1
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Loos PF, Jacquemin D. A mountaineering strategy to excited states: Accurate vertical transition energies and benchmarks for substituted benzenes. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:1791-1805. [PMID: 38661240 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
In an effort to expand the existing QUEST database of accurate vertical transition energies [Véril et al. WIREs Comput. Mol. Sci. 2021, 11, e1517], we have modeled more than 100 electronic excited states of different natures (local, charge-transfer, Rydberg, singlet, and triplet) in a dozen of mono- and di-substituted benzenes, including aniline, benzonitrile, chlorobenzene, fluorobenzene, nitrobenzene, among others. To establish theoretical best estimates for these vertical excitation energies, we have employed advanced coupled-cluster methods including iterative triples (CC3 and CCSDT) and, when technically possible, iterative quadruples (CC4). These high-level computational approaches provide a robust foundation for benchmarking a series of popular wave function methods. The evaluated methods all include contributions from double excitations (ADC(2), CC2, CCSD, CIS(D), EOM-MP2, STEOM-CCSD), along with schemes that also incorporate perturbative or iterative triples (ADC(3), CCSDR(3), CCSD(T)(a) ⋆ , and CCSDT-3). This systematic exploration not only broadens the scope of the QUEST database but also facilitates a rigorous assessment of different theoretical approaches in the framework of a homologous chemical series, offering valuable insights into the accuracy and reliability of these methods in such cases. We found that both ADC(2.5) and CCSDT-3 can provide very consistent estimates, whereas among less expensive methods SCS-CC2 is likely the most effective approach. Importantly, we show that some lower order methods may offer reasonable trends in the homologous series while providing quite large average errors, and vice versa. Consequently, benchmarking the accuracy of a model based solely on absolute transition energies may not be meaningful for applications involving a series of similar compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Loos
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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2
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Hennefarth MR, Hermes MR, Truhlar DG, Gagliardi L. Linearized Pair-Density Functional Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2023. [PMID: 37207365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory (MC-PDFT) is a post-SCF multireference method that has been successful at computing ground- and excited-state energies. However, MC-PDFT is a single-state method in which the final MC-PDFT energies do not come from diagonalization of a model-space Hamiltonian matrix, and this can lead to inaccurate topologies of potential energy surfaces near locally avoided crossings and conical intersections. Therefore, in order to perform physically correct ab initio molecular dynamics with electronically excited states or to treat Jahn-Teller instabilities, it is necessary to develop a PDFT method that recovers the correct topology throughout the entire nuclear configuration space. Here we construct an effective Hamiltonian operator, called the linearized PDFT (L-PDFT) Hamiltonian, by expanding the MC-PDFT energy expression to first order in a Taylor series of the wave function density. Diagonalization of the L-PDFT Hamiltonian gives the correct potential energy surface topology near conical intersections and locally avoided crossings for a variety of challenging cases including phenol, methylamine, and the spiro cation. Furthermore, L-PDFT outperforms MC-PDFT and previous multistate PDFT methods for predicting vertical excitations from a variety of representative organic chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Hennefarth
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The James Franck Institute, and Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Matthew R Hermes
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The James Franck Institute, and Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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3
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Kshirsagar AR, Poloni R. Assessing the Role of the Kohn-Sham Density in the Calculation of the Low-Lying Bethe-Salpeter Excitation Energies. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2618-2627. [PMID: 36913525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
We adopt the GW many-body perturbation theory in conjunction with the Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE) to compute 57 excitation energies of a set of 37 molecules. By using the PBEh global hybrid functional and a self-consistent scheme on the eigenvalues in GW, we show a strong dependence of the BSE energy on the starting Kohn-Sham (KS) density functional. This arises from both the quasiparticle energies and the spatial localization of the frozen KS orbitals employed to compute the BSE. In order to address the arbitrariness in the mean field choice, we adopt an orbital-tuning scheme where the amount of Fock exchange, α, is tuned to impose that the KS HOMO matches the GW quasiparticle eigenvalue, thus fulfilling the ionization potential theorem in DFT. The performance of the proposed scheme yields excellent results and it is similar to M06-2X and PBEh with α = 75%, consistent with tuned values of α ranging between 60% and 80%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta Poloni
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble-INP, SIMaP, 38000 Grenoble, France
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4
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Barak A, Dhiman N, Sturm F, Rauch F, Lakshmanna YA, Findlay KS, Beeby A, Marder TB, Umapathy S. Excited‐State Intramolecular Charge‐Transfer Dynamics in 4‐Dimethylamino‐4’‐Cyanodiphenylacetylene: An Ultrafast Raman Loss Spectroscopic Perspective. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Barak
- Indian Institute of Science Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry 560012 Bangalore INDIA
| | - Nishant Dhiman
- Indian Institute of Science Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry 560012 Bangalore INDIA
| | - Floriane Sturm
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB) GERMANY
| | - Florian Rauch
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB) GERMANY
| | - Yapamanu Adithya Lakshmanna
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram School of Chemistry 695551 Thiruvananthapuram INDIA
| | - Karen S. Findlay
- University of Durham: Durham University Department of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Andrew Beeby
- University of Durham: Durham University Department of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Todd B. Marder
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB) GERMANY
| | - Siva Umapathy
- Indian Institute of Science Dept. of Inorganic and physical chemistry Raman avenue 560012 Bangalore INDIA
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5
