1
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Hu X, Yue B, Chen C, Zong W, Li S, Yang H, Hou Y, Zhang J. Transmembrane Transporter Constructed from PlatinumMetal-organic Cage. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300426. [PMID: 37642319 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A perylene diimide-based metal-organic cage (MOC4c) was found to be an efficient transmembrane transporter for ions and small molecules through the internal cavity of the cage. MOC4c could selectively transport different anions, as evidenced by vesicle-based fluorescenceassays and planar lipid bilayer-based current recordings.Furthermore, MOC4c appears tofacilitate calcein transport across the lipid bilayer membrane of a livingcell, suggesting that MOC4c could be used as a biologicaltool for small molecule drugstransmembrane transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Devices (Wenzhou), College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Bangkun Yue
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Devices (Wenzhou), College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Zhejiang Marine Aquaculture Research Institute, Wenzhou, 325005, China
| | - Wei Zong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Sisi Li
- Ruian Graduate College, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Haishen Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Yali Hou
- State Key Laboratory for MechanicalBehavior of Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Devices (Wenzhou), College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
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2
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Ziganshina AY, Mansurova EE, Antipin IS. Colloids Based on Calixresorcins for the Adsorption, Conversion, and Delivery of Bioactive Substances. COLLOID JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x22700028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Xiao Q, Haoyang WW, Lin T, Li ZT, Zhang DW, Hou JL. Unimolecular artificial transmembrane channels showing reversible ligand-gating behavior. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:863-866. [PMID: 33439165 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06974d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of peptide-appended bisresorcinarenes were synthesized, which adopted tubular conformation induced by intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The derivatives formed unimolecular artificial transmembrane channels in lipid bilayers to enable selective transport of monovalent cations. Importantly, the channels exhibited reversible ligand-gating behavior in response to alkyl amine and Cu2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Wei-Wei Haoyang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Dan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jun-Li Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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4
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Shao L, Zhang H, He X, Hua B, Hu X, Wan C, Kelley SP, Atwood JL. Molecular Entrapment of Polymers by Pyrogallol[4]arenes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:693-698. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Shao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Xiaoqing He
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Bin Hua
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xiangquan Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Caixia Wan
- Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Steven P. Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Jerry L. Atwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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5
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Strilets D, Fa S, Hardiagon A, Baaden M, Ogoshi T, Barboiu M. Biomimetic Approach for Highly Selective Artificial Water Channels Based on Tubular Pillar[5]arene Dimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23213-23219. [PMID: 32905651 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Artificial water channels mimicking natural aquaporins (AQPs) can be used for selective and fast transport of water. Here, we quantify the transport performances of peralkyl-carboxylate-pillar[5]arenes dimers in bilayer membranes. They can transport ≈107 water molecules/channel/second, within one order of magnitude of the transport rates of AQPs, rejecting Na+ and K+ cations. The dimers have a tubular structure, superposing pillar[5]arene pores of 5 Å diameter with twisted carboxy-phenyl pores of 2.8 Å diameter. This biomimetic platform, with variable pore dimensions within the same structure, offers size restriction reminiscent of natural proteins. It allows water molecules to selectively transit and prevents bigger hydrated cations from passing through the 2.8 Å pore. Molecular simulations prove that dimeric or multimeric honeycomb aggregates are stable in the membrane and form water pathways through the bilayer. Over time, a significant shift of the upper vs. lower layer occurs initiating new unexpected water permeation events through toroidal pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Strilets
- Institut Europeen des Membranes, Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems Group, University of Montpellier, ENSCM-CNRS, Place E. Bataillon CC047, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Shixin Fa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Arthur Hardiagon
- CNRS, Université de Paris, UPR 9080, Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005, Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique-Fondation Edmond de Rotschild, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marc Baaden
- CNRS, Université de Paris, UPR 9080, Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005, Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique-Fondation Edmond de Rotschild, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Tomoki Ogoshi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.,WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192 (Japan), Japan
