Italy, Institut Laue Langevin, BP 156, 6, rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Physical Chemistry Laboratory, ETH-Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik, ETH-Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 16, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat H. Meier
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Parma, Via G. Usberti 7/a, 43100 Parma, Italy, Institut Laue Langevin, BP 156, 6, rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Physical Chemistry Laboratory, ETH-Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik, ETH-Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 16, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Toni Shiroka
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Parma, Via G. Usberti 7/a, 43100 Parma, Italy, Institut Laue Langevin, BP 156, 6, rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Physical Chemistry Laboratory, ETH-Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik, ETH-Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 16, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Zanarini S, Della Ciana L, Marcaccio M, Marzocchi E, Paolucci F, Prodi L. Electrochemistry and electrochemiluminescence of [Ru(II)-tris(bathophenanthroline-disulfonate)]4- in aprotic conditions and aqueous buffers. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:10188-93. [PMID: 18652506 DOI: 10.1021/jp803757y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the electrochemical and ECL properties of tris[1,10-phenanthrolinediyl-4,7-di(benzenesulfonate)]Ru(II) ([Ru(BPS)3]4-) have been addressed in both strictly aprotic conditions and aqueous buffers. A combined theoretical and experimental approach is presented to focus thermodynamics and kinetic effects of electro-generated species possessing highly negative charge. The complex, prepared as the sodium salt by using a newly developed procedure, was subsequently converted to the tetrabutylammonium salt by ion exchange, thus making it soluble in organic media and allowing, for the first time, its thorough electrochemical investigation in ultra-dry aprotic media. The electrochemically induced luminescence (ECL) of Na 4[Ru(BPS)3] in phosphate buffer, using the co-reactant method (tripropylamine), was investigated as a function of the electrode material and halide addition, and ECL intensities six times higher than that of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ were found. In addition, the ECL behavior of this promising dye for biomolecule recognition was investigated in aprotic media and, for the first time, the direct radical anion-radical cation annihilation ECL was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Zanarini
- Dipartimento di Chimica G. Ciamician, Universita' di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Iurlo M, Paolucci D, Marcaccio M, Paolucci F. Electron transfer in pristine and functionalised single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:4867-74. [DOI: 10.1039/b809285k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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