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Ran G, Zeb J, Lu H, Liu Y, Zhang A, Wang L, Bo Z, Zhang W. Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics of Non-fullerene Acceptors with Different Planarity: Impact of Steric Hindrance. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5860-5866. [PMID: 35727229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most high-performance non-fullerene acceptors are of the acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A)-type structure. Under photoexcitation, the intramolecular charge transfer effect on the A-D-A framework results in a large dipole moment change, facilitating the efficient generation of charge carriers. Achieving more efficient intramolecular charge transfer by adjusting the molecular structure is one of the current research ideas. Recently, we found that the power conversion efficiency can be improved from 4.41 to 13.13% by tuning the planarity of the non-fused ring electron acceptor backbone through steric hindrance of lateral substituents. We found that the planar backbone can effectively improve the intramolecular charge transfer, which has a great influence on the power conversion efficiency of the device. Our results demonstrate that charge transfer dynamics can be controlled by optimizing steric hindrance, which plays a crucial role in the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangliu Ran
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Johar Zeb
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahui Liu
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Andong Zhang
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Lexuan Wang
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhishan Bo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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6
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Loos PF, Comin M, Blase X, Jacquemin D. Reference Energies for Intramolecular Charge-Transfer Excitations. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:3666-3686. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Loos
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Xavier Blase
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Inst NEEL, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
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7
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Shee J, Head-Gordon M. Predicting Excitation Energies of Twisted Intramolecular Charge-Transfer States with the Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory: Comparison with Experimental Measurements in the Gas Phase and Solvents Ranging from Hexanes to Acetonitrile. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:6244-6255. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Shee
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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8
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Kochman MA, Durbeej B. Simulating the Nonadiabatic Relaxation Dynamics of 4-( N, N-Dimethylamino)benzonitrile (DMABN) in Polar Solution. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2193-2206. [PMID: 32083861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b10588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The compound 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzonitrile (DMABN) represents the archetypal system for dual fluorescence, a rare photophysical phenomenon in which a given fluorophore shows two distinct emission bands. Despite extensive studies, the underlying mechanism remains the subject of debate. In the present contribution, we address this issue by simulating the excited-state relaxation process of DMABN as it occurs in polar solution. The potential energy surfaces for the system are constructed with the use of the additive quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method, and the coupled dynamics of the electronic wave function and the nuclei is propagated with the semiclassical fewest switches surface hopping method. The DMABN molecule, which comprises the QM subsystem, is treated with the use of the second-order algebraic diagrammatic construction (ADC(2)) method with the imposition of spin-opposite scaling (SOS). It is verified that this level of theory achieves a realistic description of the excited-state potential energy surfaces of DMABN. The simulation results qualitatively reproduce the main features of the experimentally observed fluorescence spectrum, thus allowing the unambiguous assignment of the two fluorescence bands: the normal band is due to the near-planar locally excited (LE) structure of DMABN, while the so-called "anomalous" second band arises from the twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) structure. The transformation of the LE structure into the TICT structure takes place directly via intramolecular rotation, and is not mediated by another excited-state structure. In particular, the oft-discussed rehybridized intramolecular charge transfer (RICT) structure, which is characterized by a bent nitrile group, does not play a role in the relaxation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Andrzej Kochman
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, University College London (UCL), 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0A, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Durbeej
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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9
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Scaling exchange and correlation in the on-top density functional of multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory: effect on electronic excitation energies and bond energies. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-019-2539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Purnell GE, McNally MT, Callis PR, Walker RA. Buried Liquid Interfaces as a Form of Chemistry in Confinement: The Case of 4-Dimethylaminobenzonitrile at the Silica–Aqueous Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2375-2385. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace E. Purnell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Marshall T. McNally
- Montana Materials Science Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Patrik R. Callis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Robert A. Walker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
- Montana Materials Science Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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11
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Chen C, Huang R, Batsanov AS, Pander P, Hsu YT, Chi Z, Dias FB, Bryce MR. Intramolecular Charge Transfer Controls Switching Between Room Temperature Phosphorescence and Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16407-16411. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Durham University; Durham DH1 3LE UK
- PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab; School of Chemistry; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Rongjuan Huang
- Department of Physics; Durham University; Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | | | - Piotr Pander
- Department of Physics; Durham University; Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Yu-Ting Hsu
- Department of Chemistry; Durham University; Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Zhenguo Chi
- PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab; School of Chemistry; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | | | - Martin R. Bryce
- Department of Chemistry; Durham University; Durham DH1 3LE UK
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12
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Chen C, Huang R, Batsanov AS, Pander P, Hsu YT, Chi Z, Dias FB, Bryce MR. Intramolecular Charge Transfer Controls Switching Between Room Temperature Phosphorescence and Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Durham University; Durham DH1 3LE UK
- PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab; School of Chemistry; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Rongjuan Huang
- Department of Physics; Durham University; Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | | | - Piotr Pander
- Department of Physics; Durham University; Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Yu-Ting Hsu
- Department of Chemistry; Durham University; Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Zhenguo Chi
- PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab; School of Chemistry; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | | | - Martin R. Bryce
- Department of Chemistry; Durham University; Durham DH1 3LE UK
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13
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Zachariasse KA, Druzhinin SI, Morawski O, Kozankiewicz B. Fluorescence of 4-(Diisopropylamino)benzonitrile (DIABN) Single Crystals from 300 K down to 5 K. Intramolecular Charge Transfer Disappears below 60 K. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6985-6996. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b06349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaas A. Zachariasse
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sergey I. Druzhinin
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Morawski
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Boleslaw Kozankiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Modesto-Costa L, Borges I. Discrete and continuum modeling of solvent effects in a twisted intramolecular charge transfer system: The 4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzonitrile (DMABN) molecule. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 201:73-81. [PMID: 29734107 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The 4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzonitrile (DMABN) molecule is a prototypical system displaying twisted intramolecular (TICT) charge transfer effects. The ground and the first four electronic excited states (S1-S4) in gas phase and upon solvation were studied. Charge transfer values as function of the torsion angle between the donor group (dimethylamine) and the acceptor moiety (benzonitrile) were explicitly computed. Potential energy curves were also obtained. The algebraic diagrammatic construction method at the second-order [ADC(2)] ab initio wave function was employed. Three solvents of increased polarities (benzene, DMSO and water) were investigated using discrete (average solvent electrostatic configuration - ASEC) and continuum (conductor-like screening model - COSMO) models. The results for the S3 and S4 excited states and the S1-S4 charge transfer curves were not previously available in the literature. Electronic gas phase and solvent vertical spectra are in good agreement with previous theoretical and experimental results. In the twisted (90°) geometry the optical oscillator strengths have negligible values even for the S2 bright state. Potential energy curves show two distinct pairs of curves intersecting at decreasing angles or not crossing in the more polar solvents. Charge transfer and electric dipole values allowed the rationalization of these results. The former effects are mostly independent of the solvent model and polarity. Although COSMO and ASEC solvent models mostly lead to similar results, there is an important difference: some crossings of the excitation energy curves appear only in the ASEC solvation model, which has important implications to the photochemistry of DMABN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Modesto-Costa
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Itamar Borges
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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15
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Han J, Zhang X, Li H, Hou Y, Hou J, Li Z, Yang F, Liu Y, Han T. D-A type sensor array for differentiation and identification of white wine varieties based on specific solvent effect activated by CT-LE transition. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 190:318-323. [PMID: 28941885 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we synthesize a series of compounds with electron donor (D) and acceptor (A) units. They show general solvent effect in aprotic solvents, suggesting a charge transfer (CT) process. While in protic solvents including water, ethanol and methanol, the spectra exert no polarity-dependence but a remarkable hypochromatic shift together with the fading of CT band. Dynamic analysis implies that intermolecular hydrogen bond will be formed between carboxylic acid and protic solvent, boosting another deactivation pathway that jumps off a bigger energy gap, in other words, favoring the locally excited (LE) state emission. The CT-LE transition involves variations in both absorption and emission spectra, and further poses competition with other mechanisms including activated/restricted intramolecular rotation (IR/RIR). Inspired by the cross-reactivity, we turn our attention to the development of sensor array, in order to identify white wine varieties. The differential spectral responses are recorded, generating multiple factors including absorption wavelength (λab), emission wavelength (λem), absorbance (Abs.) and emission intensity (Int.). These factors are processed with principal component analysis (PCA), creating a three-dimensional fingerprint data base for white wines. The data points in the coordinate system are clustered into 10 different groups, demonstrating a clear differentiation of all the white wines. More importantly, as our final test for whether the sensor array can identify the counterfeits, an adulterated liquor sample, which is provided by police officers, is fingerprinted on the three-dimensional diagram. Its canonical factors fall into an area distinct from the adulterated wine, indicating a clear identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Han
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, 100048, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, 100048, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hao Li
- Dongchangfu District Municipal Public Security Bureau, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yue Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, 100048, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jingdan Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, 100048, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhongfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, 100048, Beijing, PR China
| | - Feng Yang
- Dongchangfu District Municipal Public Security Bureau, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Radiation Advanced Materials, Beijing Research Center for Radiation Application, 100015 Beijing, PR China.