| | - Mihail Barboiu
- Institut Europeen des Membranes, Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems Group, University of Montpellier, ENSCM-CNRS, Place E. Bataillon CC047, 34095, Montpellier, France
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6
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Tashiro S, Shimizu S, Kuritani M, Shionoya M. Protonation-induced self-assembly of bis-phenanthroline macrocycles into nanofibers arrayed with tetrachloroaurate, hexachloroplatinate or phosphomolybdate ions. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:13948-13953. [PMID: 33047767 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03287e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional self-assembly of macrocycles is one of the important strategies for constructing fibrous nanomaterials with anisotropic functions such as one-dimensional transport and accumulation of molecules and ions. Herein we report on the synthesis and properties of self-assembled nanofibers using macrocycles to develop a multipurpose template for one-dimensional array of noble metal ions. The nanofibers were prepared by protonation-induced self-assembly of bis-phenanthroline macrocycles, which have enabled the accumulation of some metal-containing anions, such as tetrachloroaurate, hexachloroplatinate and phosphomolybdate. Microscopic observations have demonstrated that the supramolecular nanofibers were reproducibly formed in a similar way, regardless of the structures and charge numbers of the anions. Moreover, the resulting nanofibers, arrayed with several metal ions, were chemically reduced, producing dispersible gold nanoparticles and mixed-valence nanofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Tashiro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Shun Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Masumi Kuritani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiko Shionoya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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7
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Strilets D, Fa S, Hardiagon A, Baaden M, Ogoshi T, Barboiu M. Biomimetic Approach for Highly Selective Artificial Water Channels Based on Tubular Pillar[5]arene Dimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Strilets
- Institut Europeen des Membranes Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems Group University of Montpellier ENSCM-CNRS Place E. Bataillon CC047 34095 Montpellier France
| | - Shixin Fa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Arthur Hardiagon
- CNRS Université de Paris UPR 9080 Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie F-75005 Paris France
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique-Fondation Edmond de Rotschild PSL Research University Paris France
| | - Marc Baaden
- CNRS Université de Paris UPR 9080 Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie F-75005 Paris France
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique-Fondation Edmond de Rotschild PSL Research University Paris France
| | - Tomoki Ogoshi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 (Japan) Japan
| | - Mihail Barboiu
- Institut Europeen des Membranes Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems Group University of Montpellier ENSCM-CNRS Place E. Bataillon CC047 34095 Montpellier France
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8
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Zheng S, Huang L, Sun Z, Barboiu M. Self‐Assembled Artificial Ion‐Channels toward Natural Selection of Functions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:566-597. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao‐Ping Zheng
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
- Institut Europeen des Membranes Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems Group University of Montpellier ENSCM-CNRS Place E. Bataillon CC047 34095 Montpellier France
| | - Li‐Bo Huang
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
- Institut Europeen des Membranes Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems Group University of Montpellier ENSCM-CNRS Place E. Bataillon CC047 34095 Montpellier France
| | - Zhanhu Sun
- Institut Europeen des Membranes Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems Group University of Montpellier ENSCM-CNRS Place E. Bataillon CC047 34095 Montpellier France
| | - Mihail Barboiu
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
- Institut Europeen des Membranes Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems Group University of Montpellier ENSCM-CNRS Place E. Bataillon CC047 34095 Montpellier France
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9
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Zheng S, Huang L, Sun Z, Barboiu M. Selbstorganisierte künstliche Ionenkanäle für die natürliche Selektion von Funktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao‐Ping Zheng
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
- Institut Europeen des Membranes Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems Group University of Montpellier ENSCM-CNRS Place E. Bataillon CC047 34095 Montpellier Frankreich
| | - Li‐Bo Huang
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
- Institut Europeen des Membranes Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems Group University of Montpellier ENSCM-CNRS Place E. Bataillon CC047 34095 Montpellier Frankreich
| | - Zhanhu Sun
- Institut Europeen des Membranes Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems Group University of Montpellier ENSCM-CNRS Place E. Bataillon CC047 34095 Montpellier Frankreich
| | - Mihail Barboiu
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
- Institut Europeen des Membranes Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems Group University of Montpellier ENSCM-CNRS Place E. Bataillon CC047 34095 Montpellier Frankreich
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10
