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Al-Younis ZK, Almajidi YQ, Mansouri S, Ahmad I, Turdialiyev U, O Alsaab H, F Ramadan M, Joshi SK, Alawadi AH, Alsaalamy A. Label-Free Field Effect Transistors (FETs) for Fabrication of Point-of-Care (POC) Biomedical Detection Probes. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38829552 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2356842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Field effect transistors (FETs)-based detection probes are powerful platforms for quantification in biological media due to their sensitivity, ease of miniaturization, and ability to function in biological media. Especially, FET-based platforms have been utilized as promising probes for label-free detections with the potential for use in real-time monitoring. The integration of new materials in the FET-based probe enhances the analytical performance of the developed probes by increasing the active surface area, rejecting interfering agents, and providing the possibility for surface modification. Furthermore, the use of new materials eliminates the need for traditional labeling techniques, providing rapid and cost-effective detection of biological analytes. This review discusses the application of materials in the development of FET-based label-free systems for point-of-care (POC) analysis of different biomedical analytes from 2018 to 2024. The mechanism of action of the reported probes is discussed, as well as their pros and cons were also investigated. Also, the possible challenges and potential for the fabrication of commercial devices or methods for use in clinics were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasir Qasim Almajidi
- Department of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics), Baghdad College of Medical Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sofiene Mansouri
- Department of Biomedical Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabiain
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Medical Technologies, Higher Institute of Medical Technologies of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umid Turdialiyev
- Department of Technical Sciences, Andijan Machine-Building Institute, Andijan, Uzbekistan
| | - Hashem O Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - S K Joshi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Ahmed Hussien Alawadi
- College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ali Alsaalamy
- College of Technical Engineering, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Al-Muthanna, Iraq
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2
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Jiang X, Shi C, Wang Z, Huang L, Chi L. Healthcare Monitoring Sensors Based on Organic Transistors: Surface/Interface Strategy and Performance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308952. [PMID: 37951211 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic transistors possess inherent advantages such as flexibility, biocompatibility, customizable chemical structures, solution-processability, and amplifying capabilities, making them highly promising for portable healthcare sensor applications. Through convenient and diverse modifications at the material and device surfaces or interfaces, organic transistors allow for a wide range of sensor applications spanning from chemical and biological to physical sensing. In this comprehensive review, the surface and interface engineering aspect associated with four types of typical healthcare sensors is focused. The device operation principles and sensing mechanisms are systematically analyzed and highlighted, and particularly surface/interface functionalization strategies that contribute to the enhancement of sensing performance are focused. An outlook and perspective on the critical issues and challenges in the field of healthcare sensing using organic transistors are provided as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Shi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zi Wang
- Suzhou Laboratory, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lizhen Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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3
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Hao R, Liu L, Yuan J, Wu L, Lei S. Recent Advances in Field Effect Transistor Biosensors: Designing Strategies and Applications for Sensitive Assay. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13040426. [PMID: 37185501 PMCID: PMC10136430 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In comparison with traditional clinical diagnosis methods, field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors have the advantages of fast response, easy miniaturization and integration for high-throughput screening, which demonstrates their great technical potential in the biomarker detection platform. This mini review mainly summarizes recent advances in FET biosensors. Firstly, the review gives an overview of the design strategies of biosensors for sensitive assay, including the structures of devices, functionalization methods and semiconductor materials used. Having established this background, the review then focuses on the following aspects: immunoassay based on a single biosensor for disease diagnosis; the efficient integration of FET biosensors into a large-area array, where multiplexing provides valuable insights for high-throughput testing options; and the integration of FET biosensors into microfluidics, which contributes to the rapid development of lab-on-chip (LOC) sensing platforms and the integration of biosensors with other types of sensors for multifunctional applications. Finally, we summarize the long-term prospects for the commercialization of FET sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisha Hao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiangyan Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lingli Wu
- Medical College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shengbin Lei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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4
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Nawaz A, Merces L, Ferro LMM, Sonar P, Bufon CCB. Impact of Planar and Vertical Organic Field-Effect Transistors on Flexible Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204804. [PMID: 36124375 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of flexible and conformable devices, whose performance can be maintained while being continuously deformed, provides a significant step toward the realization of next-generation wearable and e-textile applications. Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are particularly interesting for flexible and lightweight products, because of their low-temperature solution processability, and the mechanical flexibility of organic materials that endows OFETs the natural compatibility with plastic and biodegradable substrates. Here, an in-depth review of two competing flexible OFET technologies, planar and vertical OFETs (POFETs and VOFETs, respectively) is provided. The electrical, mechanical, and physical properties of POFETs and VOFETs are critically discussed, with a focus on four pivotal applications (integrated logic circuits, light-emitting devices, memories, and sensors). It is pointed out that the flexible function of the relatively newer VOFET technology, along with its perspective on advancing the applicability of flexible POFETs, has not been reviewed so far, and the direct comparison regarding the performance of POFET- and VOFET-based flexible applications is most likely absent. With discussions spanning printed and wearable electronics, materials science, biotechnology, and environmental monitoring, this contribution is a clear stimulus to researchers working in these fields to engage toward the plentiful possibilities that POFETs and VOFETs offer to flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nawaz
