1
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Lee H, Lee D. Assembling Molecular Clips To Build π-Stacks. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302523. [PMID: 37658276 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Nature utilizes an intimate stacking of aromatic motifs to construct functional structures, as demonstrated in protein folding and polynucleotide assembly. However, organized π-stacks of artificial molecules are difficult to build, primarily due to the weak, non-directional, and context-sensitive nature of van der Waals forces. To overcome these challenges, chemists have invented ingenious architectural designs to construct π-stacked supramolecular assemblies using clip-like molecules. This Concept article focuses on molecular clips that enable precise spatial control over assembly patterns, beyond the scope of simple host-guest chemistry. Different design strategies are analyzed and compared that leverage non-covalent interactions to create multi-layer π-stacks. Particular emphasis is placed on the choice of spine units as they play a crucial role in controlling the (i) spacing, (ii) orientation, and (iii) conformational pre-organization of linked aromatics to achieve long-range spatial ordering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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2
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Molecular Tetris by sequence-specific stacking of hydrogen bonding molecular clips. Commun Chem 2022; 5:180. [PMID: 36697760 PMCID: PMC9814962 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00802-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A face-to-face stacking of aromatic rings is an effective non-covalent strategy to build functional architectures, as elegantly exemplified with protein folding and polynucleotide assembly. However, weak, non-directional, and context-sensitive van der Waals forces pose a significant challenge if one wishes to construct well-organized π-stacks outside the confines of the biological matrix. To meet this design challenge, we have devised a rigid polycyclic template to create a non-collapsible void between two parallel oriented π-faces. In solution, these shape-persistent aromatic clips self-dimerize to form quadruple π-stacks, the thermodynamic stability of which is enhanced by self-complementary N-H···N hydrogen bonds, and finely regulated by the regioisomerism of the π-canopy unit. With assistance from sufficient electrostatic polarization of the π-surface and bifurcated hydrogen bonds, a small polyheterocyclic guest can effectively compete against the self-dimerization of the host to afford a triple π-stack inclusion complex. A combination of solution spectroscopic, X-ray crystallographic, and computational studies aided a detailed understanding of this cooperative vs competitive process to afford layered aromatics with extraordinary structural regularity and fidelity.
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3
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Laurent Q, Martinent R, Lim B, Pham AT, Kato T, López-Andarias J, Sakai N, Matile S. Thiol-Mediated Uptake. JACS AU 2021; 1:710-728. [PMID: 34467328 PMCID: PMC8395643 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective focuses on thiol-mediated uptake, that is, the entry of substrates into cells enabled by oligochalcogenides or mimics, often disulfides, and inhibited by thiol-reactive agents. A short chronology from the initial observations in 1990 until today is followed by a summary of cell-penetrating poly(disulfide)s (CPDs) and cyclic oligochalcogenides (COCs) as privileged scaffolds in thiol-mediated uptake and inhibitors of thiol-mediated uptake as potential antivirals. In the spirit of a Perspective, the main part brings together topics that possibly could help to explain how thiol-mediated uptake really works. Extreme sulfur chemistry mostly related to COCs and their mimics, cyclic disulfides, thiosulfinates/-onates, diselenolanes, benzopolysulfanes, but also arsenics and Michael acceptors, is viewed in the context of acidity, ring tension, exchange cascades, adaptive networks, exchange affinity columns, molecular walkers, ring-opening polymerizations, and templated polymerizations. Micellar pores (or lipid ion channels) are considered, from cell-penetrating peptides and natural antibiotics to voltage sensors, and a concise gallery of membrane proteins, as possible targets of thiol-mediated uptake, is provided, including CLIC1, a thiol-reactive chloride channel; TMEM16F, a Ca-activated scramblase; EGFR, the epithelial growth factor receptor; and protein-disulfide isomerase, known from HIV entry or the transferrin receptor, a top hit in proteomics and recently identified in the cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Laurent
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rémi Martinent
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bumhee Lim
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anh-Tuan Pham
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Takehiro Kato
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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4
