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Percec V, Sahoo D, Adamson J. Stimuli-Responsive Principles of Supramolecular Organizations Emerging from Self-Assembling and Self-Organizable Dendrons, Dendrimers, and Dendronized Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081832. [PMID: 37111979 PMCID: PMC10142069 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
All activities of our daily life, of the nature surrounding us and of the entire society and its complex economic and political systems are affected by stimuli. Therefore, understanding stimuli-responsive principles in nature, biology, society, and in complex synthetic systems is fundamental to natural and life sciences. This invited Perspective attempts to organize, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time the stimuli-responsive principles of supramolecular organizations emerging from self-assembling and self-organizable dendrons, dendrimers, and dendronized polymers. Definitions of stimulus and stimuli from different fields of science are first discussed. Subsequently, we decided that supramolecular organizations of self-assembling and self-organizable dendrons, dendrimers, and dendronized polymers may fit best in the definition of stimuli from biology. After a brief historical introduction to the discovery and development of conventional and self-assembling and self-organizable dendrons, dendrimers, and dendronized polymers, a classification of stimuli-responsible principles as internal- and external-stimuli was made. Due to the enormous amount of literature on conventional dendrons, dendrimers, and dendronized polymers as well as on their self-assembling and self-organizable systems we decided to discuss stimuli-responsive principles only with examples from our laboratory. We apologize to all contributors to dendrimers and to the readers of this Perspective for this space-limited decision. Even after this decision, restrictions to a limited number of examples were required. In spite of this, we expect that this Perspective will provide a new way of thinking about stimuli in all fields of self-organized complex soft matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Dipankar Sahoo
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Jasper Adamson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
- Chemical Physics Laboratory, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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2
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Wang Y, Huang J, Yan X, Lei H, Liu X, Guo Q, Liu Y, Liu T, Huang M, Bian F, Su Z, Cheng SZD. Soft Alloys Constructed with Distinct Mesoatoms via Self‐Sorting Assembly of Giant Shape Amphiphiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200637. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Wang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510460 China
| | - Jiahao Huang
- Department of Polymer Science School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Xiao‐Yun Yan
- Department of Polymer Science School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Huanyu Lei
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510460 China
| | - Xian‐You Liu
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510460 China
| | - Qing‐Yun Guo
- Department of Polymer Science School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Yuchu Liu
- Department of Polymer Science School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Polymer Science School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Mingjun Huang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510460 China
| | - Fenggang Bian
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201204 China
| | - Zebin Su
- Department of Polymer Science School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Stephen Z. D. Cheng
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510460 China
- Department of Polymer Science School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
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3
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Wang Y, Huang J, Yan X, Lei H, Liu X, Guo Q, Liu Y, Liu T, Huang M, Bian F, Su Z, Cheng SZD. Soft Alloys Constructed with Distinct Mesoatoms via Self‐Sorting Assembly of Giant Shape Amphiphiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Wang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510460 China
| | - Jiahao Huang
- Department of Polymer Science School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Xiao‐Yun Yan
- Department of Polymer Science School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Huanyu Lei
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510460 China
| | - Xian‐You Liu
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510460 China
| | - Qing‐Yun Guo
- Department of Polymer Science School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Yuchu Liu
- Department of Polymer Science School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Polymer Science School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Mingjun Huang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510460 China
| | - Fenggang Bian
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201204 China
| | - Zebin Su
- Department of Polymer Science School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Stephen Z. D. Cheng
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510460 China
- Department of Polymer Science School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
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4
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Zhang S, Zeng YP, Wan XJ, Xu DH, Liu XY, Cui G, Li L. Ultrafast Exciton Delocalization and Localization Dynamics of a Perylene Bisimide Quadruple π-Stack: A Nonadiabatic Dynamics Simulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:7293-7302. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00018k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unraveling the photogenerated exciton dynamics of πstacked molecular aggregates is of great importance for both fundamental studies and industrial applications. Among various πstacked molecular aggregates, perylene tetracarboxylic acid bisimides (PBI)...