| | - Tianyu Han
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, 100048, Beijing, PR China.
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16
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Bohnwagner MV, Dreuw A. Regular Fluorescence of 4-Fluoro-N,N-dimethylaniline: No Charge Transfer and No Twisting. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:5834-5841. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Vanessa Bohnwagner
- Interdisciplinary Center
for Scientific Computing, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center
for Scientific Computing, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Medders GR, Alguire EC, Jain A, Subotnik JE. Ultrafast Electronic Relaxation through a Conical Intersection: Nonadiabatic Dynamics Disentangled through an Oscillator Strength-Based Diabatization Framework. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:1425-1434. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Medders
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ethan C. Alguire
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Amber Jain
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Joseph E. Subotnik
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Stanford
PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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18
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Zachariasse KA, Demeter A, Druzhinin SI. Absence of Intramolecular Charge Transfer with 4-Fluoro-N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA4F), Contrary to an Experimental Report Supported by Computations. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:1223-1232. [PMID: 28099017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With 4-fluoro-N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA4F), only a single fluorescence from a locally excited (LE) state is observed, irrespective of solvent polarity, temperature, and excitation wavelength. The relatively small excited state dipole moment μe = 7.3 D confirms the identification as LE. The single exponential fluorescence decays in the nonpolar n-hexane (2.04 ns) and in the strongly polar acetonitrile (5.73 ns) are a further support. Similar results are obtained with 4-chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA4Cl), having a chlorobenzene subgroup, a somewhat better electron acceptor than the fluorobenzene moiety in DMA4F. The absence of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) with DMA4F is in accord with its large energy gap ΔE(S1,S2) of 8300 cm-1 in n-hexane between the two lowest singlet excited states, which is even larger than that (6300 cm-1) of N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA), for which an LE → ICT reaction likewise does not occur. The results with DMA4F are in contradiction with a publication by Fujiwara et al. ( Chem. Phys. Lett. 2013 , 586 , 70 ), in which the appearance of dual LE + ICT emission is reported for DMA4F in n-hexane and MeCN at room temperature. The ICT/LE fluorescence quantum yield ratio Φ'(ICT)/Φ(LE) reached a maximum value of ∼2, in n-hexane and surprisingly also in MeCN, as the excitation wavelength approaches the red-edge of the absorption spectrum. These, in our opinion, erroneous observations were supported by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations, which compute a perpendicularly twisted lowest ICT state (TICT) state. This is a further example of the general tendency of computations to find a TICT conformation for the lowest excited singlet state of electron donor/acceptor molecules such as p-substituted anilines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas A Zachariasse
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik , 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Attila Demeter
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 286, 1519 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sergey I Druzhinin
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik , 37070 Göttingen, Germany
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Hoyer CE, Ghosh S, Truhlar DG, Gagliardi L. Multiconfiguration Pair-Density Functional Theory Is as Accurate as CASPT2 for Electronic Excitation. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:586-591. [PMID: 26794241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A correct description of electronically excited states is critical to the interpretation of visible-ultraviolet spectra, photochemical reactions, and excited-state charge-transfer processes in chemical systems. We have recently proposed a theory called multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory (MC-PDFT), which is based on a combination of multiconfiguration wave function theory and a new kind of density functional called an on-top density functional. Here, we show that MC-PDFT with a first-generation on-top density functional performs as well as CASPT2 for an organic chemistry database including valence, Rydberg, and charge-transfer excitations. The results are very encouraging for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Hoyer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Soumen Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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20
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Misra R, Chakraborty P, Roy SC, Maity DK, Bhattacharyya SP. Tailoring of spectral response and intramolecular charge transfer in β-enaminones through band gap tuning: synthesis, spectroscopy and quantum chemical studies. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00376a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the synthetic tailoring of the spectral response and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) of β-enaminones through bandgap modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramprasad Misra