- Center for Sensors and Devices, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Trento, 38123, Italy
| | - Leandro Merces
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Letícia M M Ferro
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-100, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Carlos C B Bufon
- MackGraphe - Graphene and Nanomaterials Research Center, Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute, São Paulo, 01302-907, Brazil
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5
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Zhou X, Ma G, Wan Z, Wang S. Label-Free Multimetric Measurement of Molecular Binding Kinetics by Electrical Modulation of a Flexible Nanobiolayer. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3461-3469. [PMID: 36273329 PMCID: PMC10358282 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Most label-free techniques rely on measuring refractive index or mass change on the sensor surface. Thus, it is challenging for them to measure small molecules or enzymatic processes that only induce a minor mass change on the analyte molecules. Here, we have developed a technique by combining Surface Plasmon Resonance sensing with an Oscillating Biomolecule Layer approach (SPR-OBL) to enhance the sensitivity of traditional SPR. In addition to the inherent mass sensitivity, SPR-OBL is also sensitive to the charge and conformational change of the analyte; hence it overcomes the mass limit and is able to detect small molecules. We show that the multimetric SPR-OBL measurement allows for sensing any changes regarding mass, charge, and conformation, which expands the detection capability of SPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhou
- Biodesign Center for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Guangzhong Ma
- Biodesign Center for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Zijian Wan
- Biodesign Center for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Biodesign Center for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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6
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Organic small molecule semiconductor materials for OFET-based biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 216:114667. [PMID: 36099836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors is an advanced detection and monitoring device for the development of biotechnology, and is also a rapid and microanalytical device at the molecular level. Demands for high sensitivity, high flexibility, good biocompatibility, easy chemical modification and low cost offer incentive for exploring new materials to develop the next-generation biosensors. With the vigorous development of organic electronics, the performances of organic devices have been effectively improved, leading to organic semiconductor materials with low cost, good flexibility, easy chemical modification and good biocompatibility for biosensors. Biosensors based on organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have become one of the most advanced biosensor platforms because of their inherent ability to amplify received signals. Furthermore, OFET-based biosensors have been widely used in the detection of DNA, protein, cell, glucose and other biological substances due to its high sensitivity, fast analysis speed, label-free detection, small size and simple operation. This mini review briefly discusses the organic small molecule semiconductor materials, device configurations, basic principles and application fields of OFETs-based biosensors.
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC) Lanzhou University Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Zitong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC) Lanzhou University Lanzhou P. R. China
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8
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Zhu L, Wang Z, Lu J, Zhou X, Zeng Z, Huang L, Chi L. Influence of SAM Quality on the Organic Semiconductor Thin Film Gas Sensors. Chem Res Chin Univ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-021-1167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Sun C, Li R, Song Y, Jiang X, Zhang C, Cheng S, Hu W. Ultrasensitive and Reliable Organic Field-Effect Transistor-Based Biosensors in Early Liver Cancer Diagnosis. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6188-6194. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yaru Song
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaoqian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan, Jinan 250011, China
| | - Shanshan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, Fuzhou International Campus, Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institution of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, Fuzhou International Campus, Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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10
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Responses of the Pheromone-Binding Protein of the Silk Moth Bombyx mori on a Graphene Biosensor Match Binding Constants in Solution. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21020499. [PMID: 33445619 PMCID: PMC7827809 DOI: 10.3390/s21020499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An electronic biosensor for odors was assembled by immobilizing the silk moth Bombyx mori pheromone binding protein (BmorPBP1) on a reduced graphene oxide surface of a field-effect transistor. At physiological pH, the sensor detects the B. mori pheromones, bombykol and bombykal, with good affinity and specificity. Among the other odorants tested, only eugenol elicited a strong signal, while terpenoids and other odorants (linalool, geraniol, isoamyl acetate, and 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine) produced only very weak responses. Parallel binding assays were performed with the same protein and the same ligands, using the common fluorescence approach adopted for similar proteins. The results are in good agreement with the sensor’s responses: bombykol and bombykal, together with eugenol, proved to be strong ligands, while the other compounds showed only poor affinity. When tested at pH 4, the protein failed to bind bombykol both in solution and when immobilized on the sensor. This result further indicates that the BmorPBP1 retains its full activity when immobilized on a surface, including the conformational change observed in acidic conditions. The good agreement between fluorescence assays and sensor responses suggests that ligand-binding assays in solution can be used to screen mutants of a binding protein when selecting the best form to be immobilized on a biosensor.