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Shybeka I, Aster A, Cheng Y, Sakai N, Frontera A, Vauthey E, Matile S. Naphthalenediimides with Cyclic Oligochalcogenides in Their Core. Chemistry 2020; 26:14059-14063. [PMID: 33006168 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Naphthalenediimides (NDIs) are privileged scaffolds par excellence, of use in functional systems from catalysts to ion channels, photosystems, sensors, ordered matter in all forms, tubes, knots, stacks, sheets, vesicles, and colored over the full visible range. Despite this extensively explored chemical space, there is still room to discover core-substituted NDIs with fundamentally new properties: NDIs with cyclic trisulfides (i.e., trisulfanes) in their core absorb at 668 nm, emit at 801 nm, and contract into disulfides (i.e., dithietes) upon irradiation at <475 nm. Intramolecular 1,5-chalcogen bonds account for record redshifts with trisulfides, ring-tension mediated chalcogen-bond-mediated cleavage for blueshifts to 492 nm upon ring contraction. Cyclic oligochalcogenides (COCs) in the NDI core open faster than strained dithiolanes as in asparagusic acid and are much better retained on thiol exchange affinity columns. This makes COC-NDIs attractive not only within the existing multifunctionality, particularly artificial photosystems, but also for thiol-mediated cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Shybeka
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Aster
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yangyang Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Eric Vauthey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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5
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Pham AT, Matile S. Peptide Stapling with Anion-π Catalysts. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1562-1566. [PMID: 32311232 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report design, synthesis and evaluation of a series of naphthalenediimides (NDIs) that are bridged with short peptides. Reminiscent of peptide stapling technologies, the macrocycles are conveniently accessible by a chromogenic nucleophilic aromatic substitution of two bromides in the NDI core with two thiols from cysteine sidechains. The dimension of core-bridged NDIs matches that of one turn of an α helix. NDI-stapled peptides exist as two, often separable atropisomers. Introduction of tertiary amine bases in amino-acid sidechains above the π-acidic NDI surface affords operational anion-π catalysts. According to an enolate chemistry benchmark reaction, anion-π catalysis next to peptides occurs with record chemoselectivity but weak enantioselectivity. Catalytic activity drops with increasing distance of the amine base to the NDI surface, looser homocysteine bridges, mismatched, shortened and elongated α-helix turns, and acyclic peptide controls. Elongation of isolated turns into short α helices significantly increases activity. This increase is consistent with remote control of anion-π catalysis from the α-helix macrodipole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh-Tuan Pham
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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6
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Shukla J, Singh VP, Mukhopadhyay P. Molecular and Supramolecular Multiredox Systems. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:304-324. [PMID: 32154051 PMCID: PMC7050954 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of molecular and supramolecular multiredox systems have been summarized. These systems are of great importance as they can be employed in the next generation of materials for energy storage, energy transport, and solar fuel production. Nature provides guiding pathways and insights to judiciously incorporate and tune the various molecular and supramolecular design aspects that result in the formation of complex and efficient systems. In this review, we have classified molecular multiredox systems into organic and organic-inorganic hybrid systems. The organic multiredox systems are further classified into multielectron acceptors, multielectron donors and ambipolar molecules. Synthetic chemists have integrated different electron donating and electron withdrawing groups to realize these complex molecular systems. Further, we have reviewed supramolecular multiredox systems, redox-active host-guest recognition, including mechanically interlocked systems. Finally, the review provides a discussion on the diverse applications, e. g. in artificial photosynthesis, water splitting, dynamic random access memory, etc. that can be realized from these artificial molecular or supramolecular multiredox systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Shukla
- Supramolecular and Material Chemistry Lab School of Physical SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110067India
| | - Vijay Pal Singh
- Supramolecular and Material Chemistry Lab School of Physical SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110067India
| | - Pritam Mukhopadhyay
- Supramolecular and Material Chemistry Lab School of Physical SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110067India
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7
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Paraja M, Matile S. Primary Anion–π Catalysis of Epoxide‐Opening Ether Cyclization into Rings of Different Sizes: Access to New Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6273-6277. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Paraja
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
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8
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Primary Anion–π Catalysis of Epoxide‐Opening Ether Cyclization into Rings of Different Sizes: Access to New Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Shukla J, Mukhopadhyay P. Synthesis of Functionalized Naphthalene Diimides and their Redox Properties. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Shukla
- School of Physical Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
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10
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Ng AWH, Au‐Yeung HY. Molecular Links and Knots from Naphthalenediimide: A Balance of Weak Interactions. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1602-1612. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antony Wing Hung Ng
