1
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Ezhov R, Bury G, Maximova O, Grant ED, Kondo M, Masaoka S, Pushkar Y. Pentanuclear iron complex for water oxidation: spectroscopic analysis of reactive intermediates in solution and catalyst immobilization into the MOF-based photoanode. J Catal 2024; 429:115230. [PMID: 38187083 PMCID: PMC10769158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2023.115230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical water splitting can produce green hydrogen for industrial use and CO2-neutral transportation, ensuring the transition from fossil fuels to green, renewable energy sources. The iron-based electrocatalyst [FeII4FeIII(μ-3-O)(μ-L)6]3+ (LH = 3,5-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazole) (1), discovered in 2016, is one of the fastest molecular water oxidation catalysts (WOC) based on earth-abundant elements. However, its water oxidation reaction mechanism has not been yet fully elucidated. Here, we present in situ X-ray spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis of electrochemical water oxidation reaction (WOR) promoted by (1) in water-acetonitrile solution. We observed transient reactive intermediates during the in situ electrochemical WOR, consistent with a coordination sphere expansion prior to the onset of catalytic current. At a pre-catalytic (~+1.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl) potential, the distinct g~2.0 EPR signal assigned to FeIII/FeIV interaction was observed. Prolonged bulk electrolysis at catalytic (~+1.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl) potential leads to the further oxidation of Fe centers in (1). At the steady state achieved with such electrolysis, the formation of hypervalent FeV=O and FeIV=O catalytic intermediates was inferred with XANES and EXAFS fitting, detecting a short Fe=O bond at ~1.6 Å. (1) was embedded into MIL-126 MOF with the formation of (1)-MIL-126 composite. The latter was tested in photoelectrochemical WOR and demonstrated an improvement of electrocatalytic current upon visible light irradiation in acidic (pH=2) water solution. The presented spectroscopic analysis gives further insight into the catalytic pathways of multinuclear systems and should help the subsequent development of more energy- and cost-effective catalysts of water splitting based on earth-abundant metals. Photoelectrocatalytic activity of (1)-MIL-126 confirms the possibility of creating an assembly of (1) inside a solid support and boosting it with solar irradiation towards industrial applications of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Ezhov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Gabriel Bury
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Olga Maximova
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Elliot Daniel Grant
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Mio Kondo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Masaoka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yulia Pushkar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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2
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Gimeno-Fonquernie P, Albalad J, Evans JD, Price J, Doonan CJ, Sumby CJ. Atomic-Scale Elucidation of Unusually Distorted Dimeric Complexes Confined in a Zr-Based Metal-Organic Framework. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:19208-19217. [PMID: 37963068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoconfinement in metal-organic framework (MOF) pores can lead to the isolation of unusual or reactive metal complexes. However, MOFs that support the stabilization and precise structural elucidation of metal complexes and small metal clusters are rare. Here, we report a thermally and chemically stable zirconium-based MOF (University of Adelaide Material-1001, UAM-1001) with a high density of free bis-pyrazolyl units that can confine mono- and dinuclear metal complexes. The precursor MOF, UAM-1000, has a high degree of structural flexibility, but post synthetic modification with a bracing linker, biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, partially rigidifies the MOF (UAM-1001). This allows "matrix isolation" and detailed structural elucidation of postsynthetically added dimeric complexes bound within a tetradentate binding site formed by two linkers. Dimeric species [Co2Cl4], [Cu2Cl4], [Ni2Cl3(H2O)2]Cl, and [Rh2(CO)3Cl2] were successfully isolated in UAM-1001 and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Comparison of the UAM-1001 isolated species with similar complexes in the solid state reveals that UAM-1001 can significantly distort the structures and enforce notably shorter metal-metal distances. For example, MOF tethering allows isolation of a [Cu2Cl4] complex that rapidly reacts with water in the solid state. The stability, porosity, and modulated flexibility of UAM-1001 provide an ideal platform material for the isolation and study of new dimeric complexes and their reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Gimeno-Fonquernie
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Jorge Albalad
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Jack D Evans
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Jason Price
- ANSTO Melbourne, The Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Rd, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Christian J Doonan
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Christopher J Sumby