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11
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Sun C, Wang YX, Sun M, Zou Y, Zhang C, Cheng S, Hu W. Facile and cost-effective liver cancer diagnosis by water-gated organic field-effect transistors. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 164:112251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Xu W, Wang D, Li D, Liu CC. Recent Developments of Electrochemical and Optical Biosensors for Antibody Detection. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E134. [PMID: 31878197 PMCID: PMC6981776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of biomarkers has raised much interest recently due to the need for disease diagnosis and personalized medicine in future point-of-care systems. Among various biomarkers, antibodies are an important type of detection target due to their potential for indicating disease progression stage and the efficiency of therapeutic antibody drug treatment. In this review, electrochemical and optical detection of antibodies are discussed. Specifically, creating a non-label and reagent-free sensing platform and construction of an anti-fouling electrochemical surface for electrochemical detection are suggested. For optical transduction, a rapid and programmable platform for antibody detection using a DNA-based beacon is suggested as well as the use of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) switch for low cost antibody detection. These sensing strategies have demonstrated their potential for resolving current challenges in antibody detection such as high selectivity, low operation cost, simple detection procedures, rapid detection, and low-fouling detection. This review provides a general update for recent developments in antibody detection strategies and potential solutions for future clinical point-of-care systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Daniel Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Derek Li
- Solon High School, Solon, OH 44139, USA;
| | - Chung Chiun Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
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13
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Wu Y, Xiao Y, Wang X, Li X, Wang Y. Chirality Discrimination at the Single Molecule Level by Using a Cationic Supermolecule Quasi-Gated Organic Field Effect Transistor. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2009-2017. [PMID: 31274289 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Achieving rapid and highly sensitive small molecule chiral discrimination is a great challenge in modern-day analytical sciences. Herein, an organic field effect transistors (OFET) is developed by employing an imidazolium 3,5-dimethylphenylcabamoylated-β-cyclodextrin (Im+-Ph-β-CD) as both the recognition unit and a quasi gate, which induces a secondary accumulation channel of electrons in the n-type transistor to achieve the signal transduction and amplification via field effect. The charge of the imidazolium group is partially shielded due to its self-inclusion in the CD cavity, and this shielding effect is reduced at varying degrees in the existence of isomers due to the competitive inclusion. Consequently, the different weak intermolecular interactions related to the target-induced CD-enantiomer complexation with different geometry and stabilization energy for each isomer can be transformed to electronic signals based on the variety of Im+-Ph-β-CD's effective charge rather than the intrinsic charge of analytes, hence leading to chiral differentiation, and the hydrogen-bonding network of Im+-Ph-β-CD membrane further magnifies the signal. This working strategy even allows chiral discrimination of electrically neutral analytes. The as-prepared sensor affords rapid and real-time discrimination to small molecule enantiomers at single molecule level with a limit of detection of 8.1 × 10-19 M in a 200 μL volume (about 100 small molecules). Moreover, we prove the great potential of the chiral organic field effect transistor in quantitative analysis of commercial medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Yin Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Xuepeng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Science, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Science, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
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15
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Di CA, Shen H, Zhang F, Zhu D. Enabling Multifunctional Organic Transistors with Fine-Tuned Charge Transport. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1113-1124. [PMID: 30908012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are promising candidates for many electronic applications not only because of the intrinsic features of organic semiconductors in mechanical flexibility and solution processability but also owing to their multifunctionalities promised by combined signal switching and transduction properties. In contrast to rapid developments of high performance devices, the construction of multifunctional OFETs remains challenging. A key issue is fine-tuning the charge transport by modulating electric fields that are coupled with various external stimuli. Given that the charge transport is determined by complicated factors involving material and device engineering, the development of effective strategies to manipulate charge transport is highly desired toward state-of-the-art multifunctional OFETs. In this Account, we present our recent progress on device-engineered OFETs for sensing applications and thermoelectric studies of organic semiconductors. The interactions between organic semiconductors and the target analyte determine the performance of chemical sensors based on OFETs. We introduced gas receptors and in situ tailored molecular antenna on the surface of ultrathin active layers. The engineered interfaces enable direct and specific semiconductor-analyte interactions, as demonstrated in developed chemical sensors and biosensors with prominent sensitivity and good selectivity. In comparison with chemical stimuli, many physical stimuli such as pressure typically possess a limit effect on the charge transport properties of organic semiconductors. By utilizing the suspended-gate geometry, the carrier concentration in a conductive channel can be controlled quantitatively by the pressure dominated changes in the capacitance of an air dielectric layer, allowing for ultrasensitive pressure detection in a unique manner. More importantly, the transduced current can be further processed by a synaptic OFET, in which the proton/electron coupling interfaces contribute to the dynamic modulation of carrier concentration, thus mimicking biological synapses. The integrated pressure sensor and synaptic