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Ho Yu Au‐Yeung
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
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11
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Bornhof AB, Bauzá A, Aster A, Pupier M, Frontera A, Vauthey E, Sakai N, Matile S. Synergistic Anion–(π)n–π Catalysis on π-Stacked Foldamers. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:4884-4892. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Department de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | | | | | - Antonio Frontera
- Department de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
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12
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Study on the Fluorescent Activity of N²-Indolyl-1,2,3-triazole. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091380. [PMID: 28872608 PMCID: PMC6151483 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new type of blue emitter, N2-Indolyl-1,2,3-triazoles (NITs), with the λmax ranging from 420–480 nm and the Stokes shift from 89–143 nm, were synthesized through the coupling reaction of indoles with triazole derivatives. The influence of different substitution patterns on the optical properties (efficiency, excitation, and emission wavelengths) of the NITs was investigated. In addition, one palladium complex were synthesized by using NITs as the ligands, which, however, exhibited no fluorescent activity, but did show the enhanced co-planarity. Lastly, two bio-active molecule derivatives were explored for the potential use of these novel dyes in related chemical and biological applications.
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13
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Al Kobaisi M, Bhosale SV, Latham K, Raynor AM, Bhosale SV. Functional Naphthalene Diimides: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 116:11685-11796. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al Kobaisi
- School
of Applied Sciences, RMIT University
, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria
3001, Australia
| | - Sidhanath V. Bhosale
- Polymers
and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
, Hyderabad, Telangana-500007, India
| | - Kay Latham
- School
of Applied Sciences, RMIT University
, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria
3001, Australia
| | - Aaron M. Raynor
- School
of Applied Sciences, RMIT University
, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria
3001, Australia
| | - Sheshanath V. Bhosale
- School
of Applied Sciences, RMIT University
, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria
3001, Australia
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14
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Bolag A, Sakai N, Matile S. Dipolar Photosystems: Engineering Oriented Push-Pull Components into Double- and Triple-Channel Surface Architectures. Chemistry 2016; 22:9006-14. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Altan Bolag
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for Physics and Chemistry of Functional Materials; Inner Mongolia Normal University; Hohhot P. R. China
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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15
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López-Andarias J, Bolag A, Nançoz C, Vauthey E, Atienza C, Sakai N, Martín N, Matile S. Electron-deficient fullerenes in triple-channel photosystems. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:7543-5. [PMID: 25846676 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01551k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fullerenes of increasing electron deficiency are designed, synthesized and evaluated in multicomponent surface architectures to ultimately build gradients in LUMO levels with nine components over 350 meV down to -4.22 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier López-Andarias
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Complutense, IMDEA-Nanoscience, Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Wolski K, Szuwarzyński M, Kopeć M, Zapotoczny S. Ordered photo- and electroactive thin polymer layers. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Berezin AA, Sciutto A, Demitri N, Bonifazi D. Rational Synthesis of AB-Type N-Substituted Core-Functionalized Naphthalene Diimides (cNDIs). Org Lett 2015; 17:1870-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Berezin
- Namur
Research College (NARC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Namur (UNamur), Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Andrea Sciutto
- Namur
Research College (NARC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Namur (UNamur), Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra −
Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km163.5
in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- Namur
Research College (NARC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Namur (UNamur), Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences and INSTM UdR of Trieste, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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18
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Zhang Y, Ye X, Petersen JL, Li M, Shi X. Synthesis and characterization of bis-N-2-aryl triazole as a fluorophore. J Org Chem 2015; 80:3664-9. [PMID: 25763930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Naphthalene-bridged bis-triazole (NBT) complexes were prepared and characterized for investigation of their photophysical properties. Unlike our previously reported N-2-aryl triazoles, which gave strong emissions through the planar intramolecular charge transfer mechanism (coplanar conformation), this newly developed NBT adopted a noncoplanar conformation between triazole and naphthalene, achieving fluorescence through twisted intramolecular charge transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Zhang