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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3
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Han WK, Liu Y, Feng JD, Yan X, Pang H, Gu ZG. Engineering a molecular ruthenium catalyst into three-dimensional metal covalent organic frameworks for efficient water oxidation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11768-11774. [PMID: 37920350 PMCID: PMC10619619 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03681b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The water oxidation reaction plays an important role in clean energy conversion, utilization, and storage, but mimicking the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II for designing active and stable water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) is still an appealing challenge. Here, we innovatively engineered a molecular ruthenium WOC as a metal complex building unit to construct a series of three-dimensional metal covalent organic frameworks (3D MCOFs) for realizing efficient oxidation catalysis. The resultant MCOFs possessed rare 3D interlocking structures with inclined interpenetration of two-dimensional covalent rhombic nets, and the Ru sites were periodically arranged in the crystalline porous frameworks. Impressively, these MCOFs showed excellent performance towards water oxidation (the O2 evolution rate is as high as 2830 nmol g-1 s-1) via the water nucleophilic attack pathway. Besides, the MCOFs were also reactive for oxidizing organic substrates. This work highlights the potential of MCOFs as a designable platform in integrating molecular catalysts for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Kang Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Jing-Dong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Xiaodong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Huan Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
| | - Zhi-Guo Gu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
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4
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Artificial Photosynthesis(AP): From Molecular Catalysts to Heterogeneous Materials. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Patel J, Bury G, Ravari AK, Ezhov R, Pushkar Y. Systematic Influence of Electronic Modification of Ligands on the Catalytic Rate of Water Oxidation by a Single-Site Ru-Based Catalyst. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202101657. [PMID: 34905663 PMCID: PMC10063387 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic water oxidation is an important process for the development of clean energy solutions and energy storage. Despite the significant number of reports on active catalysts, systematic control of the catalytic activity remains elusive. In this study, descriptors are explored that can be correlated with catalytic activity. [Ru(tpy)(pic)2 (H2 O)](NO3 )2 and [Ru(EtO-tpy)(pic)2 (H2 O)](NO3 )2 (where tpy=2,2' : 6',2"-terpyridine, EtO-tpy=4'-(ethoxy)-2,2':6',2"-terpyridine, pic=4-picoline) are synthesized and characterized by NMR, UV/Vis, EPR, resonance Raman, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and electrochemical analysis. Addition of the ethoxy group increases the catalytic activity in chemically driven and photocatalytic water oxidation. Thus, the effect of the electron-donating group known for the [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(H2 O)]2+ family is transferable to architectures with a tpy ligand trans to the Ru-oxo unit. Under catalytic conditions, [Ru(EtO-tpy)(pic)2 (H2 O)](NO3 )2 displays new spectroscopic signals tentatively assigned to a peroxo intermediate. Reaction pathways were analyzed by using DFT calculations. [Ru(EtO-tpy)(pic)2 (H2 O)](NO3 )2 is found to be one of the most active catalysts functioning by a water nucleophilic attack mechanism.
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6
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Levin N, Casadevall C, Cutsail GE, Lloret‐Fillol J, DeBeer S, Rüdiger O. XAS and EPR in Situ Observation of Ru(V) Oxo Intermediate in a Ru Water Oxidation Complex**. ChemElectroChem 2021; 9:e202101271. [PMID: 35874044 PMCID: PMC9302654 DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we combine in situ spectroelectrochemistry coupled with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and X‐ray absorption spectroscopies (XAS) to investigate a molecular Ru‐based water oxidation catalyst bearing a polypyridinic backbone [RuII(OH2)(Py2Metacn)]2+. Although high valent key intermediate species arising in catalytic cycles of this family of compounds have remain elusive due to the lack of additional anionic ligands that could potentially stabilize them, mechanistic studies performed on this system proposed a water nucleophilic attack (WNA) mechanism for the O−O bond formation. Employing in situ experimental conditions and complementary spectroscopic techniques allowed to observe intermediates that provide support for a WNA mechanism, including for the first time a Ru(V) oxo intermediate based on the Py2Metacn ligand, in agreement with the previously proposed mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Levin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstr. 34–36 D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Carla Casadevall
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avinguda Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Current address Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield road CB2 1EW Cambridge UK