OFETs, namely, the dual-organic-transistor-based tactile-perception element, has exhibited promising applications in artificial intelligence elements. Aiming at revealing thermoelectric (TE) properties of organic semiconductors, we also investigated field-modulated TE performance of several high-mobility semiconductors by varying the driving electric field to the temperature gradient. This has been confirmed to offer a strategy to accelerate the search for promising TE materials from well-developed organic semiconductors. By tuning the charge transport process in the device, the functional modulation of OFETs has experienced significant progress in the preceding years. The exploration of new ways to create OFETs with more fascinating functionalities is still full of opportunities to obtain greater benefit from organic transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-an Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hongguang Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daoben Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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16
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Li H, Shi W, Song J, Jang HJ, Dailey J, Yu J, Katz HE. Chemical and Biomolecule Sensing with Organic Field-Effect Transistors. Chem Rev 2018; 119:3-35. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Hyun-June Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jennifer Dailey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Junsheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People’s Republic of China
| | - Howard E. Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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18
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Wu X, Zhou J, Huang J. Integration of Biomaterials into Sensors Based on Organic Thin-Film Transistors. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800084. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Wu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Jiachen Zhou
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Jia Huang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
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Jang HJ, Lee T, Song J, Russell L, Li H, Dailey J, Searson PC, Katz HE. Electronic Cortisol Detection Using an Antibody-Embedded Polymer Coupled to a Field-Effect Transistor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:16233-16237. [PMID: 29701946 PMCID: PMC6026499 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b18855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A field-effect transistor-based cortisol sensor was demonstrated in physiological conditions. An antibody-embedded polymer on the remote gate was proposed to overcome the Debye length issue (λD). The sensing membrane was made by linking poly(styrene- co-methacrylic acid) (PSMA) with anticortisol before coating the modified polymer on the remote gate. The embedded receptor in the polymer showed sensitivity from 10 fg/mL to 10 ng/mL for cortisol and a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 pg/mL in 1× PBS where λD is 0.2 nm. A LOD of 1 ng/mL was shown in lightly buffered artificial sweat. Finally, a sandwich ELISA confirmed the antibody binding activity of antibody-embedded PSMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-June Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2608, United States
| | - Taein Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2608, United States
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2608, United States
| | - Luisa Russell
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2608, United States
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2608, United States
| | - Jennifer Dailey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2608, United States
| | - Peter C. Searson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2608, United States
| | - Howard E. Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2608, United States
- Corresponding Author: (H.E.K.)
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Jang Y, Jang M, Kim H, Lee SJ, Jin E, Koo JY, Hwang IC, Kim Y, Ko YH, Hwang I, Oh JH, Kim K. Point-of-Use Detection of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants with Host-Molecule-Functionalized Organic Transistors. Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mahata P, Mondal SK, Singha DK, Majee P. Luminescent rare-earth-based MOFs as optical sensors. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:301-328. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03419e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This perspective article highlights the basics and applications of luminescence-based sensing of hazardous chemicals, pH, and temperature using rare-earth-based metal–organic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mahata
- Department of Chemistry
- Suri Vidyasagar College
- Birbhum
- India
| | - Sudip Kumar Mondal
- Department of Chemistry
- Siksha-Bhavana
- Visva-Bharati University
- Santiniketan-731235
- India
| | | | - Prakash Majee
- Department of Chemistry
- Siksha-Bhavana
- Visva-Bharati University
- Santiniketan-731235
- India
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Reiner-Rozman C, Kotlowski C, Knoll W. Electronic Biosensing with Functionalized rGO FETs. BIOSENSORS 2016; 6:17. [PMID: 27110828 PMCID: PMC4931477 DOI: 10.3390/bios6020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the following we give a short summary of examples for biosensor concepts in areas in which reduced graphene oxide-based electronic devices can be developed into new classes of biosensors, which are highly sensitive, label-free, disposable and cheap, with electronic signals that are easy to analyze and interpret, suitable for multiplexed operation and for remote control, compatible with NFC technology, etc., and in many cases a clear and promising alternative to optical sensors. The presented areas concern sensing challenges in medical diagnostics with an example for detecting general antibody-antigen interactions, for the monitoring of toxins and pathogens in food and feed stuff, exemplified by the detection of aflatoxins, and the area of smell sensors, which are certainly the most exciting development as there are very few existing examples in which the typically small and hydrophobic odorant molecules can be detected by other means. The example given here concerns the recording of a honey flavor (and a cancer marker for neuroblastoma), homovanillic acid, by the odorant binding protein OBP 14 from the honey bee, immobilized on the reduced graphene oxide gate of an FET sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciril Reiner-Rozman
- Center for Electrochemical Surface Technology (CEST), Wiener Neustadt 2700, Austria.