- †C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Xiaohan Ye
- †C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Jeffery L Petersen
- †C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Minyong Li
- ‡Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiaodong Shi
- †C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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19
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Yushchenko O, Hangarge RV, Mosquera-Vazquez S, Boshale SV, Vauthey E. Electron, Hole, Singlet, and Triplet Energy Transfer in Photoexcited Porphyrin-Naphthalenediimide Dyads. J Phys Chem B 2014; 119:7308-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5108685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Yushchenko
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, 4, Switzerland
| | - Rahul V. Hangarge
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, 425 001 Maharashtra, India
| | - Sandra Mosquera-Vazquez
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, 4, Switzerland
| | - Sheshanath V. Boshale
- School of Applied
Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, 4, Switzerland
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20
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Suraru SL, Würthner F. Strategies for the synthesis of functional naphthalene diimides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:7428-48. [PMID: 24961807 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Naphthalene diimides, which have for a long time been in the shadow of their higher homologues the perylene diimides, currently belong to the most investigated classes of organic compounds. This is primarily due to the initial synthetic studies on core functionalization that were carried out at the beginning of the last decade, which facilitated diverse structural modifications of the naphthalene scaffold. Compounds with greatly modified optical and electronic properties that can be easily and effectively modulated by appropriate functionalization were made accessible through relatively little synthetic effort. This resulted in diverse interesting applications. The electron-deficient character of these compounds makes them highly valuable, particularly in the field of organic electronics as air-stable n-type semiconductors, while absorption bands over the whole visible spectral range through the introduction of core substituents enabled interesting photosystems and photovoltaic applications. This Review provides an overview on different approaches towards core functionalization as well as on synthetic strategies for the core expansion of naphthalene diimides that have been developed mainly in the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabin-Lucian Suraru
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg (Germany)
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21
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Suraru SL, Würthner F. Strategien für die Synthese funktioneller Naphthalindiimide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201309746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Bolag A, López-Andarias J, Lascano S, Soleimanpour S, Atienza C, Sakai N, Martín N, Matile S. A Collection of Fullerenes for Synthetic Access Toward Oriented Charge-Transfer Cascades in Triple-Channel Photosystems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4890-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Bolag A, López-Andarias J, Lascano S, Soleimanpour S, Atienza C, Sakai N, Martín N, Matile S. A Collection of Fullerenes for Synthetic Access Toward Oriented Charge-Transfer Cascades in Triple-Channel Photosystems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Zhao Y, Beuchat C, Domoto Y, Gajewy J, Wilson A, Mareda J, Sakai N, Matile S. Anion−π Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2101-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ja412290r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - César Beuchat
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yuya Domoto
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jadwiga Gajewy
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adam Wilson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jiri Mareda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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25
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Xie X, Bakker E. Creating electrochemical gradients by light: from bio-inspired concepts to photoelectric conversion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:19781-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02566k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Artificial light harvesting systems can be used to convert light into electrochemical gradients and photocurrents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- Geneva, Switzerland
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26
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Yan Q, Luo Z, Cai K, Ma Y, Zhao D. Chemical designs of functional photoactive molecular assemblies. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:4199-221. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60375j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular assemblies with defined structures capable of photo-induced electron transfer or photochemical reactions are reviewed, emphasizing their supramolecular features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education
- Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
