1
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Nguyen D, Yan G, Chen TY, Do LH. Variations in Intracellular Organometallic Reaction Frequency Captured by Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300467. [PMID: 37285476 PMCID: PMC10526727 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Studies of organometallic reactions in living cells commonly rely on ensemble-averaged measurements, which can obscure the detection of reaction dynamics or location-specific behavior. This information is necessary to guide the design of bioorthogonal catalysts with improved biocompatibility, activity, and selectivity. By leveraging the high spatial and temporal resolution of single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, we have successfully captured single-molecule events promoted by Ru complexes inside live A549 human lung cells. By observing individual allylcarbamate cleavage reactions in real-time, our results revealed that they occur with greater frequency inside the mitochondria than in the non-mitochondria regions. The estimated turnover frequency of the Ru complexes was at least 3-fold higher in the former than the latter. These results suggest that organelle specificity is a critical factor to consider in intracellular catalyst design, such as in developing metallodrugs for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dat Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, 1 Vo Van Ngan, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Guangjie Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., TX 77004, Houston, USA
| | - Tai-Yen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., TX 77004, Houston, USA
| | - Loi H Do
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., TX 77004, Houston, USA
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2
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Peacock H, Blum SA. Surfactant Micellar and Vesicle Microenvironments and Structures under Synthetic Organic Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7648-7658. [PMID: 36951303 PMCID: PMC10079647 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) reveals vesicle sizes, structures, microenvironments, reagent partitioning, and system evolution with two chemical reactions for widely used surfactant-water systems under conditions relevant to organic synthesis, including during steps of Negishi cross-coupling reactions. In contrast to previous investigations, the present experiments characterize surfactant systems with representative organohalide substrates at high concentrations (0.5 M) that are reflective of the preparative-scale organic reactions performed and reported in water. In the presence of representative organic substrates, 2-iodoethylbenzene and 2-bromo-6-methoxypyridine, micelles swell into emulsion droplets that are up to 20 μm in diameter, which is 3-4 orders of magnitude larger than previously measured in the absence of an organic substrate (5-200 nm). The partitioning of reagents in these systems is imaged through FLIM─demonstrated here with nonpolar, amphiphilic, organic, basic, and oxidative-addition reactive compounds, a reactive zinc metal powder, and a palladium catalyst. FLIM characterizes the chemical species and/or provides microenvironment information inside micelles and vesicles. These data show that surfactants cause surfactant-dictated microenvironments inside smaller micelles (<200 nm) but that addition of a representative organic substrate produces internal microenvironments dictated primarily by the substrate rather than by the surfactant, concurrent with swelling. Addition of a palladium catalyst causes the internal environments to differ between vesicles─information that is not available through nor predicted from prior analytical techniques. Together, these data provide immediately actionable information for revising reaction models of surfactant-water systems that underpin the development of sustainable organic chemistry in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Peacock
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Suzanne A. Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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3
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4
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of fluorescent GAT-ligands based on meso-substituted BODIPY dyes. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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5
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Easter QT, Blum SA. Organic and Organometallic Chemistry at the Single-Molecule, -Particle, and -Molecular-Catalyst-Turnover Level by Fluorescence Microscopy. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2244-2255. [PMID: 31310095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic studies have historically played a key role in the discovery and optimization of reactions in organic and organometallic chemistry. However, even apparently simple organic and organometallic transformations may have surprisingly complicated multistep mechanisms, increasing the difficulty of extracting this mechanistic information. The resulting reaction intermediates often constitute a small fraction of the total reaction mixture, for example, creating a long-term analytical challenge of detection. This challenge is particularly pronounced in cases where the positions of intermediates on the reaction energy surface mean that they do not "build up" to the quantities needed for observation by traditional ensemble analytical tools. Thus, their existence and single-step elementary reactivity cannot be studied directly. New approaches for obtaining this otherwise-missing mechanistic information are therefore needed. Single-turnover, single-molecule, single-particle, and other subensemble fluorescence microscopy techniques are ideally suited for this role because of their sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution. Inspired by the robust development of single-molecule fluorescence microscopy tools for studying enzyme catalysis, our laboratory has developed analogous