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5
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Percec V, Xiao Q. Helical Chirality of Supramolecular Columns and Spheres Self‐Organizes Complex Liquid Crystals, Crystals, and Quasicrystals. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 United States
| | - Qi Xiao
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 United States
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Eichhorn SH, El-Ballouli AO, Cassar A, Kaafarani BR. Columnar Mesomorphism of Board-Shaped Perylene, Diketopyrrolopyrrole, Isoindigo, Indigo, and Quinoxalino-Phenanthrophenazine Dyes. Chempluschem 2021; 86:319-339. [PMID: 33624951 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The properties of organic dyes depend as much on their intermolecular interactions as on their molecular structure. While it is generally predictable what supramolecular structure would be ideal for a specific application, the generation of specific supramolecular structures by molecular design and suitable processing methods remains to be a challenge. A versatile approach to different supramolecular structures has been the application of mesomorphism in conjunction with alignment techniques and self-assembly at interfaces. Reviewed here is the columnar mesomorphism of board-shaped dyes perylene, indigo, isoindigo, diketopyrrolopyrrole, and quinoxalinophenanthrophenazine. They generate a larger number of different supramolecular structures than conventional disc-shaped (discotic) mesogens because of their non-circular shape and directional intermolecular interactions. The mesomorphism of all but the perylene derivatives is systematically and comprehensively covered for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Holger Eichhorn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - A O El-Ballouli
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 11481, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam Cassar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Bilal R Kaafarani
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, 1107-2020, Lebanon
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7
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Percec V, Xiao Q. Helical Self-Organizations and Emerging Functions in Architectures, Biological and Synthetic Macromolecules. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Qi Xiao
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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8
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Huang J, Su Z, Huang M, Zhang R, Wang J, Feng X, Zhang R, Zhang R, Shan W, Yan XY, Guo QY, Liu T, Liu Y, Cui Y, Li X, Shi AC, Cheng SZD. Spherical Supramolecular Structures Constructed via Chemically Symmetric Perylene Bisimides: Beyond Columnar Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18563-18571. [PMID: 32656991 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Like other discotic molecules, self-assembled supramolecular structures of perylene bisimides (PBIs) are commonly limited to columnar or lamellar structures due to their distinct π-conjugated scaffolds and unique rectangular shape of perylene cores. The discovery of PBIs with supramolecular structures beyond layers and columns may expand the scope of PBI-based materials. A series of unconventional spherical packing phases in PBIs, including A15 phase, σ phase, dodecagonal quasicrystalline (DQC) phase, and body-centered cubic (BCC) phase, is reported. A strategy involving functionalization of perylene core with several polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) cages achieved spherical assemblies of PBIs, instead of columnar assemblies, due to the significantly increased steric hindrance at the periphery. This strategy may also be employed for the discovery of unconventional spherical assemblies in other related discotic molecules by the introduction of similar bulky functional groups at their periphery. An unusual inverse phase transition sequence from a BCC phase to a σ phase was observed by increasing annealing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Huang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.,Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
| | - Zebin Su
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
| | - Mingjun Huang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Rongchun Zhang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xueyan Feng
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ruimeng Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
| | - Wenpeng Shan
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
| | - Xiao-Yun Yan
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
| | - Qing-Yun Guo
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
| | - Yuchu Liu
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
| | - Yunpeng Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - An-Chang Shi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Stephen Z D Cheng
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.,Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
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9
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Huang J, Su Z, Huang M, Zhang R, Wang J, Feng X, Zhang R, Zhang R, Shan W, Yan X, Guo Q, Liu T, Liu Y, Cui Y, Li X, Shi A, Cheng SZD. Spherical Supramolecular Structures Constructed via Chemically Symmetric Perylene Bisimides: Beyond Columnar Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Huang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology School of Molecular Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Department of Polymer Science College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Zebin Su
- Department of Polymer Science College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Mingjun Huang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology School of Molecular Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Rongchun Zhang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology School of Molecular Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Xueyan Feng
- Department of Polymer Science College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology School of Molecular Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Ruimeng Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Wenpeng Shan
- Department of Polymer Science College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Xiao‐Yun Yan
- Department of Polymer Science College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Qing‐Yun Guo
- Department of Polymer Science College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Polymer Science College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Yuchu Liu
- Department of Polymer Science College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Yunpeng Cui
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - An‐Chang Shi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy McMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Stephen Z. D. Cheng
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology School of Molecular Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Department of Polymer Science College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
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Wang L, Partridge BE, Huang N, Olsen JT, Sahoo D, Zeng X, Ungar G, Graf R, Spiess HW, Percec V. Extraordinary Acceleration of Cogwheel Helical Self-Organization of Dendronized Perylene Bisimides by the Dendron Sequence Encoding Their Tertiary Structure. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9525-9536. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Benjamin E. Partridge
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Ning Huang
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - James T. Olsen
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Dipankar Sahoo
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Robert Graf
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans W. Spiess
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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11
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Langmuir-Blodgett films of two chiral perylene bisimide-based molecules: Aggregation and supramolecular chirality. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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12
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Su H, Li Z, Tan J, Ma H, Yan L, Li H. Structural conversion of three copper( ii) complexes with snapshot observations based on the different crystal colours and morphology. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42964-42970. [PMID: 35514932 PMCID: PMC9058286 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07231a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three novel Cu(ii) complexes [Cu2(L)2(MeOH)2] (1), [Cu2(L)2(H2O)2] (2) and [CuL(H2O)] (3) (L = (E)-2-((2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylidene)amino)acetic acid) have been obtained in different time scales of reaction processing. Complexes 1 and 2 are kinetically controlled products and 3 is a thermodynamically stable product. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that 1 and 2 are binuclear complexes except for different coordination solvents. 3 is a mononuclear complex. Complex 1 is mainly obtained in methanol solution, while 2 and 3 are stable in aqueous solvents. Based on the understanding of crystal structures of the three complexes, reversibly transforming crystal 2 to crystal 1 at room temperature has been realised, which has been confirmed by the change of colours and morphology measured by SEM. The research work is very important for controllable synthesis of coordination complexes. Structural conversion of three novel Cu(ii) complexes [Cu2(L)2(MeOH)2] (1), [Cu2(L)2(H2O)2] (2) and [CuL(H2O)] (3) (L = (E)-2-((2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylidene)amino)acetic acid) in different time scales of reaction processing.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Su
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Zhongkui Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Junrui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Analytical and Testing Center
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Li Yan
- Analytical and Testing Center
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
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13
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Li M, Zajaczkowski W, Velpula G, Jänsch D, Graf R, Marszalek T, Parekh SH, Zagranyarski Y, Mali K, Wagner M, De Feyter S, Li C, Müllen K, Pisula W. Transformation from helical to layered supramolecular organization of asymmetric perylene diimides via multiple intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Chem Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01911a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The solid-state supramolecular organization of asymmetric perylene diimide is transformed from helical to layered self-assembly after thermal annealing.