| | - George E. Cutsail
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstr. 34–36 D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
- University of Duisburg-Essen Department of Chemistry Universitätstr. 7 D-45141 Essen Germany
| | - Julio Lloret‐Fillol
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avinguda Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstr. 34–36 D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Olaf Rüdiger
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstr. 34–36 D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
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7
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Misawa-Suzuki T, Mafune S, Nagao H. Synthesis of Carbonato- and Doubly Oxido-Bridged Diruthenium(III,IV) Complex and Reactions with Cations. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:9996-10005. [PMID: 34152773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Doubly oxido-bridged transition metal moieties, {M2(μ-O)2}, play important roles as oxidation reaction centers in nature. This work features a diruthenium(III,IV) complex with a doubly oxido-bridged core {Ru2III,IV(μ-O)2}3+ with a carbonato bridged between the two ruthenium centers, M[{RuIII,IV(ebpma)}2(μ-O)2(μ-O2CO)]2(PF6)3 (M[1CO3]2(PF6)3; Carbonato complex, ebpma; ethylbis(2-pyridymethyl)amine), and explores the interactions of this complex with cations (H+ and M+). M[1CO3]2(PF6)3 was formed via reactions of a singly oxido-bridged complex, [{RuIII,IVCl2(ebpma)}2(μ-O)]PF6·(CH3)2CO, with M2CO3 (M = K, Na) or with CO2(g), adjusted to around pH 12 with NaOH(aq.), in a water-acetone mixed solvent. The Carbonato complex was isolated as a powder in the form of M[1CO3]2(PF6)3 (M = K, Na), because of the interactions between the carbonato moiety and K+ or Na+ in the solid structure. In acidic aqueous solutions, unexpectedly, the carbonato ligand remained bound to the doubly bridged core, {Ru2III,IV(μ-O)2}3+ or {Ru2III,IV(μ-O)(μ-OH)}4+, without decarboxylation even under pH 1.0. Two-step one-protonation/deprotonation occurred reversibly between pH 1.0 and 13.2 to the bridging oxido and carbonato ligands. The structures of the corresponding one- and two-protonated complexes ([1CO3H]2+ and [1CO32H]3+) were successfully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Misawa-Suzuki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554 Japan
| | - Sota Mafune
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554 Japan
| | - Hirotaka Nagao
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554 Japan
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8
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Abstract
In neutral medium (pH 7.0) [RuIIIRuII(µ-CO3)4(OH)]4− undergoes one electron oxidation to form [RuIIIRuIII(µ-CO3)4(OH)2]4− at an E1/2 of 0.85 V vs. NHE followed by electro-catalytic water oxidation at a potential ≥1.5 V. When the same electrochemical measurements are performed in bicarbonate medium (pH 8.3), the complex first undergoes one electron oxidation at an Epa of 0.86 V to form [RuIIIRuIII(µ-CO3)4(OH)2]4−. This complex further undergoes two step one electron oxidations to form RuIVRuIII and RuIVRuIV species at potentials (Epa) 1.18 and 1.35 V, respectively. The RuIVRuIII and RuIVRuIV species in bicarbonate solutions are [RuIVRuIII(µ-CO3)4(OH)(CO3)]4− and [RuIVRuIV(µ-CO3)4(O)(CO3)]4− based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The formation of HCO4− in the course of the oxidation has been demonstrated by DFT. The catalyst acts as homogeneous water oxidation catalyst, and after long term chronoamperometry, the absorption spectra does not change significantly. Each step has been found to follow a proton coupled electron transfer process (PCET) as obtained from the pH dependent studies. The catalytic current is found to follow linear relation with the concentration of the catalyst and bicarbonate. Thus, bicarbonate is involved in the catalytic process that is also evident from the generation of higher oxidation peaks in cyclic voltammetry. The detailed mechanism has been derived by DFT. A catalyst with no organic ligands has the advantage of long-time stability.
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9
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Chen G, Fan T, Liu B, Xue M, Wei JJ, Kang SR, Tong HX, Yi XY. A Ru diphosphonato complex with a metal-metal bond for water oxidation. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2018-2022. [PMID: 33554978 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04150e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unlike [Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4], the structurally analogous water-soluble RuII,III2 diphosphonato complex K3[Ru2(hedp)2(H2O)2] (K3·1) is only involved in stoichiometric water oxidation with a maximum 67% O2 yield under CAN/HNO3 solution (pH 1.0) for 2.5 h. The water oxidation mechanism and intermediate products were ascertained by UV-vis, ESI-MS and DFT calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Ting Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Meng Xue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Jing-Jing Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Shi-Rui Kang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Hai-Xia Tong
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yi Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China.