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Zhang Z, Huang X, Qian Y, Chen W, Wen L, Jiang L. Engineering Smart Nanofluidic Systems for Artificial Ion Channels and Ion Pumps: From Single-Pore to Multichannel Membranes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904351. [PMID: 31793736 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biological ion channels and ion pumps with intricate ion transport functions widely exist in living organisms and play irreplaceable roles in almost all physiological functions. Nanofluidics provides exciting opportunities to mimic these working processes, which not only helps understand ion transport in biological systems but also paves the way for the applications of artificial devices in many valuable areas. Recent progress in the engineering of smart nanofluidic systems for artificial ion channels and ion pumps is summarized. The artificial systems range from chemically and structurally diverse lipid-membrane-based nanopores to robust and scalable solid-state nanopores. A generic strategy of gate location design is proposed. The single-pore-based platform concept can be rationally extended into multichannel membrane systems and shows unprecedented potential in many application areas, such as single-molecule analysis, smart mass delivery, and energy conversion. Finally, some present underpinning issues that need to be addressed are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yongchao Qian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Weipeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Liping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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11
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Vanuytsel S, Carniello J, Wallace MI. Artificial Signal Transduction across Membranes. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2569-2580. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Vanuytsel
- Department of ChemistryKing's College London Britannia House 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology Strand London WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Joanne Carniello
- Department of ChemistryKing's College London Britannia House 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology Strand London WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Mark Ian Wallace
- Department of ChemistryKing's College London Britannia House 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology Strand London WC2R 2LS UK
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12
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Wang B, Jia AQ, Yang HM, Liu JL, Zhang QF. Encapsulation of ferrocenes by hydrogen-bonded pyrogallol[4]arene dimers. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2018-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe treatment ofC-iso-butylpyrogallarene (PgC4) orC-ethylpyrogallarene (PgC2) with ferrocene (FcH) in a 2:1 molar ratio under different reaction conditions afforded the host–guest compounds FcH@(PgC4)2·CH3OH·3H2O (1) and FcH@(PgC2)2·3EtOH·2H2O (2), respectively. Complexes1and2are both pyrogallarene dimers providing capsule-type voids. Single crystal X-ray crystallography was used to investigate the role of hydrogen bonding networks in the assembly of the two host–guest systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wang
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Anhui University of Technology , Ma’anshan, Anhui 243002 , P.R. China
| | - Ai-Quan Jia
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Anhui University of Technology , Ma’anshan, Anhui 243002 , P.R. China
| | - Hong-Mei Yang
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Anhui University of Technology , Ma’anshan, Anhui 243002 , P.R. China
| | - Jing-Long Liu
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Anhui University of Technology , Ma’anshan, Anhui 243002 , P.R. China
| | - Qian-Feng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Anhui University of Technology , Ma’anshan, Anhui 243002 , P.R. China
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14
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Journey SN, Teppang KL, Garcia CA, Brim SA, Onofrei D, Addison JB, Holland GP, Purse BW. Mechanically induced pyrogallol[4]arene hexamer assembly in the solid state extends the scope of molecular encapsulation. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7737-7745. [PMID: 29568437 PMCID: PMC5853268 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03821f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ball milling mixtures of pyrogallol[4]arene and guests gives direct access to encapsulation complexes and can be monitored by solid-state NMR.
Pyrogallol[4]arene hexamers are hydrogen-bonded molecular capsules of exceptional kinetic stability that can entrap small molecule guests indefinitely, without exchange, at ambient temperatures. Here, we report on the use of a ball mill to induce self-assembly of the capsule components and the guests in the solid state. Stoichiometric amounts of pyrogallol[4]arene and a guest, which can be an arene, alkane, amine, or carboxylic acid, were milled at 30 Hz for fixed durations, dissolved, and characterization by NMR. Most of the resulting encapsulation complexes were kinetically stable but thermodynamically unstable in solution, and the yield of their formation correlates with the duration of the milling and is related to the structures of guest and host. This method extends the scope of molecular encapsulation, as demonstrated by the preparation of kinetically trapped encapsulation complexes of [2.2]paracyclophane, for which we could find no other method of preparation. To gain mechanistic insights into the solid-state assembly process, we characterized the milled powders using 13C CP-MAS NMR, we studied the effects of changing the alkane domain of the host, and we examined how dissolution conditions impact on the distribution of observed encapsulation complexes once in solution. The results support a mechanism comprising mechanically induced solid-state reorganization to produce a mixture rich in nearly or fully assembled guest-filled capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Journey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , San Diego State University , San Diego , California 92182 , USA .