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14
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Partridge BE, Wang L, Sahoo D, Olsen JT, Leowanawat P, Roche C, Ferreira H, Reilly KJ, Zeng X, Ungar G, Heiney PA, Graf R, Spiess HW, Percec V. Sequence-Defined Dendrons Dictate Supramolecular Cogwheel Assembly of Dendronized Perylene Bisimides. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15761-15766. [PMID: 31529966 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A dendronized perylene bisimide (PBI) that self-organizes into hexagonal arrays of supramolecular double helices with identical single-crystal-like order that disregards chirality was recently reported. A cogwheel model of self-assembly that explains this process was proposed. Accessing the highly ordered cogwheel phase required very slow heating and cooling or extended periods of annealing. Analogous PBIs with linear alkyl chains did not exhibit the cogwheel assembly. Here a library of sequence-defined dendrons containing all possible compositions of linear and racemic alkyl chains was employed to construct self-assembling PBIs. Thermal and structural analysis of their assemblies by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fiber X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the incorporation of n-alkyl chains accelerates the formation of the high order cogwheel phase, rendering the previously invisible phase accessible under standard heating and cooling rates. Small changes to the primary structure, as constitutional isomerism, result in significant changes to macroscopic properties such as melting of the periodic array. This study demonstrated how changes to the sequence-defined primary structure, including the relocation of methyl groups between two constitutional isomers, dictate tertiary and quaternary structure in hierarchical assemblies. This led to the discovery of a sequence that self-organizes the cogwheel assembly much faster than even the corresponding homochiral compounds and demonstrated that defined-sequence, which has long been recognized as a determinant for the complex structure of biomacromolecules including proteins and nucleic acids, plays the same role also in supramolecular synthetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Partridge
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Li Wang
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States.,College of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Dipankar Sahoo
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - James T Olsen
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Pawaret Leowanawat
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Cecilé Roche
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Henrique Ferreira
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Kevin J Reilly
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S1 3JD , United Kingdom
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S1 3JD , United Kingdom.,State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Paul A Heiney
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6396 , United States
| | - Robert Graf
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Hans W Spiess
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
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15
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16
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Buzzacchera I, Xiao Q, Han H, Rahimi K, Li S, Kostina NY, Toebes BJ, Wilner SE, Möller M, Rodriguez-Emmenegger C, Baumgart T, Wilson DA, Wilson CJ, Klein ML, Percec V. Screening Libraries of Amphiphilic Janus Dendrimers Based on Natural Phenolic Acids to Discover Monodisperse Unilamellar Dendrimersomes. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:712-727. [PMID: 30354069 PMCID: PMC6571140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural, including plant, and synthetic phenolic acids are employed as building blocks for the synthesis of constitutional isomeric libraries of self-assembling dendrons and dendrimers that are the simplest examples of programmed synthetic macromolecules. Amphiphilic Janus dendrimers are synthesized from a diversity of building blocks including natural phenolic acids. They self-assemble in water or buffer into vesicular dendrimersomes employed as biological membrane mimics, hybrid and synthetic cells. These dendrimersomes are predominantly uni- or multilamellar vesicles with size and polydispersity that is predicted by their primary structure. However, in numerous cases, unilamellar dendrimersomes completely free of multilamellar assemblies are desirable. Here, we report the synthesis and structural analysis of a library containing 13 amphiphilic Janus dendrimers containing linear and branched alkyl chains on their hydrophobic part. They were prepared by an optimized iterative modular synthesis starting from natural phenolic acids. Monodisperse dendrimersomes were prepared by injection and giant polydisperse by hydration. Both were structurally characterized to select the molecular design principles that provide unilamellar dendrimersomes in higher yields and shorter reaction times than under previously used reaction conditions. These dendrimersomes are expected to provide important tools for synthetic cell biology, encapsulation, and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Buzzacchera
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- DWI−Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- NovioSense B.V., Transistorweg 5, 6534 AT Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Qi Xiao
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Institute of Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Hong Han
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Khosrow Rahimi
- DWI−Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Shangda Li
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Nina Yu. Kostina
- DWI−Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - B. Jelle Toebes
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Samantha E. Wilner
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Martin Möller
- DWI−Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Cesar Rodriguez-Emmenegger
- DWI−Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Baumgart
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michael L. Klein
- Institute of Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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17
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Self-assembly of multi-stranded perylene dye J-aggregates in columnar liquid-crystalline phases. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2646. [PMID: 29980743 PMCID: PMC6035248 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many discoid dyes self-assemble into columnar liquid-crystalline (LC) phases with packing arrangements that are undesired for photonic applications due to H-type exciton coupling. Here, we report a series of crystalline and LC perylene bisimides (PBIs) self-assembling into single or multi-stranded (two, three, and four strands) aggregates with predominant J-type exciton coupling. These differences in the supramolecular packing and optical properties are achieved by molecular design variations of tetra-bay phenoxy-dendronized PBIs with two N–H groups at the imide positions. The self-assembly is driven by hydrogen bonding, slipped π–π stacking, nanosegregation, and steric requirements of the peripheral building blocks. We could determine the impact of the packing motifs on the spectroscopic properties and demonstrate different J- and H-type coupling contributions between the chromophores. Our findings on structure–property relationships and strong J-couplings in bulk LC materials open a new avenue in the molecular engineering of PBI J-aggregates with prospective applications in photonics. Perylene bisimides (PBI) exhibit interesting photophysical and self-assembly properties but detailed understanding of the correlation between packing motif and spectroscopic properties is lacking. Here the authors report on self-assembling of PBIs in liquid crystalline phases to give aggregates with J- and H-type coupling contribution between the chromophores.