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Wien 1220, Austria.
| | - Caroline Kotlowski
- Center for Electrochemical Surface Technology (CEST), Wiener Neustadt 2700, Austria.
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Wien 1220, Austria.
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- Center for Electrochemical Surface Technology (CEST), Wiener Neustadt 2700, Austria.
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Wien 1220, Austria.
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Park B, Bae IG, Kwon OE, Jeon HG. Organic thin-film transistors fabricated using a slot-die-coating process and related sensing applications. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18545b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein present the results of a study involving the fabrication of semiconductor thin films for organic thin-film transistors composed of a small molecular TIPS-PEN composite blended with a polymer binder of PaMS, i.e., TIPS-PEN:PaMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungchoo Park
- Department of Electrophysics
- Kwangwoon University
- Seoul 139-701
- Korea
| | - In-Gon Bae
- Department of Electrophysics
- Kwangwoon University
- Seoul 139-701
- Korea
| | - O. Eun Kwon
- Department of Electrophysics
- Kwangwoon University
- Seoul 139-701
- Korea
| | - Hong Goo Jeon
- Department of Electrophysics
- Kwangwoon University
- Seoul 139-701
- Korea
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25
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Reiner-Rozman C, Larisika M, Nowak C, Knoll W. Graphene-based liquid-gated field effect transistor for biosensing: Theory and experiments. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 70:21-7. [PMID: 25791463 PMCID: PMC4707551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present an experimental and theoretical characterization for reduced Graphene-Oxide (rGO) based FETs used for biosensing applications. The presented approach shows a complete result analysis and theoretically predictable electrical properties. The formulation was tested for the analysis of the device performance in the liquid gate mode of operation with variation of the ionic strength and pH-values of the electrolytes in contact with the FET. The dependence on the Debye length was confirmed experimentally and theoretically, utilizing the Debye length as a working parameter and thus defining the limits of applicability for the presented rGO-FETs. Furthermore, the FETs were tested for the sensing of biomolecules (bovine serum albumin (BSA) as reference) binding to gate-immobilized anti-BSA antibodies and analyzed using the Langmuir binding theory for the description of the equilibrium surface coverage as a function of the bulk (analyte) concentration. The obtained binding coefficients for BSA are found to be same as in results from literature, hence confirming the applicability of the devices. The FETs used in the experiments were fabricated using wet-chemically synthesized graphene, displaying high electron and hole mobility (µ) and provide the strong sensitivity also for low potential changes (by change of pH, ion concentration, or molecule adsorption). The binding coefficient for BSA-anti-BSA interaction shows a behavior corresponding to the Langmuir adsorption theory with a Limit of Detection (LOD) in the picomolar concentration range. The presented approach shows high reproducibility and sensitivity and a good agreement of the experimental results with the calculated data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciril Reiner-Rozman
- Center for Electrochemical Surface Technology (CEST), Viktor-Kaplan Strasse 2, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria.
| | - Melanie Larisika
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Donau City Strasse 1, 1220 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christoph Nowak
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Donau City Strasse 1, 1220 Vienna, Austria; Center for Electrochemical Surface Technology (CEST), Viktor-Kaplan Strasse 2, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria.
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Donau City Strasse 1, 1220 Vienna, Austria.
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Li Z, Li P, Xu Q, Li H. Europium(III)-β-diketonate complex-containing nanohybrid luminescent pH detector. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:10644-7. [PMID: 26040943 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02074c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, by loading an Eu(3+)-β-diketonate complex into LAPONITE®, we report an organic-inorganic hybrid pH detection system Eu(3+)(TTA)n@Lap that is valid under acid conditions, which can serve as highly robust, reliable, rapid responsive and sensitive fluorescent pH detector. In addition, this hybrid pH detector can be easily recovered and reused by simply treating with Et3N vapor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, GuangRong Dao 8, Hongqiao District, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China.