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10
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Ning F, Li B, Song J, Zuo Y, Shang H, Zhao Z, Yu Z, Chu W, Zhang K, Feng G, Wang X, Xia D. Inhibition of oxygen dimerization by local symmetry tuning in Li-rich layered oxides for improved stability. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4973. [PMID: 33009376 PMCID: PMC7532436 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Li-rich layered oxide cathode materials show high capacities in lithium-ion batteries owing to the contribution of the oxygen redox reaction. However, structural accommodation of this reaction usually results in O–O dimerization, leading to oxygen release and poor electrochemical performance. In this study, we propose a new structural response mechanism inhibiting O–O dimerization for the oxygen redox reaction by tuning the local symmetry around the oxygen ions. Compared with regular Li2RuO3, the structural response of the as-prepared local-symmetry-tuned Li2RuO3 to the oxygen redox reaction involves the telescopic O–Ru–O configuration rather than O–O dimerization, which inhibits oxygen release, enabling significantly enhanced cycling stability and negligible voltage decay. This discovery of the new structural response mechanism for the oxygen redox reaction will provide a new scope for the strategy of enhancing the anionic redox stability, paving unexplored pathways toward further development of high capacity Li-rich layered oxides. Li-rich layered oxide cathodes show high capacities in Li-ion batteries but suffer from structural degradation via O–O dimerization. Here, the authors present local-symmetry-tuned Li2RuO3 with oxygen redox involving a telescopic O–Ru–O configuration avoiding O2 release, enhancing cycling stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghua Ning
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Advanced Batteries Materials, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Advanced Batteries Materials, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Advanced Batteries Materials, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Zuo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Advanced Batteries Materials, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaifang Shang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Advanced Batteries Materials, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zimeng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Yu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangsheng Chu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Advanced Batteries Materials, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Advanced Batteries Materials, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiayan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dingguo Xia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Advanced Batteries Materials, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Levin N, Peredkov S, Weyhermüller T, Rüdiger O, Pereira NB, Grötzsch D, Kalinko A, DeBeer S. Ruthenium 4d-to-2p X-ray Emission Spectroscopy: A Simultaneous Probe of the Metal and the Bound Ligands. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:8272-8283. [PMID: 32390417 PMCID: PMC7298721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Ruthenium 4d-to-2p
X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) was systematically
explored for a series of Ru2+ and Ru3+ species.
Complementary density functional theory calculations were utilized
to allow for a detailed assignment of the experimental spectra. The
studied complexes have a range of different coordination spheres,
which allows the influence of the ligand donor/acceptor properties
on the spectra to be assessed. Similarly, the contributions of the
site symmetry and the oxidation state of the metal were analyzed.
Because the 4d-to-2p emission lines are dipole-allowed, the spectral
features are intense. Furthermore, in contrast with K- or L-edge X-ray
absorption of 4d transition metals, which probe the unoccupied levels,
the observed 4p-to-2p XES arises from electrons in filled-ligand-
and filled-metal-based orbitals, thus providing simultaneous access
to the ligand and metal contributions to bonding. As such, 4d-to-2p
XES should be a promising tool for the study of a wide range of 4d
transition-metal compounds. Ruthenium 4d-to-2p
XES was applied to a series of molecular
Ru complexes with varied coordination environment, oxidation state
and site symmetry. Through correlations to calculations, it is demonstrated
the Ru 4d-to-2p XES provides a unique probe of both the filled ligand np and filled metal 4d orbitals, providing a promising new
tool for the study of a wide range of 4d transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Levin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Sergey Peredkov
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Thomas Weyhermüller
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Olaf Rüdiger
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nilson B Pereira
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Daniel Grötzsch
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik (IOAP), TU-Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Kalinko
- Universität Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.,DESY Photon Science, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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12
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Gustafson KPJ, Guðmundsson A, Bajnóczi ÉG, Yuan N, Zou X, Persson I, Bäckvall JE. In Situ Structural Determination of a Homogeneous Ruthenium Racemization Catalyst and Its Activated Intermediates Using X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2020; 26:3411-3419. [PMID: 31976570 PMCID: PMC7155078 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The activation process of a known Ru‐catalyst, dicarbonyl(pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium chloride, has been studied in detail using time resolved in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. The data provide bond lengths of the species involved in the process as well as information about bond formation and bond breaking. On addition of potassium tert‐butoxide, the catalyst is activated and an alkoxide complex is formed. The catalyst activation proceeds via a key acyl intermediate, which gives rise to a complete structural change in the coordination environment around the Ru atom. The rate of activation for the different catalysts was found to be highly dependent on the electronic properties of the cyclopentadienyl ligand. During catalytic racemization of 1‐phenylethanol a fast‐dynamic equilibrium was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl P J Gustafson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Present address: Borregaard, P.O. Box 162, 1701, Sarpsborg, Norway