| | - Kristine L Teppang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , San Diego State University , San Diego , California 92182 , USA .
| | - Cesar A Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , San Diego State University , San Diego , California 92182 , USA .
| | - Shaylyn A Brim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , San Diego State University , San Diego , California 92182 , USA .
| | - David Onofrei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , San Diego State University , San Diego , California 92182 , USA .
| | - J Bennett Addison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , San Diego State University , San Diego , California 92182 , USA .
| | - Gregory P Holland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , San Diego State University , San Diego , California 92182 , USA .
| | - Byron W Purse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , San Diego State University , San Diego , California 92182 , USA .
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15
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Howorka S. Building membrane nanopores. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:619-630. [PMID: 28681859 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Membrane nanopores-hollow nanoscale barrels that puncture biological or synthetic membranes-have become powerful tools in chemical- and biosensing, and have achieved notable success in portable DNA sequencing. The pores can be self-assembled from a variety of materials, including proteins, peptides, synthetic organic compounds and, more recently, DNA. But which building material is best for which application, and what is the relationship between pore structure and function? In this Review, I critically compare the characteristics of the different building materials, and explore the influence of the building material on pore structure, dynamics and function. I also discuss the future challenges of developing nanopore technology, and consider what the next-generation of nanopore structures could be and where further practical applications might emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Howorka
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Structural Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
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16
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Brown PS, Bhushan B. Bioinspired materials for water supply and management: water collection, water purification and separation of water from oil. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:rsta.2016.0135. [PMID: 27354732 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Access to a safe supply of water is a human right. However, with growing populations, global warming and contamination due to human activity, it is one that is increasingly under threat. It is hoped that nature can inspire the creation of materials to aid in the supply and management of water, from water collection and purification to water source clean-up and rehabilitation from oil contamination. Many species thrive in even the driest places, with some surviving on water harvested from fog. By studying these species, new materials can be developed to provide a source of fresh water from fog for communities across the globe. The vast majority of water on the Earth is in the oceans. However, current desalination processes are energy-intensive. Systems in our own bodies have evolved to transport water efficiently while blocking other molecules and ions. Inspiration can be taken from such to improve the efficiency of desalination and help purify water containing other contaminants. Finally, oil contamination of water from spills or the fracking technique can be a devastating environmental disaster. By studying how natural surfaces interact with liquids, new techniques can be developed to clean up oil spills and further protect our most precious resource.This article is part of the themed issue 'Bioinspired hierarchically structured surfaces for green science'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S Brown
- Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- and Nanotechnology and Biomimetics (NLBB), The Ohio State University, 201 W. 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1142, USA
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- and Nanotechnology and Biomimetics (NLBB), The Ohio State University, 201 W. 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1142, USA
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17
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Thiacalixarenes: emergent supramolecules in crystal engineering and molecular recognition. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-016-0616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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18
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Rodríguez-Vázquez N, Fuertes A, Amorín M, Granja JR. Bioinspired Artificial Sodium and Potassium Ion Channels. Met Ions Life Sci 2016; 16:485-556. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21756-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hu X, Yu C, D. Okochi K, Jin Y, Liu Z, Zhang W. Phenylene vinylene macrocycles as artificial transmembrane transporters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5848-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01657j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We report a series of shape-persistent phenylene vinylene macrocycles (PVMs) and phenylene ethynylene macrocycles (PEMs) that mediate ion transportation across lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education)
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Colorado Boulder
- USA
| | - Kenji D. Okochi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Colorado Boulder
- USA
| | - Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Colorado Boulder
- USA
| | - Zhenning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education)
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Colorado Boulder
- USA