| | - Zhouyang Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education
- Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
| | - Kang Cai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education
- Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
| | - Yuguo Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education
- Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
| | - Dahui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education
- Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
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27
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Villamaina D, Kelson MMA, Bhosale SV, Vauthey E. Excitation wavelength dependence of the charge separation pathways in tetraporphyrin-naphthalene diimide pentads. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:5188-200. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54871f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Zhao J, Wu W, Sun J, Guo S. Triplet photosensitizers: from molecular design to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:5323-51. [PMID: 23450221 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35531d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 922] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Triplet photosensitizers (PSs) are compounds that can be efficiently excited to the triplet excited state which subsequently act as catalysts in photochemical reactions. The name is originally derived from compounds that were used to transfer the triplet energy to other compounds that have only a small intrinsic triplet state yield. Triplet PSs are not only used for triplet energy transfer, but also for photocatalytic organic reactions, photodynamic therapy (PDT), photoinduced hydrogen production from water and triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion. A good PS should exhibit strong absorption of the excitation light, a high yield of intersystem crossing (ISC) for efficient production of the triplet state, and a long triplet lifetime to allow for the reaction with a reactant molecule. Most transition metal complexes show efficient ISC, but small molar absorption coefficients in the visible spectral region and short-lived triplet excited states, which make them unsuitable as triplet PSs. One obstacle to the development of new triplet PSs is the difficulty in predicting the ISC of chromophores, especially of organic compounds without any heavy atoms. This review article summarizes some molecular design rationales for triplet PSs, based on the molecular structural factors that facilitate ISC. The design of transition metal complexes with large molar absorption coefficients in the visible spectral region and long-lived triplet excited states is presented. A new method of using a spin converter to construct heavy atom-free organic triplet PSs is discussed, with which ISC becomes predictable, C60 being an example. To enhance the performance of triplet PSs, energy funneling based triplet PSs are proposed, which show broadband absorption in the visible region. Applications of triplet PSs in photocatalytic organic reactions, hydrogen production, triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion and luminescent oxygen sensing are briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E 208 Western Compus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116012, P.R. China.
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29
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Sakakibara K, Granström M, Kilpeläinen I, Helaja J, Heinilehto S, Inoue R, Kanaya T, Hill JP, Nakatsubo F, Tsujii Y, Ariga K. Light-harvesting nanorods based on pheophorbide-appending cellulose. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3223-30. [PMID: 23865684 DOI: 10.1021/bm400858v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the success in artificial DNA- and peptide-based nanostructures, the ability of polysaccharides to self-assemble into one-, two-, and three-dimensional nanostructures are limited. Here, we describe a strategy for designing and fabricating nanorods using a regioselectively functionalized cellulose derivative at the air-water interface in a stepwise manner. A semisynthetic chlorophyll derivative, pyro-pheophorbide a, was partially introduced into the C-6 position of the cellulose backbone for the design of materials with specific optical properties. Remarkably, controlled formation of cellulose nanorods can be achieved, producing light-harvesting nanorods that display a larger bathochromic shift than their solution counterparts. The results presented here demonstrate that the self-assembly of functionalized polysaccharides on surfaces could lead the nanostructures mimicking the naturally occurring chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Sakakibara
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
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30
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Sforazzini G, Orentas E, Bolag A, Sakai N, Matile S. Toward Oriented Surface Architectures with Three Coaxial Charge-Transporting Pathways. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:12082-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ja405776a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edvinas Orentas
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Altan Bolag
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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31