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Pushkin Chakraborty
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Subhas C. Roy
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - D. K. Maity
- Theoretical Chemistry Section
- Chemistry Group
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400085
- India
| | - S. P. Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai 400076
- India
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21
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Druzhinin SI, Galievsky VA, Demeter A, Kovalenko SA, Senyushkina T, Dubbaka SR, Knochel P, Mayer P, Grosse C, Stalke D, Zachariasse KA. Two-State Intramolecular Charge Transfer (ICT) with 3,5-Dimethyl-4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile (MMD) and Its Meta-Isomer mMMD. Ground State Amino Twist Not Essential for ICT. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:11820-36. [PMID: 26559045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b09368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
From X-ray structure analysis, amino twist angles of 90.0° for 2,4-dimethyl-3-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile (mMMD), 82.7° for 4-(di-tert-butylamino)benzonitrile (DTABN), and 88.7° for 6-cyanobenzoquinuclidine (CBQ) are determined, all considerably larger than the 57.4° of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile (MMD). This large twist leads to lengthening of the amino-phenyl bond, 143.5 pm (mMMD), 144.1 pm (DTABN), 144.6 pm (CBQ), and 141.4 pm (MMD), as compared with 136.5 pm for the planar 4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile (DMABN). As a consequence, the electronic coupling between the amino and phenyl subgroups in mMMD, DTABN, CBQ, and MMD is much weaker than in DMABN, as seen from the strongly reduced molar absorption coefficients. The fluorescence spectrum of MMD in n-hexane at 25 °C consists of two emissions, from a locally excited (LE) and an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state, with a fluorescence quantum yield ratio Φ'(ICT)/Φ(LE) of 12.8. In MeCN, a single ICT emission is found. With mMMD in n-hexane, in contrast, only LE fluorescence is observed, whereas the spectrum in MeCN originates from the ICT state. These differences are also seen from the half-widths of the overall fluorescence bands, which in n-hexane are larger for MMD than for mMMD, decreasing with solvent polarity for MMD and increasing for mMMD, reflecting the disappearance of LE and the onset of ICT in the overall spectra, respectively. From solvatochromic measurements the dipole moments μe(ICT) of MMD (16 D) and mMMD (15 D) are obtained. Femtosecond excited state absorption (ESA) spectra at 22 °C, together with the dual (LE + ICT) fluorescence, reveal that MMD in n-hexane undergoes a reversible LE ⇄ ICT reaction, with LE as the precursor, with a forward rate constant ka = 5.6 × 10(12) s(-1) and a back-reaction kd ∼ 0.05 × 10(12) s(-1). With MMD in the strongly polar solvent MeCN, ICT is faster: ka = 10 × 10(12) s(-1). In the case of mMMD in n-hexane, the ESA spectra show that ICT does not take place, contrary to MeCN, in which ka = 2.5 × 10(12) s(-1). The ICT reactions with MMD and mMMD are much faster than that of the parent compound DMABN in MeCN, with ka = 0.24 × 10(12) s(-1). Because of the very short ICT reaction times of 180 fs (MMD, n-hexane), 100 fs (MMD, MeCN), and 400 fs (mMMD, MeCN), it is clear that the picosecond fluorescence decays of these systems appear to be single exponential, due to the insufficient time resolution of 3 ps. It is concluded that the faster LE → ICT reaction of MMD as compared with DMABN (ka = 0.24 × 10(12) s(-1) in MeCN) is caused by a smaller energy gap ΔE(S1,S2) between the lowest singlet excited states and not by the large amino twist angle. Similarly, the larger ΔE(S1,S2) of mMMD as compared with MMD is held responsible for its smaller ICT efficiency (no reaction in n-hexane).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey I Druzhinin
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik , 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Victor A Galievsky
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik , 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Attila Demeter
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 286, 1519 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sergey A Kovalenko
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamara Senyushkina
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik , 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Srinivas R Dubbaka
- Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Christian Grosse
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August Universität , Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August Universität , Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaas A Zachariasse
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik , 37070 Göttingen, Germany
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Georgieva I, Aquino AJA, Plasser F, Trendafilova N, Köhn A, Lischka H. Intramolecular Charge-Transfer Excited-State Processes in 4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)benzonitrile: The Role of Twisting and the πσ* State. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:6232-43. [PMID: 25989536 PMCID: PMC4476306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
structural processes leading to dual fluorescence of 4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile
in the gas phase and in acetonitrile solvent were investigated using
a combination of multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) and
the second-order algebraic diagrammatic construction (ADC(2)) methods.