fluorescence microscopy techniques to overcome mechanistic challenges in synthetic chemistry, with sensitivity as high as the single-complex, single-turnover, and single-molecule level. These techniques free the experimenter from the previous restriction that intermediates must "build up" to quantities needed for detection by ensemble analytical tools and are suited to systems where synchronization through flash photolysis or stopped flow would be inconvenient or inaccessible. In this process, the techniques transform certain previously "unobservable" intermediates and their elementary single-step reactivities into "observable" ones through sensitive and selective spectral handles. Our program has focused on imaging reactions in small-molecule, organic, and polymer synthetic chemistry with an accent on the reactivity of molecular transition metal complexes and catalysts. Our laboratory initiated studies in this area in 2008 with the imaging of individual palladium complexes that were tagged with spectator fluorophores. To enable imaging, we started with fluorophore selection and development, overcame challenges with imaging in organic solvents, and developed strategies compatible with air-sensitive chemistry and concentrations of reagents generally used in small-molecule synthesis. These studies grew to include characterization of previously unknown organometallic intermediates in the synthesis of organozinc reagents and the direct study of their elementary-step reactivity. The ability to directly observe this behavior generated predictive power for selecting salts that accelerated organozinc reagent formation in synthesis, including salts that had not yet been reported synthetically. In 2017 we also developed the first single-turnover imaging of molecular (chemo)catalysts, which through the technique's spatiotemporal resolution revealed abruptly time-variable polymerization kinetics wherein molecular ruthenium ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) catalysts changed rates independently from other catalysts less than 1 μm away. Individual catalytic turnovers, each corresponding to one single-chain-elongation reaction arising from insertion of single ROMP or enyne monomers at individual Grubbs II molecular ruthenium catalysts, were spatiotemporally resolved as green flashes in growing polymers. In this Account, we discuss the development of this technique from idea to application, including challenges overcome and strategies created to image synthetic organic and organometallic molecular chemistry at the highest levels of detection sensitivity. We also describe challenges not yet solved and provide an outlook for this growing field at the intersection of microscopy and synthetic/molecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn T. Easter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697−2025, United States
| | - Suzanne A. Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697−2025, United States
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6
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Jess K, Kitagawa K, Tagawa TKS, Blum SA. Microscopy Reveals: Impact of Lithium Salts on Elementary Steps Predicts Organozinc Reagent Synthesis and Structure. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9879-9884. [PMID: 31188579 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lithium chloride is known to promote the direct insertion of metallic zinc powder into organohalides in the practical synthesis of organozinc reagents, but the reason for its special ability is poorly understood. Pioneering a combined approach of single-metal-particle fluorescence microscopy with 1H NMR spectroscopy, we herein show that the effectiveness of different lithium salts toward solubilizing intermediates on the surface of zinc metal establishes a previously unknown reactivity correlation that predicts the propensity of that salt to promote macroscale reagent synthesis and also predicts the solution structure of the ultimate organozinc reagent. A salt-free pathway is also identified. These observations of an organometallic surface intermediate, its elementary-step reactivity, and the impact of various synthetic conditions (salt, salt-free, temperature, stirring, and time) on its persistence, are uniquely available from the sensitivity and spatial localization ability of the microscopy technique. These studies unify previously disparate observations under a single unified mechanistic framework. This framework enables the rational prediction of salt effects on multiple steps in organozinc reagent synthesis and reactivity. This is an early example of single-particle microscopy characterization of elementary steps providing predictive power in reaction development by gaining a sensitive and selective spectral handle on an important intermediate, highlighting the role of this next generation of analytical tools in the development of synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Jess
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Kazuhiro Kitagawa
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Tristen K S Tagawa
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Suzanne A Blum
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
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7
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Easter QT, Garcia A, Blum SA. Single-Polymer–Particle Growth Kinetics with Molecular Catalyst Speciation and Single-Turnover Imaging. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quinn T. Easter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697−2925, United States
| | - Antonio Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697−2925, United States
| | - Suzanne A. Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697−2925, United States
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8