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Carmine A, Domoto Y, Sakai N, Matile S. Comparison of lipoic and asparagusic acid for surface-initiated disulfide-exchange polymerization. Chemistry 2013; 19:11558-63. [PMID: 23893874 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bring it on: Organic chemistry on surfaces and in solution is not the same; this study offers a perfect example that small changes (from 27 to 35°; see graphic) can result in big consequences. Strained cyclic disulfides from asparagusic, but not lipoic acid, are ideal for growing functional architectures directly on surfaces; for the substrate-initiated synthesis of cell-penetrating poly(disulfide)s in solution, exactly the contrary is true.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Carmine
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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32
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Sakamoto R, Katagiri S, Maeda H, Nishihara H. Bis(terpyridine) metal complex wires: Excellent long-range electron transfer ability and controllable intrawire redox conduction on silicon electrode. Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Katagiri S, Sakamoto R, Maeda H, Nishimori Y, Kurita T, Nishihara H. Terminal Redox-Site Effect on the Long-Range Electron Conduction of Fe(tpy)2Oligomer Wires on a Gold Electrode. Chemistry 2013; 19:5088-96. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Zitzler-Kunkel A, Lenze MR, Meerholz K, Würthner F. Enhanced photocurrent generation by folding-driven H-aggregate formation. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50263e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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35
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Lista M, Orentas E, Areephong J, Charbonnaz P, Wilson A, Zhao Y, Bolag A, Sforazzini G, Turdean R, Hayashi H, Domoto Y, Sobczuk A, Sakai N, Matile S. Self-organizing surface-initiated polymerization, templated self-sorting and templated stack exchange: synthetic methods to build complex systems. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:1754-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27303b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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36
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Hennig A, Hatami S, Spieles M, Resch-Genger U. Excitation energy migration and trapping on the surface of fluorescent poly(acrylic acid)-grafted polymer particles. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:729-37. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25364j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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37
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Sforazzini G, Turdean R, Sakai N, Matile S. Double-channel photosystems with antiparallel redox gradients: templated stack exchange with porphyrins and phthalocyanines. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc00041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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38
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Patwardhan S, Sengupta S, Siebbeles LDA, Würthner F, Grozema FC. Efficient Charge Transport in Semisynthetic Zinc Chlorin Dye Assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:16147-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3075192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Patwardhan
- Optoelectronic Materials Section,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL, Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Sanchita Sengupta
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie
and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg,
Germany
| | - Laurens D. A. Siebbeles
- Optoelectronic Materials Section,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL, Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie
and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg,
Germany
| | - Ferdinand C. Grozema
- Optoelectronic Materials Section,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL, Delft, The
Netherlands
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39
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Avinash MB, Govindaraju T. Amino acid derivatized arylenediimides: a versatile modular approach for functional molecular materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:3905-22. [PMID: 22714652 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nature's elegant molecular designs and their assemblies with specific structure-property correlations have inspired researchers to design and develop bio-mimics for advanced functional applications. To realize such advanced molecular materials, naturally evolved amino acids are arguably the ideal auxiliaries due to their remarkable molecular/chiral recognition and distinctive sequence specific self-assembling properties. Over the years, this modular approach of derivatizing naphthalenediimides (NDIs) and perylenediimides (PDIs) with amino acids and peptides have resulted in several hitherto unknown molecular assemblies with phenomenal impact on their performance. Derivatization with versatile arylenediimides is especially interesting due to their wide spread applications in fields ranging from biomedicine to electronics. Herein some of these seminal reports of this rapidly emerging field and the design principles embraced are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Avinash
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India
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40
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Molla MR, Ghosh S. Hydrogen-Bonding-Mediated Vesicular Assembly of Functionalized Naphthalene-Diimide-Based Bolaamphiphile and Guest-Induced Gelation in Water. Chemistry 2012; 18:9860-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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41