Solvent effects were included on the basis of the conductor-like screening
model. The MRCI method was used for computing the nonadiabatic interaction
between the two lowest excited ππ* states (S2(La, CT) and S1(Lb, LE)) and the
corresponding minimum on the crossing seam (MXS) whereas the ADC(2)
calculations were dedicated to assessing the role of the πσ*
state. The MXS structure was found to have a twisting angle of ∼50°.
The branching space does not contain the twisting motion of the dimethylamino
group and thus is not directly involved in the deactivation process
from S2 to S1. Polar solvent effects are not
found to have a significant influence on this situation. Applying Cs symmetry restrictions, the ADC(2) calculations
show that CCN bending leads to a strong stabilization and to significant
charge transfer (CT). Nevertheless, this structure is not a minimum
but converts to the local excitation (LE) structure on releasing the
symmetry constraint. These findings suggest that the main role in
the dynamics is played by the nonadiabatic interaction of the LE and
CT states and that the main source for the dual fluorescence is the
twisted internal charge-transfer state in addition to the LE state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivelina Georgieva
- †Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Adélia J A Aquino
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States.,§Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Plasser
- §Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Natasha Trendafilova
- †Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Andreas Köhn
- ∥Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hans Lischka
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States.,§Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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23
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Zhong C. The driving forces for twisted or planar intramolecular charge transfer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:9248-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02381a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The driving forces for twisting or planarization of excited D–A (donor–acceptor)-type chromophore have been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhong
- Hubei Key Laboratory on Organic and Polymeric Opto-electronic Materials
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
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24
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Sayed M, Biedermann F, Uzunova VD, Assaf KI, Bhasikuttan AC, Pal H, Nau WM, Mohanty J. Triple emission from p-dimethylaminobenzonitrile-cucurbit[8]uril triggers the elusive excimer emission. Chemistry 2014; 21:691-6. [PMID: 25393034 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The intriguing dual-emission behavior of p- dimethylaminobenzonitrile (DMABN) and the identity of the associated excited states is, arguably, the most extensively investigated and also controversially discussed molecule- specific phenomenon of modern photochemistry. We have now found a new, third fluorescence band when DMABN is encapsulated within the water-soluble molecular container cucurbit[8]uril (CB8). It is centered between the previously observed emissions and assigned to the elusive excimer emission from DMABN through 1:2 CB8:DMABN complex formation. Heating of the CB8⋅(DMABN)2 complex from 0 to 100 °C results in the dissociation of the ternary complex and restoration of the dual-emission properties of the monomer. Alternatively, monomer emission can be obtained by selecting cucurbit[7]uril (CB7), a host homologue that is too small to accommodate two DMABN molecules, or by introducing ethyl instead of methyl groups at the amino terminus of the aminobenzonitrile guest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhejabeen Sayed
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085 (India), Fax: (+91) 22-25505151/25519613
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25
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Baranov MS, Solntsev KM, Baleeva NS, Mishin AS, Lukyanov SA, Lukyanov KA, Yampolsky IV. Red-shifted fluorescent aminated derivatives of a conformationally locked GFP chromophore. Chemistry 2014; 20:13234-41. [PMID: 25171432 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of fluorescent dyes based on conformationally locked GFP chromophore is reported. These dyes are characterized by red-shifted spectra, high fluorescence quantum yields and pH-independence in physiological pH range. The intra- and intermolecular mechanisms of radiationless deactivation of ABDI-BF2 fluorophore by selective structural locking of various conformational degrees of freedom were studied. A unique combination of solvatochromic and lipophilic properties together with "infinite" photostability (due to a dynamic exchange between free and bound dye) makes some of the novel dyes promising bioinspired tools for labeling cellular membranes, lipid drops and other organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Baranov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow (Russia).