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Chakrabarty A, Raffy G, Maity M, Gartzia-Rivero L, Marre S, Aymonier C, Maitra U, Del Guerzo A. Nanofiber-Directed Anisotropic Self-Assembly of CdSe-CdS Quantum Rods for Linearly Polarized Light Emission Evidenced by Quantum Rod Orientation Microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802311. [PMID: 30112796 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid soft materials composed of CdSe-CdS nanorods or "quantum rods" (QRs) and the fluorescent 2,3-didecyloxyanthracene (DDOA) low molecular weight organogelator are obtained through self-assembly. Spectroscopy, microscopy, and rheology studies show that the QRs and DDOA coassemble, thereby stabilizing the organogels. Depending on the QR load and excitation wavelength, single nanofibers (NFs) of the hybrid gel display either sharp polarized red luminescence (under green excitation), or dual perpendicularly polarized blue and red emissions (under UV excitation). Transmission electron microscopy, microspectroscopy, and quantum rod orientation microscopy (QROM) reveal that QRs align along the organogel NFs with order parameters reaching 76% and 87%. This paves the way for obtaining surfaces of QR/NF assemblies yielding sharp red linearly polarized emission. In addition, this work demonstrates that QRs can be used more generally to probe nanostructured soft materials, even nonemissive ones. QROM allows to establish maps of the orientation of single QRs dispersed onto or within a gel network by measuring the polarization of the emission of the individual QRs. As occurs within this work in which QRs and NFs interact, the orientation of each QR reveals information on the underlying nanostructure (such as surface striation, bundle formation, and helicity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajyoti Chakrabarty
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR 5255, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33400, Talence, France
- ICMCB, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5026, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, 87 av. du Dr. Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Guillaume Raffy
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR 5255, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33400, Talence, France
| | - Mitasree Maity
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Leire Gartzia-Rivero
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR 5255, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33400, Talence, France
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apartado 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Samuel Marre
- ICMCB, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5026, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, 87 av. du Dr. Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Cyril Aymonier
- ICMCB, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5026, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, 87 av. du Dr. Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Uday Maitra
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - André Del Guerzo
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR 5255, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33400, Talence, France
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9
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Heng C, Zhou X, Zheng X, Liu M, Wen Y, Huang H, Fan D, Hui J, Zhang X, Wei Y. Surface grafting of rare-earth ions doped hydroxyapatite nanorods (HAp:Ln(Eu/Tb)) with hydrophilic copolymers based on ligand exchange reaction: Biological imaging and cancer treatment. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 91:556-563. [PMID: 30033287 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rare-earth ions doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAp:Ln NPs) have demonstrated to be very promising candidates for biological imaging applications owing to their small size and chemical compositions similar to bone. However, these HAp:Ln NPs with controllable size and morphology should be prepared under hydrothermal treatment with hydrophobic molecules as the protective layers. The hydrophobic nature of these luminescent HAp:Ln NPs largely impeded their applications in biomedical fields. In this study, a novel and effective strategy has been developed for the surface modification of HAp:Ln nanorods through the combination of surface ligand exchange reaction and reversible-addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization using 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and itaconic acid (IA) as the monomers. Herein, a small molecule adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt (AMP) that contains a phosphate group and two hydroxyl groups was used to displace the hydrophobic oleic acid on pristine HAp NPs through surface ligand exchange reaction owing to its stronger interaction with HAp NPs. On the other hand, the MPC and IA were introduced on HAp NPs through RAFT polymerization after the chain transfer agent was immobilized on the HAp NPs through the esterification reaction. The poly(IA-MPC) could not only endow the high water dispersibility but also be used for loading anticancer agent cisplatin (CDDP) through coordination interaction. To evaluate their potential biomedical applications, the cell uptake behavior, drug loading capacity and release behavior as well as cell viability of HAp:Ln-AMP-poly(IA-MPC) polymeric composites were examined. We demonstrated that the method developed in this work is very effective for introduction of functional polymers onto HAp:Ln nanorods. The HAp:Ln-AMP-poly(IA-MPC) composites are promising for cell imaging and controlled delivery of CDDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunning Heng
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical and Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical and Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Meiying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Yuanqing Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Hongye Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical and Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Junfeng Hui
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical and Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, PR China.