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18
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Gupta RK, Shankar Rao DS, Prasad SK, Achalkumar AS. Columnar Self-Assembly of Electron-Deficient Dendronized Bay-Annulated Perylene Bisimides. Chemistry 2018; 24:3566-3575. [PMID: 29283196 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Three new heteroatom bay-annulated perylene bisimides (PBIs) have been synthesized by microwave-assisted synthesis in excellent yield. N-annulated and S-annulated perylene bisimides exhibited columnar hexagonal phase, whereas Se-annulated perylene bisimide exhibited low temperature columnar oblique phase in addition to the high temperature columnar hexagonal phase. The cup shaped bay-annulated PBIs pack into columns with enhanced intermolecular interactions. In comparison to PBI, these molecules exhibited lower melting and clearing temperature, with good solubility. A small red shift in the absorption was seen in the case of N-annulated PBI, whereas S- and Se-annulated PBIs exhibited blue-shifted absorption spectra. Bay-annulation increased the HOMO and LUMO levels of the N-annulated perylene bisimide, whereas a slight increase in the LUMO level and a decrease in the HOMO levels were observed in the case of S- and Se-annulated perylene bisimides, in comparison to the simple perylene bisimide. The band gaps of PBI and PBI-N were almost same, whereas an increase in the band gaps were observed in the case of S- and Se-annulated PBIs. The tendency to freeze in the ordered glassy columnar phase for PBI-N and PBI-S will help to overcome the charge traps due to crystallization, which are detrimental to one-dimensional charge carrier mobility. These solution processable electron deficient columnar semiconductors possessing good thermal stability may form an easily accessible promising class of n-type materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Doddamane S Shankar Rao
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Jalahalli, P. B. No. 1329, Bangalore, 560013, India
| | - S Krishna Prasad
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Jalahalli, P. B. No. 1329, Bangalore, 560013, India
| | - Ammathnadu S Achalkumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
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19
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Raj MR, Margabandu R, Mangalaraja RV, Anandan S. Influence of imide-substituents on the H-type aggregates of perylene diimides bearing cetyloxy side-chains at bay positions. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:9179-9191. [PMID: 29184956 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01918a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of perylene-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic acid diimides (PDIs, namely TYR-PDI, AEP-PDI, CET-PDI, ANP-PDI and KOD-PDI), comprising long linear cetyloxy side-chains functionalized at the 1,7-bay positions and the different substituents (i.e., hydrophobic/hydrophilic segments) symmetrically linked at the two imide-positions of the perylene core were synthesized to investigate the influence of imide-substituent patterns on the aggregation behaviours of PDIs. The photophysical properties of these PDIs were studied by UV-Vis absorption, fluorescence and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. The differences in the photophysical properties of the PDIs indicate (i) blue-shifted and broadening absorption properties in both solution and thin-films, (ii) red-shifted and broadening fluorescence behavior at their emission maximum in solution, however, blue-shifted fluorescence behavior in thin-films, and (iii) obviously longer fluorescence life-times corresponding to the existence of rotationally displaced H-type aggregates. The formation of short-range ordered rod-like microstructures through face-to-face alignment of columnar rectangular H-type PDI aggregates was rationalized by scanning electron microscopy. The X-ray diffraction study revealed that the formation of well-defined columnar rectangular (Colrp) H-type PDI aggregates indicated a nearly constant intracolumnar stacking distance of ∼3.9 Å for all PDIs. All of these findings were consistent with the formation of hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions between the imide-substituents in addition to the strong hydrophobic π-π stacking interactions between the conjugated perylene cores, which were enforced in the H-type PDI aggregates that spontaneously self-organized into Colrp structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ruby Raj
- Nanomaterials & Solar Energy Conversion Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli-620015, India.