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26
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Druzhinin SI, Dubbaka SR, Knochel P, Kovalenko SA, Mayer P, Senyushkina T, Zachariasse KA. Correction to “Ultrafast Intramolecular Charge Transfer with Strongly Twisted Aminobenzonitriles: 4-(Di-tert-butylamino)benzonitrile and 3-(Di-tert-butylamino)benzonitrile”. J Phys Chem A 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/jp408274s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Druzhinin SI, Demeter A, Zachariasse KA. Intramolecular charge transfer with crystal violet lactone in acetonitrile as a function of temperature: reaction is not solvent-controlled. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:7721-36. [PMID: 23865629 DOI: 10.1021/jp405530j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) with crystal violet lactone (CVL) in the excited singlet state takes place in solvents more polar than n-hexane, such as ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, and acetonitrile (MeCN). In these solvents, the fluorescence spectrum of CVL consists of two emission bands, from a locally excited (LE) and an ICT state. The dominant deactivation channel of the lowest excited singlet state is internal conversion, as the quantum yields of fluorescence (0.007) and intersystem crossing (0.015) in MeCN at 25 °C are very small. CVL is a weakly coupled electron donor/acceptor (D/A) molecule, similar to an exciplex (1)(A(-)D(+)). A solvatochromic treatment of the LE and ICT emission maxima results in the dipole moments μe(LE) = 17 D and μe(ICT) = 33 D, much larger than those previously reported. This discrepancy is attributed to different Onsager radii and spectral fluorimeter calibration. The LE and ICT fluorescence decays of CVL in MeCN are double exponential. As determined by global analysis, the LE and ICT decays at 25 °C have the times τ2 = 9.2 ps and τ1 = 1180 ps, with an amplitude ratio of 35.3 for LE. From these parameters, the rate constants ka = 106 × 10(9) s(-1) and kd = 3.0 × 10(9) s(-1) of the forward and backward reaction in the LE ⇄ ICT equilibrium are calculated, resulting in a free enthalpy difference ΔG of -8.9 kJ/mol. The amplitude ratio of the ICT fluorescence decay equals -1.0, which signifies that the ICT state is not prepared by light absorption in the S0 ground state, but originates exclusively from the directly excited LE precursor. From the temperature dependence of the fluorescence decays of CVL in MeCN (-45 to 75 °C), activation energies E(a) = 3.9 kJ/mol (LE → ICT) and E(d) = 23.6 kJ/mol (ICT → LE) are obtained, giving an enthalpy difference ΔH (= E(a) - E(d)) of -19.7 kJ/mol, and an entropy difference ΔS = -35.5 J mol(-1) K(-1). These data show that the ICT reaction of CVL in MeCN is not barrierless. The ICT reaction time of 9.2 ps is much longer than the mean solvent relaxation time of MeCN (0.26 ps), indicating, in contrast with earlier reports in the literature, that the reaction is not solvent controlled. This conclusion is supported by the observation of double exponential LE and ICT fluorescence with the same decay times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey I Druzhinin
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany.
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28
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Zachariasse KA. Comment on “On the dual emission of p-dimethylaminobenzonitrile and its photophysical implications”. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:16976-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52225c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Lunkenheimer B, Köhn A. Solvent Effects on Electronically Excited States Using the Conductor-Like Screening Model and the Second-Order Correlated Method ADC(2). J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 9:977-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ct300763v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Lunkenheimer
- Institut für Physikalische
Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz,
Germany
| | - Andreas Köhn
- Institut für Physikalische
Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz,
Germany
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30
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Investigation of contrasting hydrogen bonding pattern of 3-(phenylamino)-cyclohexen-1-one with solvents in the ground and excited states. Chem Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Ghosh R, Palit DK. Ultrafast Dynamics of the Excited States of 1-(p-Nitrophenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:1993-2005. [DOI: 10.1021/jp209271u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Ghosh
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Dipak K. Palit
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
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32
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Aloïse S, Pawlowska Z, Ruckebusch C, Sliwa M, Dubois J, Poizat O, Buntinx G, Perrier A, Maurel F, Jacques P, Malval JP, Poisson L, Piani G, Abe J. A two-step ICT process for solvatochromic betaine pyridinium revealed by ultrafast spectroscopy, multivariate curve resolution, and TDDFT calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:1945-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp22254j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Fdez Galván I, Martín ME, Muñoz-Losa A, Aguilar MA. Dual Fluorescence of Fluorazene in Solution: A Computational Study. J Chem Theory Comput 2011; 7:3694-701. [PMID: 26598264 DOI: 10.1021/ct2005227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The fluorazene molecule presents dual fluorescence in polar solvents. Its absorption and emission properties in gas phase and in acetonitrile solution have been studied theoretically using the complete active space second-order perturbation//complete active space self-consistent field quantum methodology and average solvent electrostatic potential from molecular dynamics for the solvent effects. In gas phase, two optimized excited-state geometries were obtained, one of them corresponds to a local excitation (LE), and the other is an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and lies higher in energy. In acetonitrile solution, a second ICT structure where the molecule remains planar is found, and the energy differences are reduced. Fluorescence energies from LE and the planar ICT have a good agreement with the experimental bands, but emission from the bent ICT has too low an energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Fdez Galván
- Química Física, Edif. José María Viguera Lobo, Universidad de Extremadura , Avda. de Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - M Elena Martín
- Química Física, Edif. José María Viguera Lobo, Universidad de Extremadura , Avda. de Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Aurora Muñoz-Losa
- Química Física, Edif. José María Viguera Lobo, Universidad de Extremadura , Avda. de Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Manuel A Aguilar