| | - Arnar Guðmundsson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Éva G Bajnóczi
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.,Present address: Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, 1121, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ning Yuan
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiaodong Zou
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingmar Persson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan-E Bäckvall
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Yang QQ, Jiang X, Yang B, Wang Y, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Amphiphilic Oxo-Bridged Ruthenium "Green Dimer" for Water Oxidation. iScience 2020; 23:100969. [PMID: 32200095 PMCID: PMC7090326 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1982, an oxo-bridged dinuclear ruthenium(III) complex, known as “blue dimer,” was discovered to be active for water oxidation. In this work, a new amphiphilic ruthenium “green dimer” 2, obtained from an amphiphilic mononuclear Ru(bda) (N-OTEG) (L1) (1; N-OTEG = 4-(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)-pyridine; L1 = vinylpyridine) is reported. An array of mechanistic studies identifies “green dimer” 2 as a mixed valence of RuII-O-RuIII oxo-bridged structure. Bearing the same bda2- and amphiphilic axial ligands, monomer 1 and green dimer 2 can be reversibly converted by ascorbic acid and oxygen, respectively, in aqueous solution. More importantly, the oxo-bridged “green dimer” 2 was found to take water nucleophilic attack for oxygen evolution, in contrast to monomer 1 via radical coupling pathway for O-O bond formation. This is the first report of an amphiphilic oxo-bridged catalyst, which possesses a new oxygen evolution pathway of Ru-bda catalysts. Green dimer (RuII-O-RuIII), referring to “blue dimer” of RuIII-O-RuIII, is disclosed The first amphiphilic μ-oxido-bridged catalyst is reported active for water oxidation The oxo-bridged “green dimer” 2 takes water nucleophilic attack for O-O bond formation This is the first Ru-bda catalyst, which possesses a new oxygen evolution pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Bing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
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14
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Ravari AK, Zhu G, Ezhov R, Pineda-Galvan Y, Page A, Weinschenk W, Yan L, Pushkar Y. Unraveling the Mechanism of Catalytic Water Oxidation via de Novo Synthesis of Reactive Intermediate. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:884-893. [PMID: 31865704 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Karbakhsh Ravari
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Guibo Zhu
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Roman Ezhov
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yuliana Pineda-Galvan
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Allison Page
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Whitney Weinschenk
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lifen Yan
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yulia Pushkar
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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15
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Amtawong J, Balcells D, Wilcoxen J, Handford RC, Biggins N, Nguyen AI, Britt RD, Tilley TD. Isolation and Study of Ruthenium-Cobalt Oxo Cubanes Bearing a High-Valent, Terminal Ru V-Oxo with Significant Oxyl Radical Character. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19859-19869. [PMID: 31697896 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
High-valent RuV-oxo intermediates have long been proposed in catalytic oxidation chemistry, but investigations into their electronic and chemical properties have been limited due to their reactive nature and rarity. The incorporation of Ru into the [Co3O4] subcluster via the single-step assembly reaction of CoII(OAc)2(H2O)4 (OAc = acetate), perruthenate (RuO4-), and pyridine (py) yielded an unprecedented Ru(O)Co3(μ3-O)4(OAc)4(py)3 cubane featuring an isolable, yet reactive, RuV-oxo moiety. EPR, ENDOR, and DFT studies reveal a valence-localized [RuV(S = 1/2)CoIII3(S = 0)O4] configuration and non-negligible covalency in the cubane core. Significant oxyl radical character in the RuV-oxo unit is experimentally demonstrated by radical coupling reactions between the oxo cubane and both 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenoxyl and trityl radicals. The oxo cubane oxidizes organic substrates and, notably, reacts with water to form an isolable μ-oxo bis-cubane complex [(py)3(OAc)4Co3(μ3-O)4Ru]-O-[RuCo3(μ3-O)4(OAc)4(py)3]. Redox activity of the RuV-oxo fragment is easily tuned by the electron-donating ability of the distal pyridyl ligand set at the Co sites demonstrating strong electronic communication throughout the entire cubane cluster. Natural bond orbital calculations reveal cooperative orbital interactions of the [Co3O4] unit in supporting the RuV-oxo moiety via a strong π-electron donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaruwan Amtawong
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720-1460 , United States
| | - David Balcells
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo , Norway
| | - Jarett Wilcoxen
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Rex C Handford
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720-1460 , United States
| | - Naomi Biggins
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720-1460 , United States
| | - Andy I Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720-1460 , United States.,Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - R David Britt
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - T Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720-1460 , United States.,Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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16