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Kumari H, Deakyne CA, Atwood JL. Solution structures of nanoassemblies based on pyrogallol[4]arenes. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:3080-8. [PMID: 25198830 DOI: 10.1021/ar500222w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoassemblies of hydrogen-bonded and metal-seamed pyrogallol[4]arenes have been shown to possess novel solution-phase geometries. Further, we have demonstrated that both guest encapsulation and structural rearrangements may be studied by solution-phase techniques such as small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and diffusion NMR. Application of these techniques to pyrogallol[4]arene-based nanoassemblies has allowed (1) differentiation among spherical, ellipsoidal, toroidal, and tubular structures in solution, (2) determination of factors that control the preferred geometrical shape and size of the nanoassemblies, and (3) detection of small variations in metric dimensions distinguishing similarly and differently shaped nanoassemblies in a given solution. Indeed, we have shown that the solution-phase structure of such nanoassemblies is often quite different from what one would predict based on solid-state studies, a result in disagreement with the frequently made assumption that these assemblies have similar structures in the two phases. We instead have predicted solid-state architectures from solution-phase structures by combining the solution-phase analysis with solid-state magnetic and elemental analyses. Specifically, the iron-seamed C-methylpyrogallol[4]arene nanoassembly was found to be tubular in solution and predicted to be tubular in the solid state, but it was found to undergo a rearrangement from a tubular to spherical geometry in solution as a function of base concentration. The absence of metal within a tubular framework affects its stability in both solution and the solid state; however, this instability is not necessarily characteristic of hydrogen-bonded capsular entities. Even metal seaming of the capsules does not guarantee similar solid-state and solution-phase architectures. The rugby ball-shaped gallium-seamed C-butylpyrogallol[4]arene hexamer becomes toroidal on dissolution, as does the spherically shaped gallium/zinc-seamed C-butylpyrogallol[4]arene hexamer. However, the arenes are arranged differently in the two toroids, a variation that accounts for the differences in their sizes and guest encapsulation. Guest encapsulation of biotemplates, such as insulin, has demonstrated the feasibility of synthesizing nanocapsules with a volume three times that of a hexamer. The solution-phase studies have also demonstrated that the self-assembly of dimers versus hexamers can be controlled by the choice of metal, solvent, and temperature. Controlling the size of the host, nature of the metal, and identity of the guest will allow construction of targeted host-guest assemblies having potential uses as drug delivery agents, nanoscale reaction vessels, and radioimaging/radiotherapy agents. Overall, the present series of solid- and solution-phase studies has begun to pave the way toward a more complete understanding of the properties and behavior of complex supramolecular nanoassemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Kumari
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri—Columbia, 601 S. College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211-7600, United States
| | - Carol A. Deakyne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri—Columbia, 601 S. College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211-7600, United States
| | - Jerry L. Atwood
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri—Columbia, 601 S. College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211-7600, United States
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Negin S, Li R, Kulikov OV, Daschbach MM, Gokel GW. Ion transport through bilayer membranes mediated by pyrogallol[4]arenes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Ahn S, Park TJ, Choe JI. mPW1PW91 Calculated Structures and IR Spectra of the Conformational Stereoisomers of C-Cyanophenyl Pyrogallol[4]arene. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.5.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Awino JK, Zhao Y. Rigidity versus amphiphilicity in transmembrane nanopore formation by cholate-based macrocycles. Supramol Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2013.872784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University
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Kulikov OV, Negin S, Rath NP, Gokel GW. Morphologies of branched-chain pyrogallol[4]arenes in the solid state. Supramol Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2013.860228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V. Kulikov
- Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri – St Louis, One University Boulevard, , St Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Saeedeh Negin
- Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri – St Louis, One University Boulevard, , St Louis, MO 63121, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St Louis, One University Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Nigam P. Rath
- Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri – St Louis, One University Boulevard, , St Louis, MO 63121, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St Louis, One University Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - George W. Gokel
- Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri – St Louis, One University Boulevard, , St Louis, MO 63121, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St Louis, One University Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63121, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri – St Louis, One University Boulevard, , St Louis, MO 63121, USA