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Huang W, Diallo AK, Dailey JL, Besar K, Katz HE. Electrochemical processes and mechanistic aspects of field-effect sensors for biomolecules. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2015; 3:6445-6470. [PMID: 29238595 PMCID: PMC5724786 DOI: 10.1039/c5tc00755k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Electronic biosensing is a leading technology for determining concentrations of biomolecules. In some cases, the presence of an analyte molecule induces a measured change in current flow, while in other cases, a new potential difference is established. In the particular case of a field effect biosensor, the potential difference is monitored as a change in conductance elsewhere in the device, such as across a film of an underlying semiconductor. Often, the mechanisms that lead to these responses are not specifically determined. Because improved understanding of these mechanisms will lead to improved performance, it is important to highlight those studies where various mechanistic possibilities are investigated. This review explores a range of possible mechanistic contributions to field-effect biosensor signals. First, we define the field-effect biosensor and the chemical interactions that lead to the field effect, followed by a section on theoretical and mechanistic background. We then discuss materials used in field-effect biosensors and approaches to improving signals from field-effect biosensors. We specifically cover the biomolecule interactions that produce local electric fields, structures and processes at interfaces between bioanalyte solutions and electronic materials, semiconductors used in biochemical sensors, dielectric layers used in top-gated sensors, and mechanisms for converting the surface voltage change to higher signal/noise outputs in circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, 206 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Abdou Karim Diallo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, 206 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer L Dailey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, 206 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kalpana Besar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, 206 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Howard E Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, 206 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, MD, USA
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28
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Wei W, Zhang L, Ni Q, Pu Y, Yin L, Liu S. Fabricating a reversible and regenerable electrochemical biosensor for quantitative detection of antibody by using "triplex-stem" DNA molecular switch. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 845:38-44. [PMID: 25201270 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A reversible and regenerable electrochemical biosensor is fabricated for quantitative detection of antibody based on "triplex-stem" molecular switches. A hairpin-shaped oligonucleotide (hairpin DNA) labeled with ferrocene (Fc) at the 3'-end is fixed on the gold electrode serving as a signal transduction probe. Its hairpin structure leads Fc close to the surface of gold electrode and produces a strong current signal (on-state). A single-strand oligonucleotide modified with two digoxin molecules on the two arm segments (capture DNA) interact with hairpin DNA with the help of Ag(+) ions. The "triplex-stem" DNA forms, which separates Fc from the electrode and reduces the electrochemical signal (off-state). Binding of digoxin antibody to digoxin releases capture DNA from the hairpin DNA, creating an effective "off-on" current signal switch. The stability of the "triplex-stem" structure of hairpin/capture DNA is critical to the signal switch and the sensitivity of the method, which can be adjusted conveniently and efficiently by changing Ag(+) concentrations. Based on the "off-on" current signal switch, this biosensor is used to detect digoxin antibody sensitively in blood serum. The linear range is 1.0-500 pg with a correlation coefficient of 0.996, and the detection limit is 0.4 pg. Also, this biosensor shows excellent reversibility and reproducibility, which are significant requirements for practical biosensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Linqun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qiangwei Ni
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu, PR China.
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29
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Duan X, Rajan NK, Izadi MH, Reed MA. Complementary metal oxide semiconductor-compatible silicon nanowire biofield-effect transistors as affinity biosensors. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 8:1839-51. [PMID: 24156488 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Affinity biosensors use biorecognition elements and transducers to convert a biochemical event into a recordable signal. They provides the molecule binding information, which includes the dynamics of biomolecular association and dissociation, and the equilibrium association constant. Complementary metal oxide semiconductor-compatible silicon (Si) nanowires configured as a field-effect transistor (NW FET) have shown significant advantages for real-time, label-free and highly sensitive detection of a wide range of biomolecules. Most research has focused on reducing the detection limit of Si-NW FETs but has provided less information about the real binding parameters of the biomolecular interactions. Recently, Si-NW FETs have been demonstrated as affinity biosensors to quantify biomolecular binding affinities and kinetics. They open new applications for NW FETs in the nanomedicine field and will bring such sensor technology a step closer to commercial point-of-care applications. This article summarizes the recent advances in bioaffinity measurement using Si-NW FETs, with an emphasis on the different approaches used to address the issues of sensor calibration, regeneration, binding kinetic measurements, limit of detection, sensor surface modification, biomolecule charge screening, reference electrode integration and nonspecific molecular binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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30
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Zang Y, Zhang F, Huang D, Di CA, Meng Q, Gao X, Zhu D. Specific and reproducible gas sensors utilizing gas-phase chemical reaction on organic transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:2862-2867. [PMID: 24510689 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing a textbook reaction on the surface of an organic active channel, achieves sensitive detection of HCl, NH3 and NO2, with good selectivity, excellent reproducibility, and satisfactory stability. These results reveal gas-phase reaction assisted detection as a unique and promising approach to construct practical applicable gas sensors with typical organic transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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31
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32