| | - Yen Wei
- Department of Chemistry and the Tsinghua Center for Frontier Polymer Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China..
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10
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Easter QT, Blum SA. Single Turnover at Molecular Polymerization Catalysts Reveals Spatiotemporally Resolved Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13772-13775. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzanne A. Blum
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92617 USA
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11
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Easter QT, Blum SA. Single Turnover at Molecular Polymerization Catalysts Reveals Spatiotemporally Resolved Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzanne A. Blum
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92617 USA
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12
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Kitagawa K, Blum SA. Structure–Reactivity Studies of Intermediates for Mechanistic Information by Subensemble Fluorescence Microscopy. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kitagawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697−2025, United States
| | - Suzanne A. Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697−2025, United States
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13
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Scaiano JC, Lanterna AE. Is Single-Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy Ready To Join the Organic Chemistry Toolkit? A Test Case Involving Click Chemistry. J Org Chem 2017; 82:5011-5019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b03010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Scaiano
- Department of Chemistry and
Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation
(CCRI), University of Ottawa. 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Anabel E. Lanterna
- Department of Chemistry and
Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation
(CCRI), University of Ottawa. 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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14
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Chen T, Dong B, Chen K, Zhao F, Cheng X, Ma C, Lee S, Zhang P, Kang SH, Ha JW, Xu W, Fang N. Optical Super-Resolution Imaging of Surface Reactions. Chem Rev 2017; 117:7510-7537. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Jilin Province Key
Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Dong
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Kuangcai Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Changbei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics & School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Seungah Lee
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Kang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Ha
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, 93 Dahak-Ro, Nam-Gu, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Weilin Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Jilin Province Key
Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Ning Fang
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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15
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Feng C, Easter QT, Blum SA. Structure–Reactivity Studies, Characterization, and Transformation of Intermediates by Lithium Chloride in the Direct Insertion of Alkyl and Aryl Iodides to Metallic Zinc Powder. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Quinn T. Easter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Suzanne A. Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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16
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Navarro M, Wang S, Müller-Bunz H, Redmond G, Farràs P, Albrecht M. Triazolylidene Metal Complexes Tagged with a Bodipy Chromophore: Synthesis and Monitoring of Ligand Exchange Reactions. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Navarro
- Department für
Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, CH−3012 Bern, Switzerland
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Suxiao Wang
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Helge Müller-Bunz
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Gareth Redmond
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Pau Farràs
- School of
Chemistry, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Department für
Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, CH−3012 Bern, Switzerland
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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17
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Feng C, Cunningham DW, Easter QT, Blum SA. Role of LiCl in Generating Soluble Organozinc Reagents. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11156-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Feng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Drew W. Cunningham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Quinn T. Easter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Suzanne A. Blum
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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18
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Hodgson GK, Impellizzeri S, Scaiano JC. Single molecule study of samarium oxide nanoparticles as a purely heterogeneous catalyst for one-pot aldehyde chemistry. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy00894a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysis holds distinct advantages over homogeneous catalysis; however, it is only truly advantageous if unaffected by metal ion leaching or in situ formation of a soluble catalytically active species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory K. Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Stefania Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Juan C. Scaiano