- Química Física, Edif. José María Viguera Lobo, Universidad de Extremadura , Avda. de Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
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34
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Galievsky VA, Druzhinin SI, Demeter A, Kovalenko SA, Senyushkina T, Mayer P, Zachariasse KA. Presence and Absence of Excited State Intramolecular Charge Transfer with the Six Isomers of Dicyano-N,N-dimethylaniline and Dicyano-(N-methyl-N-isopropyl)aniline. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:10823-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2045614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Galievsky
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
- B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, pr. Nezavisimosti 68, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sergey I. Druzhinin
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Attila Demeter
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sergey A. Kovalenko
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamara Senyushkina
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Klaas A. Zachariasse
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
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Hellweg A. The accuracy of dipole moments from spin-component scaled CC2 in ground and electronically excited states. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:064103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3549818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Zachariasse KA, Druzhinin SI, Galievsky VA, Demeter A, Allonas X, Kovalenko SA, Senyushkina TA. Pentacyano-N,N-Dimethylaniline in the Excited State. Only Locally Excited State Emission, in Spite of the Large Electron Affinity of the Pentacyanobenzene Subgroup. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:13031-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp108804q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaas A. Zachariasse
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany, B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Prospekt Nezavisimosti 68, 22072 Minsk, Belarus, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary, Département de Photochimie Générale, UMR CNRS 7525, Université de Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093
| | - Sergey I. Druzhinin
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany, B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Prospekt Nezavisimosti 68, 22072 Minsk, Belarus, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary, Département de Photochimie Générale, UMR CNRS 7525, Université de Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093
| | - Victor A. Galievsky
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany, B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Prospekt Nezavisimosti 68, 22072 Minsk, Belarus, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary, Département de Photochimie Générale, UMR CNRS 7525, Université de Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093
| | - Attila Demeter
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany, B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Prospekt Nezavisimosti 68, 22072 Minsk, Belarus, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary, Département de Photochimie Générale, UMR CNRS 7525, Université de Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany, B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Prospekt Nezavisimosti 68, 22072 Minsk, Belarus, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary, Département de Photochimie Générale, UMR CNRS 7525, Université de Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093
| | - Sergey A. Kovalenko
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany, B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Prospekt Nezavisimosti 68, 22072 Minsk, Belarus, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary, Département de Photochimie Générale, UMR CNRS 7525, Université de Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093
| | - Tamara A. Senyushkina
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany, B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Prospekt Nezavisimosti 68, 22072 Minsk, Belarus, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary, Département de Photochimie Générale, UMR CNRS 7525, Université de Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093
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Galievsky VA, Druzhinin SI, Demeter A, Mayer P, Kovalenko SA, Senyushkina TA, Zachariasse KA. Ultrafast Intramolecular Charge Transfer with N-(4-Cyanophenyl)carbazole. Evidence for a LE Precursor and Dual LE + ICT Fluorescence. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:12622-38. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1070506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Galievsky
- Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37070 Göttingen, Germany; B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, pr. Nezavisimosti 68, 22072 Minsk, Belarus; Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary; Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany; and
| | - Sergey I. Druzhinin
- Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37070 Göttingen, Germany; B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, pr. Nezavisimosti 68, 22072 Minsk, Belarus; Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary; Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany; and
| | - Attila Demeter
- Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37070 Göttingen, Germany; B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, pr. Nezavisimosti 68, 22072 Minsk, Belarus; Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary; Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany; and
| | - Peter Mayer
- Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37070 Göttingen, Germany; B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, pr. Nezavisimosti 68, 22072 Minsk, Belarus; Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary; Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany; and
| | - Sergey A. Kovalenko
- Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37070 Göttingen, Germany; B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, pr. Nezavisimosti 68, 22072 Minsk, Belarus; Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary; Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany; and
| | - Tamara A. Senyushkina
- Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37070 Göttingen, Germany; B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, pr. Nezavisimosti 68, 22072 Minsk, Belarus; Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary; Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany; and
| | - Klaas A. Zachariasse
- Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37070 Göttingen, Germany; B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, pr. Nezavisimosti 68, 22072 Minsk, Belarus; Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary; Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany; and
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