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20
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Herbst S, Soberats B, Leowanawat P, Lehmann M, Würthner F. A Columnar Liquid-Crystal Phase Formed by Hydrogen-Bonded Perylene Bisimide J-Aggregates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Herbst
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Bartolome Soberats
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI); Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Pawaret Leowanawat
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Matthias Lehmann
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI); Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI); Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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21
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Herbst S, Soberats B, Leowanawat P, Lehmann M, Würthner F. A Columnar Liquid-Crystal Phase Formed by Hydrogen-Bonded Perylene Bisimide J-Aggregates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2162-2165. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Herbst
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Bartolome Soberats
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI); Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Pawaret Leowanawat
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Matthias Lehmann
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI); Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI); Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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22
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Goudappagouda G, Wakchaure VC, Ranjeesh KC, Abhai CAR, Babu SS. Cascade energy transfer and tunable emission from nanosheet hybrids: locating acceptor molecules through chiral doping. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02994b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A donor–acceptor–donor triad with excellent intramolecular energy transfer (99%) exhibits cascade energy transfer in the presence of second acceptors leading to tunable emission colours. Chiral acceptor doping enables chiral induction and to locate acceptors in the donor scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goudappagouda Goudappagouda
- Organic Chemistry Division
- National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL)
- Pune-411008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Vivek Chandrakant Wakchaure
- Organic Chemistry Division
- National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL)
- Pune-411008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Kayaramkodath Chandran Ranjeesh
- Organic Chemistry Division
- National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL)
- Pune-411008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | | | - Sukumaran Santhosh Babu
- Organic Chemistry Division
- National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL)
- Pune-411008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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23
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Ho MS, Partridge BE, Sun HJ, Sahoo D, Leowanawat P, Peterca M, Graf R, Spiess HW, Zeng X, Ungar G, Heiney PA, Hsu CS, Percec V. Screening Libraries of Semifluorinated Arylene Bisimides to Discover and Predict Thermodynamically Controlled Helical Crystallization. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2016; 18:723-739. [PMID: 27797481 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.6b00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis, structural, and retrostructural analysis of a library containing 16 self-assembling perylene (PBI), 1,6,7,12-tetrachloroperylene (Cl4PBI), naphthalene (NBI), and pyromellitic (PMBI) bisimides functionalized with environmentally friendly AB3 chiral racemic semifluorinated minidendrons at their imide groups via m = 0, 1, 2, and 3 methylene units is reported. These semifluorinated compounds melt at lower temperatures than homologous hydrogenated compounds, permitting screening of all their thermotropic phases via structural analysis to discover thermodynamically controlled helical crystallization from propeller-like, cogwheel, and tilted molecules as well as lamellar-like structures. Thermodynamically controlled helical crystallization was discovered for propeller-like PBI, Cl4PBI and NBI with m = 0. Unexpectedly, assemblies of twisted Cl4PBIs exhibit higher order than those of planar PBIs. PBI with m = 1, 2, and 3 form a thermodynamically controlled columnar hexagonal 2D lattice of tilted helical columns with intracolumnar order. PBI and Cl4PBI with m = 1 crystallize via a recently discovered helical cogwheel mechanism, while NBI and PMBI with m = 1 form tilted helical columns. PBI, NBI and PMBI with m = 2 generate lamellar-like structures. 3D and 2D assemblies of PBI with m = 1, 2, and 3, NBI with m = 1 and PMBI with m = 2 exhibit 3.4 Å π-π stacking. The library approach applied here and in previous work enabled the discovery of six assemblies which self-organize via thermodynamic control into 3D and 2D periodic arrays, and provides molecular principles to predict the supramolecular structure of electronically active components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shou Ho
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Benjamin E. Partridge
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Hao-Jan Sun
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Dipankar Sahoo
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Pawaret Leowanawat
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, United States
| | - Robert Graf
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans W. Spiess
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 3110018, China
| | - Paul A. Heiney
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, United States
| | - Chain-Shu Hsu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh
Road, Hsin-Chu 30049, Taiwan
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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24
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Sahoo D, Peterca M, Aqad E, Partridge BE, Heiney PA, Graf R, Spiess HW, Zeng X, Percec V. Hierarchical Self-Organization of Perylene Bisimides into Supramolecular Spheres and Periodic Arrays Thereof. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:14798-14807. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Sahoo
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, United States
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, United States
| | - Emad Aqad
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Benjamin E. Partridge
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Paul A. Heiney
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, United States
| | - Robert Graf
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans W. Spiess
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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25
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Besenius P. Controlling supramolecular polymerization through multicomponent self-assembly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pol Besenius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 Mainz 55128 Germany
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26
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Numata M. Supramolecular Chemistry in Microflow Fields: Toward a New Material World of Precise Kinetic Control. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:2574-88. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Numata
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku; Kyoto 606-8522 Japan
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27
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Hansen MR, Graf R, Spiess HW. Interplay of Structure and Dynamics in Functional Macromolecular and Supramolecular Systems As Revealed by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1272-308. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ryan Hansen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, P.O. Box 3148, 55021 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Graf