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- K1N 6N5 Canada
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19
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Kubarev AV, Janssen KPF, Roeffaers MBJ. Noninvasive Nanoscopy Uncovers the Impact of the Hierarchical Porous Structure on the Catalytic Activity of Single Dealuminated Mordenite Crystals. ChemCatChem 2015; 7:3646-3650. [PMID: 26697122 PMCID: PMC4676926 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Spatial restrictions around catalytic sites, provided by molecular-sized micropores, are beneficial to reaction selectivity but also inherently limit diffusion. The molecular transport can be enhanced by introducing meso- and macropores. However, the impact of this extraframework porosity on the local nanoscale reactivity is relatively unexplored. Herein we show that the area of enhanced reactivity in hierarchical zeolite, examined with super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, is spatially restricted to narrow zones around meso- and macropores, as observed with focused ion-beam-assisted scanning electron microscopy. This comparison indicates that reagent molecules efficiently reach catalytic active sites only in the micropores surrounding extraframework porosity and that extensive macroporosity does not warrant optimal reactivity distribution throughout a hierarchical porous zeolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Kubarev
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kris P F Janssen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Maarten B J Roeffaers
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
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Sun X, Xie J, Xu J, Higgins DA, Hohn KL. Single-molecule studies of acidity distributions in mesoporous aluminosilicate thin films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:5667-5675. [PMID: 25941900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Solid acid catalysts are important for many petrochemical processes. The ensemble methods most often employed to characterize acid site properties in catalyst materials provide limited insights into their heterogeneity. Single-molecule (SM) fluorescence spectroscopic methods provide a valuable route to probing the properties of individual microenvironments. In this work, dual-color SM methods are adopted to study acidity distributions in mesoporous aluminosilicate (Al-Si) films prepared by the sol-gel method. The highly fluorescent pH-sensitive dye C-SNARF-1 was employed as a probe. The ratio of C-SNARF-1 emission in two bands centered at 580 and 640 nm provides an effective means to sense the pH of bulk solutions. In mesoporous thin films, SM emission data provide a measure of the effective pH of the microenvironment in which each molecule resides. SM emission data were obtained from mesoporous Al-Si films as a function of Al2O3 content for films ranging from 0% to 30% alumina. Histograms of the emission ratio reveal a broad distribution of acidity properties, with the film microenvironments becoming more acidic, on average, as the alumina content of the films increases. This work provides new insights into the distribution of Brønsted acidity in solid acids that cannot be obtained by conventional means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Sun
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jingyi Xie
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jiayi Xu
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Daniel A Higgins
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Keith L Hohn
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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Decan MR, Impellizzeri S, Marin ML, Scaiano JC. Copper nanoparticle heterogeneous catalytic ‘click’ cycloaddition confirmed by single-molecule spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4612. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Hensle EM, Esfandiari NM, Lim SG, Blum SA. BODIPY Fluorophore Toolkit for Probing Chemical Reactivity and for Tagging Reactive Functional Groups. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201400052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Blum SA. Location change method for imaging chemical reactivity and catalysis with single-molecule and -particle fluorescence microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:16333-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00353e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Opportunities and challenges in single-molecule and single-particle fluorescence microscopy for mechanistic studies of chemical reactions. Nat Chem 2014; 5:993-9. [PMID: 24256861 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, single-molecule and single-particle fluorescence microscopy has emerged as a tool to investigate chemical systems. After an initial lag of over a decade with respect to biophysical studies, this powerful imaging technique is now revealing mechanisms of 'classical' organic reactions, spatial distribution of chemical reactivity on surfaces and the phase of active catalysts. The recent advance into commercial imaging systems obviates the need for home-built laser systems and thus opens this technique to traditionally trained synthetic chemists. We discuss the requisite photophysical and chemical properties of fluorescent reporters and highlight the main challenges in applying single-molecule techniques to chemical questions. The goal of this Perspective is to provide a snapshot of an emerging multidisciplinary field and to encourage broader use of this young experimental approach that aids the observation of chemical reactions as depicted in many textbooks: molecule by molecule.