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Pineda-Galvan Y, Ravari AK, Shmakov S, Lifshits L, Kaveevivitchai N, Thummel R, Pushkar Y. Detection of the site protected 7-coordinate RuV = O species and its chemical reactivity to enable catalytic water oxidation. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Ab initio investigation of cationic water cluster (H2O)+13 via particle swarm optimization algorithm. Theor Chem Acc 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-019-2464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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19
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Zhang B, Sun L. Artificial photosynthesis: opportunities and challenges of molecular catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2216-2264. [PMID: 30895997 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00897c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular catalysis plays an essential role in both natural and artificial photosynthesis (AP). However, the field of molecular catalysis for AP has gradually declined in recent years because of doubt about the long-term stability of molecular-catalyst-based devices. This review summarizes the development history of molecular-catalyst-based AP, including the fundamentals of AP, molecular catalysts for water oxidation, proton reduction and CO2 reduction, and molecular-catalyst-based AP devices, and it provides an analysis of the advantages, challenges, and stability of molecular catalysts. With this review, we aim to highlight the following points: (i) an investigation on molecular catalysis is one of the most promising ways to obtain atom-efficient catalysts with outstanding intrinsic activities; (ii) effective heterogenization of molecular catalysts is currently the primary challenge for the application of molecular catalysis in AP devices; (iii) development of molecular catalysts is a promising way to solve the problems of catalysis involved in practical solar fuel production. In molecular-catalysis-based AP, much has been attained, but more challenges remain with regard to long-term stability and heterogenization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biaobiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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Fukuzumi S, Lee YM, Nam W. Kinetics and mechanisms of catalytic water oxidation. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:779-798. [PMID: 30560964 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics and mechanisms of thermal and photochemical oxidation of water with homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, including conversion from homogeneous to heterogeneous catalysts in the course of water oxidation, are discussed in this review article. Molecular and homogeneous catalysts have the advantage to clarify the catalytic mechanisms by detecting active intermediates in catalytic water oxidation. On the other hand, heterogeneous nanoparticle catalysts have advantages for practical applications due to high catalytic activity, robustness and easier separation of catalysts by filtration as compared with molecular homogeneous precursors. Ligand oxidation of homogeneous catalysts sometimes results in the dissociation of ligands to form nanoparticles, which act as much more efficient catalysts for water oxidation. Since it is quite difficult to identify active intermediates on the heterogeneous catalyst surface, the mechanism of water oxidation has hardly been clarified under heterogeneous catalytic conditions. This review focuses on the kinetics and mechanisms of catalytic water oxidation with homogeneous catalysts, which may be converted to heterogeneous nanoparticle catalysts depending on various reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
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21
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Zhang B, Li F, Zhang R, Ma C, Chen L, Sun L. Characterization of a trinuclear ruthenium species in catalytic water oxidation by Ru(bda)(pic)2 in neutral media. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:8619-22. [PMID: 27332794 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Ru(III)-O-Ru(IV)-O-Ru(III) type trinuclear species was crystallographically characterized in water oxidation by Ru(bda)(pic)2 (H2bda = 2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylic acid; pic = 4-picoline) under neutral conditions. The formation of a ruthenium trimer due to the reaction of Ru(IV)[double bond, length as m-dash]O with Ru(II)-OH2 was fully confirmed by chemical, electrochemical and photochemical methods. Since the oxidation of the trimer was proposed to lead to catalyst decomposition, the photocatalytic water oxidation activity was rationally improved by the suppression of the formation of the trimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biaobiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), 116024 Dalian, China.
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), 116024 Dalian, China.
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), 116024 Dalian, China.
| | - Chengbing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), 116024 Dalian, China.
| | - Licheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), 116024 Dalian, China. and Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Lin S, Ravari AK, Zhu J, Usov PM, Cai M, Ahrenholtz SR, Pushkar Y, Morris AJ. Insight into Metal-Organic Framework Reactivity: Chemical Water Oxidation Catalyzed by a [Ru(tpy)(dcbpy)(OH 2 )] 2+ -Modified UiO-67. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:464-471. [PMID: 29197150 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of chemical water oxidation was conducted on [Ru(tpy)(dcbpy)(OH2 )]2+ (tpy=2,2':6',2''-terpyridine, dcbpy=5,5'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine)-doped UiO-67 metal-organic framework (MOF). The MOF catalyst exhibited a single-site reaction pathway with kinetic behavior similar to that of a homogeneous Ru complex. The reaction was first order with respect to both the concentration of the Ru catalyst and ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN), with kcat =3(±2)×10-3 m-1 s-1 in HNO3 (pH 0.5). The common degradation pathways of ligand dissociation and dimerization were precluded by MOF incorporation, which led to sustained catalysis and greater reusability as opposed to the molecular catalyst in homogeneous solution. Lastly, at the same loading (ca. 97 nmol mg-1 ), samples of different particle sizes generated the same amount of oxygen (ca. 100 nmol), indicative of in-MOF reactivity. The results suggest that the rate of redox-hopping charge transport is sufficient to promote chemistry throughout the MOF particulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 800 W. Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Alireza K Ravari