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, P.O. Box 3148, 55021 Mainz, Germany
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28
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Würthner F, Saha-Möller CR, Fimmel B, Ogi S, Leowanawat P, Schmidt D. Perylene Bisimide Dye Assemblies as Archetype Functional Supramolecular Materials. Chem Rev 2015; 116:962-1052. [PMID: 26270260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 969] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chantu R Saha-Möller
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Fimmel
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Soichiro Ogi
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pawaret Leowanawat
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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29
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Partridge BE, Leowanawat P, Aqad E, Imam MR, Sun HJ, Peterca M, Heiney PA, Graf R, Spiess HW, Zeng X, Ungar G, Percec V. Increasing 3D Supramolecular Order by Decreasing Molecular Order. A Comparative Study of Helical Assemblies of Dendronized Nonchlorinated and Tetrachlorinated Perylene Bisimides. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:5210-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E. Partridge
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Pawaret Leowanawat
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Emad Aqad
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Mohammad R. Imam
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Hao-Jan Sun
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, United States
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Paul A. Heiney
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, United States
| | - Robert Graf
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans W. Spiess
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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30
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Mu B, Wu B, Pan S, Fang J, Chen D. Hierarchical Self-Organization and Uniaxial Alignment of Well Synthesized Side-Chain Discotic Liquid Crystalline Polymers. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Mu
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology
of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and ‡Center for Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology
of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and ‡Center for Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shi Pan
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology
of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and ‡Center for Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jianglin Fang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology
of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and ‡Center for Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dongzhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology
of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and ‡Center for Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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31
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Wu YC, Leowanawat P, Sun HJ, Partridge BE, Peterca M, Graf R, Spiess HW, Zeng X, Ungar G, Hsu CS, Heiney PA, Percec V. Complex Columnar Hexagonal Polymorphism in Supramolecular Assemblies of a Semifluorinated Electron-Accepting Naphthalene Bisimide. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:807-19. [DOI: 10.1021/ja510643b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Wu
- Roy
and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Pawaret Leowanawat
- Roy
and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Hao-Jan Sun
- Roy
and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, United States
| | - Benjamin E. Partridge
- Roy
and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy
and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Robert Graf
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans W. Spiess
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chain-Shu Hsu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu 30049, Taiwan
| | - Paul A. Heiney
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, United States
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy
and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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32
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Park S, Cho BK. Sequential phase transformation of propeller-like C3-symmetric liquid crystals from a helical to ordered to disordered hexagonal columnar structure. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:94-101. [PMID: 25370808 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02004a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report thermally induced intercolumnar phase transitions of C3-symmetric liquid crystals (LCs) bearing a triazole-based propeller-like aromatic mesogen. Since the constituting aromatic rings are conjugated through rotatable single bonds, the mesogenic shape is tuneable depending on the degree of conformational motion. Molecule 1 with ninefold octyl peripheries shows a hexagonal columnar liquid crystalline phase transition from ordered mesogenic stacking to disordered mesogenic stacking upon heating. On the other hand, molecule 2 with sixfold octyl peripheries displays a helical hexagonal columnar phase with the P6/mmm space group at ambient temperature as well as the ordered and disordered hexagonal columnar phases at higher temperatures. The intracolumnar helical order can be understood by an interdigitated stacking of the propeller-like mesogens along the columnar axis and the optimized space-filling. Notably, all the intercolumnar phase transformations in this study are revealed as second-order transitions. The thermodynamic nature agrees well with the fact that the conformational motions of the C3-symmetric aromatic mesogen change abruptly with each columnar transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-Do 448-701, Korea.
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33
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R. Newkome G, El-Batal H, Manríquez Rocha J, A. Godínez L, Guo K, Li X, Lu X, Wesdemiotis C, N. Moorefield C, F. Méndez P. Perylene-Based, Bis(terpyridine)-Ru(II) Complexes: Synthesis, Electrochemical and Photovoltaic Properties. HETEROCYCLES 2015. [DOI: 10.3987/com-14-s(k)49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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34
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Meng L, Wu Q, Yang F, Guo H. Novel room-temperature thermotropic liquid crystals: synthesis and mesomorphism of gallic–perylene–gallic trimers. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj00993b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Compounds 7 and 8 with soft bridging chains exhibit columnar mesophase, but compound 9 with a rigid chain exhibits no mesophase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Meng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- P. R. China
| | - Qiumei Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- P. R. China
| | - Fafu Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- P. R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
| | - Hongyu Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- P. R. China
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35
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Sun HJ, Zhang S, Percec V. From structure to function via complex supramolecular dendrimer systems. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:3900-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00249k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of quasi-equivalent amphiphilic dendrons into secondary and tertiary structures and their self-organization into periodic arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Jan Sun