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25
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Hensle EM, Blum SA. Phase Separation Polymerization of Dicyclopentadiene Characterized by In Operando Fluorescence Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:12324-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja405283k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Hensle
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Suzanne A. Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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Lifschitz AM, Shade CM, Spokoyny AM, Mendez-Arroyo J, Stern CL, Sarjeant AA, Mirkin CA. Boron-Dipyrromethene-Functionalized Hemilabile Ligands as “Turn-On” Fluorescent Probes for Coordination Changes in Weak-Link Approach Complexes. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:5484-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ic400383t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejo M. Lifschitz
- Department of Chemistry and International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad M. Shade
- Department of Chemistry and International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Alexander M. Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jose Mendez-Arroyo
- Department of Chemistry and International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L. Stern
- Department of Chemistry and International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amy A. Sarjeant
- Department of Chemistry and International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Tachikawa T, Majima T. Single-molecule, single-particle approaches for exploring the structure and kinetics of nanocatalysts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:8933-8943. [PMID: 22324887 DOI: 10.1021/la300177h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this Article, we focus on the in situ observation of photochemical reactions on individual nanoobjects of solid catalysts using single-molecule, single-particle fluorescence spectroscopy. The use of high-resolution imaging techniques with suitable fluorogenic probes enables us to determine the location of the catalytically active sites that are related to the structural heterogeneities on the surface of the solid catalyst and the temporal fluctuation of photochemical reactivity. Furthermore, we present the real-time observation of metastable gold nanoclusters in polymer matrices at the single-cluster level. This Article encourages readers to explore the nanoworld in terms of practical applications in many fields such as fundamental physics and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tachikawa
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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28
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Dutta S, Flottmann B, Heilemann M, Mokhir A. Hybridization and reaction-based fluorogenic nucleic acid probes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:9664-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc33827k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Super-resolution surface mapping using the trajectories of molecular probes. Nat Commun 2011; 2:515. [PMID: 22044994 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface characterization of 'soft' materials presents a significant scientific challenge, particularly under 'wet' in situ conditions where a wide variety of non-covalent interactions may be relevant. Here we introduce a new chemical imaging method, MAPT (mapping using accumulated probe trajectories) that generates images of surface interactions by distributing different aspects of molecular probe trajectories into distinct locations and then combining many trajectories to generate spatial maps. The maps are super-resolution in nature, because they are accumulated from highly localized single-molecule observations. Unlike other super-resolution techniques, which report only photon or point counts, our analysis generates spatial maps of physical quantities (adsorption rate, desorption probability, local surface diffusion coefficient, surface coverage/occupancy) that are directly associated with the molecular interactions between the probe molecule and the surface. We demonstrate the feasibility of this characterization using a surface patterned with various degrees of hydrophobicity.
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30
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Esfandiari NM, Blum SA. Homogeneous vs Heterogeneous Polymerization Catalysis Revealed by Single-Particle Fluorescence Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:18145-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2085405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Melody Esfandiari
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Suzanne A. Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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31
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Esfandiari NM, Wang Y, Bass JY, Blum SA. Deconvoluting Subensemble Chemical Reaction Kinetics of Platinum–Sulfur Ligand Exchange Detected with Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:9201-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ic2007952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Melody Esfandiari
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jonathan Y. Bass
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Suzanne A. Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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Esfandiari NM, Wang Y, McIntire TM, Blum SA. Real-Time Imaging of Platinum−Sulfur Ligand Exchange Reactions at the Single-Molecule Level via a General Chemical Technique. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om100911n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Melody Esfandiari
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Theresa M. McIntire
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Suzanne A. Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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33
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NASCA Microscopy: Super-Resolution Mapping of Chemical Reaction Centers. SPRINGER SERIES ON FLUORESCENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/4243_2011_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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