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 800 W. Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Pavel M Usov
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 800 W. Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Meng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 800 W. Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Spencer R Ahrenholtz
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 800 W. Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Yulia Pushkar
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Amanda J Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 800 W. Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
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23
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Lebedev D, Pineda-Galvan Y, Tokimaru Y, Fedorov A, Kaeffer N, Copéret C, Pushkar Y. The Key Ru V=O Intermediate of Site-Isolated Mononuclear Water Oxidation Catalyst Detected by in Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 140:451-458. [PMID: 29219306 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Improvement of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a challenging step toward the development of sustainable energy technologies. Enhancing the OER rate and efficiency relies on understanding the water oxidation mechanism, which entails the characterization of the reaction intermediates. Very active Ru-bda type (bda is 2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylate) molecular OER catalysts are proposed to operate via a transient 7-coordinate RuV═O intermediate, which so far has never been detected due to its high reactivity. Here we prepare and characterize a well-defined supported Ru(bda) catalyst on porous indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. Site isolation of the catalyst molecules on the electrode surface allows trapping of the key 7-coordinate RuV═O intermediate at potentials above 1.34 V vs NHE at pH 1, which is characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance and in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopies. The in situ extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis shows a Ru═O bond distance of 1.75 ± 0.02 Å, consistent with computational results. Electrochemical studies and density functional theory calculations suggest that the water nucleophilic attack on the surface-bound RuV═O intermediate (O-O bond formation) is the rate limiting step for OER catalysis at low pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lebedev
- ETH Zürich , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yuliana Pineda-Galvan
- Purdue University , Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yuki Tokimaru
- ETH Zürich , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Fedorov
- ETH Zürich , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Kaeffer
- ETH Zürich , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- ETH Zürich , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yulia Pushkar
- Purdue University , Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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24
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Keidel A, López I, Staffa J, Kuhlmann U, Bozoglian F, Gimbert-Suriñach C, Benet-Buchholz J, Hildebrandt P, Llobet A. Electrochemical and Resonance Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Water-Oxidizing Ruthenium Terpyridyl-Bipyridyl Complexes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:551-561. [PMID: 27863077 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The irreversible conversion of single-site water-oxidation catalysts (WOC) into more rugged catalysts structurally related to [(trpy)(5,5'-X2 -bpy)RuIV (μ-O)RuIV (trpy)(O)(H2 O)]4+ (X=H, 1-dn4+ ; X=F, 2-dn4+ ; bpy=2,2'-bipyridine; trpy=2,2':6',2"-terpyridine) represents a critical issue in the development of active and durable WOCs. In this work, the electrochemical and acid-base properties of 1-dn4+ and 2-dn4+ were evaluated. In situ resonance Raman spectroscopy was employed to characterize the species formed upon the stoichiometric oxidation of the single-site catalysts and demonstrated the formation of high-oxidation-state mononuclear Ru=O and RuO-O complexes. Under turnover conditions, the dinuclear intermediates, 1-dn4+ and 2-dn4+ as well as the previously proposed [RuVI (trpy)(O)2 (H2 O)]2+ complex (32+ ) are formed. Complex 32+ is a pivotal intermediate that provides access to the formation of dinuclear species. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the isolated complex [RuIV (O)(trpy)(5,5'-F2 -bpy)]2+ reveals a clear elongation of the Ru-N bond trans to the oxido ligand that documents the weakness of this bond, which promotes the release of the bpy ligand and the subsequent formation of 32+ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Keidel
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isidoro López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jana Staffa
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Kuhlmann
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fernando Bozoglian
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carolina Gimbert-Suriñach
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi Benet-Buchholz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antoni Llobet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Mechanistic Analysis of Water Oxidation Catalyst cis-[Ru(bpy)2(H2O)2]2+: Effect of Dimerization. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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26
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Lin M, Dai LX, Gu J, Kang LQ, Wang YH, Si R, Zhao ZQ, Liu WC, Fu X, Sun LD, Zhang YW, Yan CH. Moderate oxidation levels of Ru nanoparticles enhance molecular oxygen activation for cross-dehydrogenative-coupling reactions via single electron transfer. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium nanoparticles with altered surface oxidation states showed a volcano shaped relationship in molecular oxygen activation via single electron transfer for cross-dehydrogenative-coupling reactions.