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Shaodong Zhang
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia
- USA
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36
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Dressel C, Liu F, Prehm M, Zeng X, Ungar G, Tschierske C. Dynamic Mirror-Symmetry Breaking in Bicontinuous Cubic Phases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Dressel C, Liu F, Prehm M, Zeng X, Ungar G, Tschierske C. Dynamic mirror-symmetry breaking in bicontinuous cubic phases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13115-20. [PMID: 25257551 PMCID: PMC4501316 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chiral segregation of enantiomers or chiral conformers of achiral molecules during self-assembly in well-ordered crystalline superstructures has fascinated chemists since Pasteur. Here we report spontaneous mirror-symmetry breaking in cubic phases formed by achiral multichain-terminated diphenyl-2,2'-bithiophenes. It was found that stochastic symmetry breaking is a general phenomenon observed in bicontinuous cubic liquid crystal phases of achiral rod-like compounds. In all compounds studied the Im3̄m cubic phase is always chiral, while the Ia3̄d phase is achiral. These intriguing observations are explained by propagation of homochiral helical twist across the entire networks through helix matching at network junctions. In the Ia3̄d phase the opposing chiralities of the two networks cancel, but not so in the three-networks Im3̄m phase. The high twist in the Im3̄m phase explains its previously unrecognized chirality, as well as the origin of this complex structure and the transitions between the different cubic phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dressel
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Germany)
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38
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Roche C, Sun HJ, Prendergast ME, Leowanawat P, Partridge BE, Heiney PA, Araoka F, Graf R, Spiess HW, Zeng X, Ungar G, Percec V. Homochiral columns constructed by chiral self-sorting during supramolecular helical organization of hat-shaped molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:7169-85. [PMID: 24758745 DOI: 10.1021/ja5035107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A library of dendronized cyclotriveratrylene (CTV) crowns substituted with chiral, racemic, or achiral peripheral alkyl chains, including enantiopure R and S branched alkyls, "racemic by mixture", "racemic by synthesis", n-octyl, and n-dodecyl groups was synthesized. In solvophobic solvents and in bulk they self-assemble in helical columns. Their solution and bulk shape-persistent supramolecular structures were determined by a complementary combination of circular dichroism (CD) and UV in solution and thin film, microspot CD in thin film, differential scanning calorimetry combined with fiber X-ray diffraction, computer simulation, and molecular models. In solution, self-assembly via a cooperative mechanism generates single-handed columns from enantiopure CTVs and mixtures of right- and left-handed columns from racemic by mixture, racemic by synthesis, other combinations of R and S, and even from achiral compounds. In bulk state all supramolecular columns form a 3D hexagonal crystalline phase, Φ(h)(k) (P6₃ symmetry), that can be obtained only from single-handed columns and a columnar hexagonal 2D liquid crystal, Φ(h). The highest order Φ(h)(k) consists of enantiopure single-handed columns that are slightly distorted 12-fold triple helices. The "hat-shaped" dendronized CTV assembles in bent-branch pine-tree columns that allow interdigitation of alkyl groups in adjacent columns regardless of their direction. Enantiomerically rich, racemic, and achiral compositions undergo deracemization in the crystal state by transfer of the transient disc-like conformer of dendronized CTV from column to column during crown inversion. Solid state NMR experiments identified motional processes that allow such transfer. This unprecedented supramolecular chiral self-sorting will impact the creation of functions in complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Roche
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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39
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40
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Kumar J, Nakashima T, Tsumatori H, Mori M, Naito M, Kawai T. Circularly Polarized Luminescence in Supramolecular Assemblies of Chiral Bichromophoric Perylene Bisimides. Chemistry 2013; 19:14090-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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Shu J, Dudenko D, Esmaeili M, Park JH, Puniredd SR, Chang JY, Breiby DW, Pisula W, Hansen MR. Coexistence of helical morphologies in columnar stacks of star-shaped discotic hydrazones. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:11075-86. [PMID: 23829567 DOI: 10.1021/ja4029186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Discotic hydrazone molecules are of particular interest as they form discotic phases where the discs are rigidified by intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Here, we investigate the thermotropic behavior and solid-state organizations of three discotic hydrazone derivatives with dendritic groups attached to their outer peripheries, containing six, eight, and ten carbons of linear alkoxy chains. On the basis of two-dimensional wide angle X-ray scattering (2DWAXS), the elevated temperature liquid crystalline (LC) phases were assigned to a hexagonal columnar (Colh) organization with nontilted hydrazone discs for all three compounds. With WAXS, advanced solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) techniques, and ab initio computations, the compounds with six and ten carbons of achiral alkoxy side chains were further subjected to studies at 25 °C, revealing complex crystalline phases with rigid columns and flexible side chains. This combined approach led to models of coexisting helical columnar stacking morphologies for both systems with two different tilt/pitch angles between successive hydrazone molecules. The differences in tilt/pitch angles between the two compounds illustrate that the columns with short alkoxy chains (six carbons) are more influenced by the presence of other stacks in their vicinity, while those with long side chains are less tilted due to a larger alkoxy (ten carbons) buffer zone. The formation of different packing morphologies in the crystalline phase of a columnar LC has rarely been reported so far, which suggests the possibility of complex stacking structures of similar organic LC systems, utilizing small molecules as potential materials for applications in organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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42
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Seki T, Lin X, Yagai S. Supramolecular Engineering of Perylene Bisimide Assemblies Based on Complementary Multiple Hydrogen Bonding Interactions. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201300025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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43
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Percec V, Sun HJ, Leowanawat P, Peterca M, Graf R, Spiess HW, Zeng X, Ungar G, Heiney PA. Transformation from Kinetically into Thermodynamically Controlled Self-Organization of Complex Helical Columns with 3D Periodicity Assembled from Dendronized Perylene Bisimides. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4129-48. [DOI: 10.1021/ja400639q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Hao-Jan Sun
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104-6396, United States
| | - Pawaret Leowanawat
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104-6396, United States
| | - Robert Graf
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans W. Spiess