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Routaboul L, Braunstein P, Xiao J, Zhang Z, Dowben PA, Dalmas G, Da Costa V, Félix O, Decher G, Rosa LG, Doudin B. Altering the static dipole on surfaces through chemistry: molecular films of zwitterionic quinonoids. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:8494-506. [PMID: 22509815 DOI: 10.1021/ja212104b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption of molecular films made of small molecules with a large intrinsic electrical dipole has been explored. The data indicate that such dipolar molecules may be used for altering the interface dipole screening at the metal electrode interface in organic electronics. More specifically, we have investigated the surface electronic spectroscopic properties of zwitterionic molecules containing 12π electrons of the p-benzoquinonemonoimine type, C(6)H(2)(···NHR)(2)(···O)(2)(R = H (1), n-C(4)H(9) (2), C(3)H(6)-S-CH(3) (3), C(3)H(6)-O-CH(3) (4), CH(2)-C(6)H(5) (5)), adsorbed on Au. These molecules are stable zwitterions by virtue of the meta positions occupied by the nitrogen and oxygen substituents on the central ring, respectively. The structures of 2-4 have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction and indicate that in these molecules, two chemically connected but electronically not conjugated 6π electron subunits are present, which explains their strong dipolar character. We systematically observed that homogeneous molecular films with thickness as small as 1 nm were formed on Au, which fully cover the surface, even for a variety of R substituents. Preferential adsorption toward the patterned gold areas on SiO(2) substrates was found with 4. Optimum self-assembling of 2 and 5 results in ordered close packed films, which exhibit n-type character, based on the position of the Fermi level close to the conduction band minimum, suggesting high conductivity properties. This new type of self-assembled molecular films offers interesting possibilities for engineering metal-organic interfaces, of critical importance for organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Routaboul
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, Institut de Chimie, Université de Strasbourg, France
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42
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Guo S, Wu W, Guo H, Zhao J. Room-Temperature Long-Lived Triplet Excited States of Naphthalenediimides and Their Applications as Organic Triplet Photosensitizers for Photooxidation and Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversions. J Org Chem 2012; 77:3933-43. [PMID: 22439855 DOI: 10.1021/jo3003002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals,
School of Chemical
Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, People's Republic
of China
| | - Wanhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals,
School of Chemical
Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, People's Republic
of China
| | - Huimin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals,
School of Chemical
Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, People's Republic
of China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals,
School of Chemical
Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, People's Republic
of China
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43
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44
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Lista M, Areephong J, Orentas E, Charbonnaz P, Sakai N, Matile S. Engineering antiparallel charge-transfer cascades into supramolecular n/p-heterojunction photosystems: Toward directional self-sorting on surfaces. Faraday Discuss 2012; 155:63-77; discussion 103-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c1fd00072a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Comparative self-assembly studies and self-sorting of two structurally isomeric naphthalene-diimide (NDI)-gelators. J CHEM SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-011-0168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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46
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Dong L, Li W, Li WS. Construction of a long range p/n heterojunction with a pair of nanometre-wide continuous D/A phases. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:3447-3461. [PMID: 21785797 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10410a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A p/n heterojunction is the basic setup for light-electric conversion. It has been widely accepted that the ideal configuration for organic photovoltaics is formed by the joint of a pair of long-range continuous but nanometre-wide phases consisting of electron-donating (D) and -accepting (A) components, respectively. Such a p/n heterojunction can provide not only a large D/A interface essential to efficient photoinduced charge separation, but also the transportation pathways for both electrons and holes. This review article summarizes the present approaches including D-A double cables, diblock copolymers, and small molecular D-A dyads and multiads, to construct such an ideal p/n heterojunction. Each approach is introduced by a few selected representative works, with highlights on their molecular design strategies and the relationship of chemical structure-packing order-property. Such information would be useful for the next research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dong
- Faculty of Material and Photoelectronic Physics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
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47