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Huang W, Besar K, LeCover R, Dulloor P, Sinha J, Martínez Hardigree JF, Pick C, Swavola J, Everett AD, Frechette J, Bevan M, Katz HE. Label-free brain injury biomarker detection based on highly sensitive large area organic thin film transistor with hybrid coupling layer. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52638k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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33
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Hammock ML, Chortos A, Tee BCK, Tok JBH, Bao Z. 25th anniversary article: The evolution of electronic skin (e-skin): a brief history, design considerations, and recent progress. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5997-6038. [PMID: 24151185 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 891] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Human skin is a remarkable organ. It consists of an integrated, stretchable network of sensors that relay information about tactile and thermal stimuli to the brain, allowing us to maneuver within our environment safely and effectively. Interest in large-area networks of electronic devices inspired by human skin is motivated by the promise of creating autonomous intelligent robots and biomimetic prosthetics, among other applications. The development of electronic networks comprised of flexible, stretchable, and robust devices that are compatible with large-area implementation and integrated with multiple functionalities is a testament to the progress in developing an electronic skin (e-skin) akin to human skin. E-skins are already capable of providing augmented performance over their organic counterpart, both in superior spatial resolution and thermal sensitivity. They could be further improved through the incorporation of additional functionalities (e.g., chemical and biological sensing) and desired properties (e.g., biodegradability and self-powering). Continued rapid progress in this area is promising for the development of a fully integrated e-skin in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory L Hammock
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 381 N. South Axis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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34
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Hammock ML, Knopfmacher O, Naab BD, Tok JBH, Bao Z. Investigation of protein detection parameters using nanofunctionalized organic field-effect transistors. ACS NANO 2013; 7:3970-80. [PMID: 23597051 DOI: 10.1021/nn305903q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biodetection using organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) is gaining increasing interest for applications as diverse as food security, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics. However, there still lacks a comprehensive, empirical study on the fundamental limits of OFET sensors. In this paper, we present a thorough study of the various parameters affecting biosensing using an OFET decorated with gold nanoparticle (AuNP) binding sites. These parameters include the spacing between receptors, pH of the buffer, and ionic strength of the buffer. To this end, we employed the thrombin protein and its corresponding DNA binding aptamer to form our model detection system. We demonstrate a detection limit of 100 pM for this protein with high selectivity over other proteases in situ. We describe herein a feasible approach for protein detection with OFETs and a thorough investigation of parameters governing biodetection events using OFETs. Our obtained results should provide important guidelines to tailor the sensor's dynamic range to suit other desired OFET-based biodetection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory L Hammock
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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35
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Magliulo M, Mallardi A, Mulla MY, Cotrone S, Pistillo BR, Favia P, Vikholm-Lundin I, Palazzo G, Torsi L. Electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistor sensors based on supported biotinylated phospholipid bilayer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:2090-4. [PMID: 23288589 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201203587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Anchored, biotinylated phospholipids forming the capturing layers in an electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistor (EGOFET) allow label-free electronic specific detection at a concentration level of 10 nM in a high ionic strength solution. The sensing mechanism is based on a clear capacitive effect across the PL layers involving the charges of the target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Magliulo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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36
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Ramesh M, Lin HC, Chu CW. Organic thin film transistors as selective sensing platforms for Hg2+ ions and the amino acidcysteine. Biosens Bioelectron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Suspène C, Piro B, Reisberg S, Pham MC, Toss H, Berggren M, Yassar A, Horowitz G. Copolythiophene-based water-gated organic field-effect transistors for biosensing. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:2090-2097. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb00525a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Torsi L, Magliulo M, Manoli K, Palazzo G. Organic field-effect transistor sensors: a tutorial review. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:8612-28. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60127g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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39
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Cramer T, Campana A, Leonardi F, Casalini S, Kyndiah A, Murgia M, Biscarini F. Water-gated organic field effect transistors – opportunities for biochemical sensing and extracellular signal transduction. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:3728-3741. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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40
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Buth F, Donner A, Sachsenhauser M, Stutzmann M, Garrido JA. Biofunctional electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:4511-7. [PMID: 22760856 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The surface modification of solution-gated organic field-effect transistors is investigated. The introduction of different surface groups leads to a control of the pH sensitivity, determined by the pKa value of the added surface moiety. Together with the successful demonstration of enzyme modification of the surface, this work reveals the large potential of organic SGFETs for biosensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Buth
- Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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41