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- WCU C2E2, School of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Seoul National University,
Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Paul A. Heiney
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104-6396, United States
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44
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Martí-Rujas J, Kawano M. Kinetic products in coordination networks: ab initio X-ray powder diffraction analysis. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:493-505. [PMID: 23252592 DOI: 10.1021/ar300212v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Porous coordination networks are materials that maintain their crystal structure as molecular "guests" enter and exit their pores. They are of great research interest with applications in areas such as catalysis, gas adsorption, proton conductivity, and drug release. As with zeolite preparation, the kinetic states in coordination network preparation play a crucial role in determining the final products. Controlling the kinetic state during self-assembly of coordination networks is a fundamental aspect of developing further functionalization of this class of materials. However, unlike for zeolites, there are few structural studies reporting the kinetic products made during self-assembly of coordination networks. Synthetic routes that produce the necessary selectivity are complex. The structural knowledge obtained from X-ray crystallography has been crucial for developing rational strategies for design of organic-inorganic hybrid networks. However, despite the explosive progress in the solid-state study of coordination networks during the last 15 years, researchers still do not understand many chemical reaction processes because of the difficulties in growing single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction: Fast precipitation can lead to kinetic (metastable) products, but in microcrystalline form, unsuitable for single crystal X-ray analysis. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) routinely is used to check phase purity, crystallinity, and to monitor the stability of frameworks upon guest removal/inclusion under various conditions, but rarely is used for structure elucidation. Recent advances in structure determination of microcrystalline solids from ab initio XRPD have allowed three-dimensional structure determination when single crystals are not available. Thus, ab initio XRPD structure determination is becoming a powerful method for structure determination of microcrystalline solids, including porous coordination networks. Because of the great interest across scientific disciplines in coordination networks, especially porous coordination networks, the ability to determine crystal structures when the crystals are not suitable for single crystal X-ray analysis is of paramount importance. In this Account, we report the potential of kinetic control to synthesize new coordination networks and we describe ab initio XRPD structure determination to characterize these networks' crystal structures. We describe our recent work on selective instant synthesis to yield kinetically controlled porous coordination networks. We demonstrate that instant synthesis can selectively produce metastable networks that are not possible to synthesize by conventional solution chemistry. Using kinetic products, we provide mechanistic insights into thermally induced (573-723 K) (i.e., annealing method) structural transformations in porous coordination networks as well as examples of guest exchange/inclusion reactions. Finally, we describe a memory effect that allows the transfer of structural information from kinetic precursor structures to thermally stable structures through amorphous intermediate phases. We believe that ab initio XRPD structure determination will soon be used to investigate chemical processes that lead intrinsically to microcrystalline solids, which up to now have not been fully understood due to the unavailability of single crystals. For example, only recently have researchers used single-crystal X-ray diffraction to elucidate crystal-to-crystal chemical reactions taking place in the crystalline scaffold of coordination networks. The potential of ab initio X-ray powder diffraction analysis goes beyond single-crystal-to-single-crystal processes, potentially allowing members of this field to study intriguing in situ reactions, such as reactions within pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martí-Rujas
- Italian Institute of Technology, Centre for Nano Science and Technology (CNST−IIT@PoliMi), Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Masaki Kawano
- The Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31 Hyojadong, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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45
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Roche C, Percec V. Complex Adaptable Systems based on Self‐Assembling Dendrimers and Dendrons: Toward Dynamic Materials. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201200099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Roche
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104‐6323 (USA) phone: +1 215‐573‐5527 fax: +1 215‐573‐7888
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104‐6323 (USA) phone: +1 215‐573‐5527 fax: +1 215‐573‐7888
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46
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Bhalla V, Gupta A, Kumar M, Rao DSS, Prasad SK. Self-assembled pentacenequinone derivative for trace detection of picric acid. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:672-9. [PMID: 23317496 DOI: 10.1021/am302132h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pentacenequinone derivative 3 forms luminescent supramolecular aggregates both in bulk as well as in solution phase. In bulk phase at high temperature, long-range stacking of columns leads to formation of stable and ordered columnar mesophase. Further, derivative 3 works as sensitive chemosensor for picric acid (PA) and gel-coated paper strips detect PA at nanomolar level and provide a simple, portable, and low-cost method for detection of PA in aqueous solution, vapor phase, and in contact mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Bhalla
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored-Centre for Advanced Studies-I, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, Punjab, India.
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47
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Ke D, Tang A, Zhan C, Yao J. Conformation-variable PDI@β-sheet nanohelices show stimulus-responsive supramolecular chirality. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:4914-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42366b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Binder K, Butt HJ, Floudas G, Frey H, Hsu HP, Landfester K, Kolb U, Kühnle A, Maskos M, Müllen K, Paul W, Schmidt M, Spiess HW, Virnau P. Structure Formation of Polymeric Building Blocks: Complex Polymer Architectures. FROM SINGLE MOLECULES TO NANOSCOPICALLY STRUCTURED MATERIALS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2013_230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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49
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Lim JM, Kim P, Yoon MC, Sung J, Dehm V, Chen Z, Würthner F, Kim D. Exciton delocalization and dynamics in helical π-stacks of self-assembled perylene bisimides. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc21178e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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50
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Spiess HW. Probing Macromolecular and Supramolecular Structure, Dynamics, and Function by Magnetic Resonance. HIERARCHICAL MACROMOLECULAR STRUCTURES: 60 YEARS AFTER THE STAUDINGER NOBEL PRIZE I 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2013_255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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