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Fin A, Petkova I, Doval DA, Sakai N, Vauthey E, Matile S. Naphthalene- and perylenediimides with hydroquinones, catechols, boronic esters and imines in the core. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:8246-52. [PMID: 21879124 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05702b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The green-fluorescent protein of the jellyfish operates with the most powerful phenolate donors in the push-pull fluorophore. To nevertheless achieve red fluorescence with the same architecture, sea anemone and corals apply oxidative imination, a process that accounts for the chemistry of vision as well. The objective of this study was to apply these lessons from nature to one of the most compact family of panchromatic fluorophores, i.e. core-substituted naphthalenediimides (cNDIs). We report straightforward synthetic access to hydroxylated cNDI and cPDI cores by palladium-catalyzed cleavage of allyloxy substituents. With hydroxylated cNDIs but not cPDIs in water-containing media, excited-state intramolecular proton transfer yields a second bathochromic emission. Deprotonation of hydroquinone, catechol and boronic ester cores provides access to an impressive panchromism up to the NIR frontier at 640 nm. With cNDIs, oxidative imination gives red shifts up to 638 nm, whereas the expanded cPDIs already absorb at 754 nm upon deprotonation of hydroquinone cores. The practical usefulness of hydroquinone cNDIs is exemplified by ratiometric sensing of the purity of DMF with the "naked eye" at a sensitivity far beyond the "naked nose". We conclude that the panchromatic hypersensitivity toward the environment of the new cNDIs is ideal for pattern generation in differential sensing arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fin
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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48
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Doval DA, Areephong J, Bang EK, Bertone L, Charbonnaz P, Fin A, Lin NT, Lista M, Matile S, Montenegro J, Orentas E, Sakai N, Tran DH, Jentzsch AV. Recent progress with functional biosupramolecular systems. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:9696-9705. [PMID: 21488621 DOI: 10.1021/la200593p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this account is to summarize our recent progress with functional biosupramolecular systems concisely. The functions covered are artificial photosynthesis, anion transport, and sensing in lipid bilayer membranes. With artificial photosynthesis, the current emphasis is on the construction of ordered and oriented architectures on solid surfaces. Recent examples include the zipper assembly of photosystems with supramolecular n/p-heterojunctions and oriented antiparallel redox gradients. Current transport systems in lipid bilayers reveal new interactions at work. Examples include anion-macrodipole or anion-π interactions. Current attention with membrane-based sensing systems shifts from biosensor approaches with enzymatic signal generation to aptamers (i.e., the DNA version of immunosensing) and differential sensing with dynamic polyion-counterion transporters. The functional diversity accessible with biosupramolecular systems is highlighted, as is the critical importance of cross-fertilization at intertopical convergence zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alonso Doval
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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49
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Sakai N, Lista M, Kel O, Sakurai SI, Emery D, Mareda J, Vauthey E, Matile S. Self-Organizing Surface-Initiated Polymerization: Facile Access to Complex Functional Systems. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:15224-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja203792n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Marco Lista
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Oksana Kel
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Shin-ichiro Sakurai
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Emery
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Jiri Mareda
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
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50
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Porus M, Maroni P, Bhosale R, Sakai N, Matile S, Borkovec M. Zipper and layer-by-layer assemblies of artificial photosystems analyzed by combining optical and piezoelectric surface techniques. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:7213-7221. [PMID: 21526834 DOI: 10.1021/la2007815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) were used to study zipper and layer-by-layer multilayer assemblies of artificial photosystems based on naphthalenediimides (NDIs) attached to an oligophenylethynyl (OPE-NDI) or p-oligophenyl (POP-NDI) backbone in dry and wet state. For the most interesting OPE-NDI zipper, one obtains for the dry film a monolayer thickness of 1.85 nm and a density of 1.58 g/cm(3), while the wet film has a larger monolayer thickness of 3.6 nm with a water content of 36%. The dry thickness of a monolayer in OPE-NDI zippers corresponds to about one-half of the length of the OPE scaffold in agreement with the proposed structure of the zipper. The low water content of the OPE-NDI films confirms their compact structure. The dry monolayer thickness of the POP-NDI films of 1.45 nm is smaller than that for the OPE-NDI films, which is probably related to a tilt of the POP scaffolds within the adsorbed layer. The POP-NDI films swell in water much more substantially, suggesting a much more open structure. These features are in excellent agreement with the better photophysical performance of the OPE-NDI assemblies when compared to the POP-NDI films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Porus
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical, and Applied Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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