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Hammock ML, Sokolov AN, Stoltenberg RM, Naab BD, Bao Z. Organic transistors with ordered nanoparticle arrays as a tailorable platform for selective, in situ detection. ACS NANO 2012; 6:3100-8. [PMID: 22397363 DOI: 10.1021/nn204830b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of organic transistors as sensing platforms provides a number of distinct advantages over conventional detection technologies, including their tunability, portability, and ability to directly transduce binding events without tedious and expensive labeling procedures. However, detection efforts using organic transistors lack a general method to uniquely specify and detect a target of interest. While highly sensitive liquid- and vapor-phase sensors have been previously reported, detection has been restricted either to the serendipitous interaction of the analyte molecules with the organic semiconductor or to the covalent functionalization of the semiconductor with receptor groups to enhance specificity. However, the former technique cannot be regularly relied upon for tailorable sensing while the latter may result in unpredictable decreases in electronic performance. Thus, a method to provide modular receptor sites on the surface of an organic transistor without damaging the device will significantly advance the field, especially regarding biological species detection. In this work, we utilized a block copolymer to template ordered, large-area arrays of gold nanoparticles, with sub-100 nm center-to-center spacing onto the surface of an organic transistor. This highly modular platform is designed for orthogonal modification with a number of available chemical and biological functional groups by taking advantage of the well-studied gold-thiol linkage. Herein, we demonstrate the functionalization of gold nanoparticles with a mercury-binding oligonucleotide sequence. Finally, we demonstrate the highly selective and robust detection of mercury(II) using this platform in an underwater environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory L Hammock
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Sokolov AN, Tee BCK, Bettinger CJ, Tok JBH, Bao Z. Chemical and engineering approaches to enable organic field-effect transistors for electronic skin applications. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:361-71. [PMID: 21995646 DOI: 10.1021/ar2001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the body's largest organ and is responsible for the transduction of a vast amount of information. This conformable material simultaneously collects signals from external stimuli that translate into information such as pressure, pain, and temperature. The development of an electronic material, inspired by the complexity of this organ is a tremendous, unrealized engineering challenge. However, the advent of carbon-based electronics may offer a potential solution to this long-standing problem. In this Account, we describe the use of an organic field-effect transistor (OFET) architecture to transduce mechanical and chemical stimuli into electrical signals. In developing this mimic of human skin, we thought of the sensory elements of the OFET as analogous to the various layers and constituents of skin. In this fashion, each layer of the OFET can be optimized to carry out a specific recognition function. The separation of multimodal sensing among the components of the OFET may be considered a "divide and conquer" approach, where the electronic skin (e-skin) can take advantage of the optimized chemistry and materials properties of each layer. This design of a novel microstructured gate dielectric has led to unprecedented sensitivity for tactile pressure events. Typically, pressure-sensitive components within electronic configurations have suffered from a lack of sensitivity or long mechanical relaxation times often associated with elastomeric materials. Within our method, these components are directly compatible with OFETs and have achieved the highest reported sensitivity to date. Moreover, the tactile sensors operate on a time scale comparable with human skin, making them ideal candidates for integration as synthetic skin devices. The methodology is compatible with large-scale fabrication and employs simple, commercially available elastomers. The design of materials within the semiconductor layer has led to the incorporation of selectivity and sensitivity within gas-sensing devices and has enabled stable sensor operation within aqueous media. Furthermore, careful tuning of the chemical composition of the dielectric layer has provided a means to operate the sensor in real time within an aqueous environment and without the need for encapsulation layers. The integration of such devices as electronic mimics of skin will require the incorporation of biocompatible or biodegradable components. Toward this goal, OFETs may be fabricated with >99% biodegradable components by weight, and the devices are robust and stable, even in aqueous environments. Collectively, progress to date suggests that OFETs may be integrated within a single substrate to function as an electronic mimic of human skin, which could enable a large range of sensing-related applications from novel prosthetics to robotic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy N. Sokolov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Benjamin C-K. Tee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Christopher J. Bettinger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh 15213, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jeffrey B.-H. Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Manganese oxide nanowire-mediated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 33:69-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ramesh M, Lin HC, Chu CW. Stable organic thin film transducers for biochemical and label-free sensing under physiological conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32561f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Tang J, Tang D, Niessner R, Chen G, Knopp D. Magneto-Controlled Graphene Immunosensing Platform for Simultaneous Multiplexed Electrochemical Immunoassay Using Distinguishable Signal Tags. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5407-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200969w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Fujian Province & Ministry of Education of China), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dianping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Fujian Province & Ministry of Education of China), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People’s Republic of China
| | - Reinhard Niessner
- Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Guonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Fujian Province & Ministry of Education of China), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dietmar Knopp
- Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, D-81377 München, Germany
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Effect of passivation on the sensitivity and stability of pentacene transistor sensors in aqueous media. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:4217-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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