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Gokel GW, Negin S. Synthetic ion channels: from pores to biological applications. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:2824-33. [PMID: 23738778 DOI: 10.1021/ar400026x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this Account, we describe the development of several diverse families of synthetic, membrane-active amphiphiles that form pores and facilitate transport within membrane bilayers. For the most part, the compounds are amphiphiles that insert into the bilayer and form pores either on their own or by self-assembly. The first family of synthetic ion channels prepared in our lab, the hydraphiles, used crown ethers as head groups and as a polar central element. In a range of biophysical studies, we showed that the hydraphiles formed unimolecular pores that spanned the bilayer. They mediated the transport of Na(+) and K(+) but were blocked by Ag(+). The hydraphiles are nonrectifying and disrupt ion homeostasis. As a result, these synthetic ion channels are toxic to various bacteria and yeast, a feature that has been used therapeutically in direct injection chemotherapy. We also developed a family of amphiphilic heptapeptide ion transporters that selected Cl(-) >10-fold over K(+) and showed voltage dependent gating. The formed pores were approximately dimeric, and variations in the N- and C-terminal anchor chains and the acids affected transport rates. Surprisingly, the longer N-terminal anchor chains led to less transport but greater Cl(-) selectivity. A proline residue, which is present in the ClC protein channel's conductance pore, proved to be critical for Cl(-) transport selectivity. Pyrogallol[4]arenes are macrocycles formed by acid-catalyzed condensation of four 1,2,3- trihydroxybenzenes with four aldehydes. The combination of 12 hydroxyl groups on one face of the macrocycle and four pendant alkyl chains conferred considerable amphiphilicity to these compounds. The pyrogallol[4]arenes inserted into bilayer membranes and conducted ions. Based on our experimental evidence, the ions passed through a self-assembled pore comprising four or five amphiphiles rather than passing through the central opening of a single macrocycle. Pyrogallol[4]arenes constructed with branched chains are also amphiphilic and active in membranes. The pyrogallol[4]arene with 3-pentyl sidechains formed a unique nanotube assembly and functioned as an ion channel in bilayer membranes. Finally, we showed that dianilides of either isophthalic or dipicolinic acids, compounds which have been extensively studied as anion binders, can self-assemble to form pores within bilayers. We called these dianilides tris-arenes and have shown that they readily bind to phosphate anions. These structures also mediated the transport of DNA plasmids through vital bilayer membranes in the bacterium Escherichia coli and in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . This transformation or transfection process occurred readily and without any apparent toxicity or mutagenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W. Gokel
- Departments of †Chemistry & Biochemistry and ‡Biology, §Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri—St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Saeedeh Negin
- Departments of †Chemistry & Biochemistry and ‡Biology, §Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri—St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
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Gong B, Shao Z. Self-assembling organic nanotubes with precisely defined, sub-nanometer pores: formation and mass transport characteristics. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:2856-66. [PMID: 23597055 DOI: 10.1021/ar400030e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The transport of molecules and ions across nanometer-scaled pores, created by natural or artificial molecules, is a phenomenon of both fundamental and practical significance. Biological channels are the most remarkable examples of mass transport across membranes and demonstrate nearly exclusive selectivity and high efficiency with a diverse collection of molecules. These channels are critical for many basic biological functions, such as membrane potential, signal transduction, and osmotic homeostasis. If such highly specific and efficient mass transport or separation could be achieved with artificial nanostructures under controlled conditions, they could create revolutionary technologies in a variety of areas. For this reason, investigators from diverse disciplines have vigorously studied small nondeformable nanopores. The most exciting studies have focused on carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which have exhibited fast mass transport and high ion selectivity despite their very simple structure. However, the limitations of CNTs and the dearth of other small (≤2 nm) nanopores have severely hampered the systematic investigation of nanopore-mediated mass transport, which will be essential for designing artificial nanopores with desired functions en masse. Researchers can overcome the difficulties associated with CNT and other artificial pores by stacking macrocyclic building blocks with persistent shapes to construct tunable, self-assembling organic pores. This effort started when we discovered a highly efficient, one-pot macrocyclization process to efficiently prepare several classes of macrocycles with rigid backbones containing nondeformable cavities. Such macrocycles, if stacked atop one another, should lead to nanotubular assemblies with defined inner pores determined by their constituent macrocycles. One class of macrocycles with aromatic oligoamide backbones had a very high propensity for directional assembly, forming nanotubular structures containing nanometer and sub-nanometer hydrophilic pores. These self-assembling hydrophilic pores can form ion channels in lipid membranes with very large ion conductances. To control the assembly, we have further introduced multiple hydrogen-bonding side chains to enforce the stacking of rigid macrocycles into self-assembling nanotubes. This strategy has produced a self-assembling, sub-nanometer hydrophobic pore that not only acted as a transmembrane channel with surprisingly high ion selectivity, but also mediated a significant transmembrane water flux. The stacking of rigid macrocycles that can be chemically modified in either the lumen or the exterior surface can produce self-assembling organic nanotubes with inner pores of defined sizes. The combination of our approach with the availability and synthetic tunability of various rigid macrocycles should produce a variety of organic nanopores. Such structures would allow researchers to systematically explore mass transport in the sub-nanometer regime. Further advances should lead to novel applications such as biosensing, materials separation, and molecular purifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhifeng Shao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes & Related Genes and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Gale PA, Busschaert N, Haynes CJE, Karagiannidis LE, Kirby IL. Anion receptor chemistry: highlights from 2011 and 2012. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 43:205-41. [PMID: 24108306 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60316d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review covers advances in anion complexation in the years 2011 and 2012. The review covers both organic and inorganic systems and also highlights the applications to which anion receptors can be applied such as self-assembly and molecular architecture, sensing, catalysis and anion transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Gale
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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29
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Berezin SK. Theoretical modelling of anion transport in liposomes: electrogenic anion exchange as a new paradigm in supramolecular chemistry. Supramol Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2013.782099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yamada M, Ootashiro Y, Kondo Y, Hamada F. A 3D supramolecular network assembly based on thiacalix[4]arene by halogen–halogen, CH–Br, CH–π, and S–π interactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.12.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Ogirala P, Negin S, Agena C, Schäfer C, Geisler T, Mattay J, Gokel GW. Properties of long alkyl-chained resorcin[4]arenes in bilayers and on the Langmuir trough. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj40337d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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32
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Shishkina SV, Tarnovskiy A, Rozhkov V, Shishkin OV, Lukin O, Shivanyuk A. Binding properties and self-assembly of C2v-symmetrical resorcin[4]arene tetrabenzoates. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Zhou X, Liu G, Yamato K, Shen Y, Cheng R, Wei X, Bai W, Gao Y, Li H, Liu Y, Liu F, Czajkowsky DM, Wang J, Dabney MJ, Cai Z, Hu J, Bright FV, He L, Zeng XC, Shao Z, Gong B. Self-assembling subnanometer pores with unusual mass-transport properties. Nat Commun 2012; 3:949. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Gokel GW, Negin S. Synthetic membrane active amphiphiles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:784-96. [PMID: 22306202 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During the past several decades, various synthetic organic compounds that form pores in bilayer membranes have been prepared and studied. These membrane active amphiphiles have also proved to be useful in affecting the transport of molecules into or through the bilayer. This article discusses the evolution of these compounds and exemplifies recent applications such as enhancement of antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Gokel
- Center for Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri - Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA.
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Shan Y, Liu J(J, Rath NP, Gokel GW. Rapid Acyl Migration between Pyrogallyl 1,2- and 1,3-Dipivaloates. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200700313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrogallol and its derivatives are biologically active compounds, and pyrogallol also forms the basis of an increasingly important tetrameric supramolecular scaffold. Pyrogallol[4]arenes are tetrameric macrocycles that form from 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene and aldehydes under acidic conditions. Pyrogallol was treated with two equivalents of pivaloyl chloride to form pyrogallyl dipivaloate. A mixture of regioisomers was invariably obtained and a rapid equilibrium was observed between the 1,2- and 1,3-diesters in polar solvents. A pure sample of solid pyrogallyl 1,2-dipivaloate was isolated and its crystal structure was obtained. The pure compound was shown to rearrange to mixtures similar to those isolated initially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Shan
- Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Jimmy (Jingyue) Liu
- Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Nigam P. Rath
- Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - George W. Gokel
- Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
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Lin NT, Vargas Jentzsch A, Guénée L, Neudörfl JM, Aziz S, Berkessel A, Orentas E, Sakai N, Matile S. Enantioselective self-sorting on planar, π-acidic surfaces of chiral anion-π transporters. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc01013e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Si W, Chen L, Hu XB, Tang G, Chen Z, Hou JL, Li ZT. Selective Artificial Transmembrane Channels for Protons by Formation of Water Wires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:12564-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201106857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Si W, Chen L, Hu XB, Tang G, Chen Z, Hou JL, Li ZT. Selective Artificial Transmembrane Channels for Protons by Formation of Water Wires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201106857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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