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27
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Patel J, Majee K, Ahmad E, Das B, Padhi SK. Effect of Pyridyl Substitution on Chemical and Photochemical Water Oxidation by [Ru(terpyridine)(bipyridine)(OH
2
)]
2+
Scaffolds. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jully Patel
- Artificial Photosynthesis Lab Department of Applied Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) 826004 Dhanbad India
| | - Karunamay Majee
- Artificial Photosynthesis Lab Department of Applied Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) 826004 Dhanbad India
| | - Ejaz Ahmad
- Artificial Photosynthesis Lab Department of Applied Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) 826004 Dhanbad India
| | - Babulal Das
- Department of Chemistry IIT Guwahati 781039 Assam India
| | - Sumanta Kumar Padhi
- Artificial Photosynthesis Lab Department of Applied Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) 826004 Dhanbad India
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28
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Moonshiram D, Pineda-Galvan Y, Erdman D, Palenik M, Zong R, Thummel R, Pushkar Y. Uncovering the Role of Oxygen Atom Transfer in Ru-Based Catalytic Water Oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15605-15616. [PMID: 27802032 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The realization of artificial photosynthesis carries the promise of cheap and abundant energy, however, significant advances in the rational design of water oxidation catalysts are required. Detailed information on the structure of the catalyst under reaction conditions and mechanisms of O-O bond formation should be obtained. Here, we used a combination of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), stopped flow freeze quench on a millisecond-second time scale, X-ray absorption (XAS), resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) to follow the dynamics of the Ru-based single site catalyst, [RuII(NPM)(4-pic)2(H2O)]2+ (NPM = 4-t-butyl-2,6-di(1',8'-naphthyrid-2'-yl)pyridine, pic = 4-picoline), under the water oxidation conditions. We report a unique EPR signal with g-tensor, gx = 2.30, gy = 2.18, and gz = 1.83 which allowed us to observe fast dynamics of oxygen atom transfer from the RuIV═O oxo species to the uncoordinated nitrogen of the NPM ligand. In few seconds, the NPM ligand modification results in [RuIII(NPM-NO)(4-pic)2(H2O)]3+ and [RuIII(NPM-NO,NO)(4-pic)2]3+ complexes. A proposed [RuV(NPM)(4-pic)2═O]3+ intermediate was not detected under the tested conditions. We demonstrate that while the proximal base might be beneficial in O-O bond formation via nucleophilic water attack on an oxo species as shown by DFT, the noncoordinating nitrogen is impractical as a base in water oxidation catalysts due to its facile conversion to the N-O group. This study opens new horizons for understanding the real structure of Ru catalysts under water oxidation conditions and points toward the need to further investigate the role of the N-O ligand in promoting water oxidation catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dooshaye Moonshiram
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University , 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yuliana Pineda-Galvan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University , 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Darren Erdman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University , 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mark Palenik
- Code 6189, Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory , 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Ruifa Zong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Randolph Thummel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Yulia Pushkar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University , 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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29
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Floris SD, Talbot JJ, Wilkinson MJ, Herr JD, Steele RP. Quantum molecular motion in the mixed ion-radical complex, [(H 2O)(H 2S)] . Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:27450-27459. [PMID: 27711703 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05299a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The cation dimer of water and hydrogen sulfide, [(H2O)(H2S)]+, serves as a fundamental model for the oxidation chemistry of H2S. The known oxidative metabolism of H2S by biological species in sulfur-rich environments has motivated the study of the inherent properties of this benchmark complex, with possible mechanistic implications for modern water oxidation chemistry. The low-energy isomer of this open-shell ion is a proton-transferred (PT) structure, H3O+SH˙. An alternative PT structure, H3S+OH˙, and a hemibonded (HB) isomer, [H2O·SH2]+, are also stable isomers, placing this complex intermediate to known (H2O)2+ (PT) and (H2S)2+ (HB) limiting regimes. This intermediate character suggested the possibility of unique molecular motion, even in the vibrational ground state. Path integral molecular dynamics and anharmonic vibrational spectroscopy simulations have been performed in this study, in order to understand the inherent quantum molecular motion of this complex. The resulting structural distributions were found to deviate significantly from both classical and harmonic analyses, including the observation of large-amplitude anharmonic motion of the central proton and nearly free rotation of the terminal hydrogens. The predicted vibrational spectra are particularly unique and suggest characteristic signatures of the strong electronic interactions and anharmonic vibrational mode couplings in this radical cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Floris
- Department of Chemistry and Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - J J Talbot
- Department of Chemistry and Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - M J Wilkinson
- Department of Chemistry and Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - J D Herr
- Department of Chemistry and Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - R P Steele
- Department of Chemistry and Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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30
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Herr JD, Steele RP. Ion–Radical Pair Separation in Larger Oxidized Water Clusters, (H2O)+n=6–21. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:7225-39. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b07465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Herr
- Department
of Chemistry and Henry Eyring Center for
Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ryan P. Steele
- Department
of Chemistry and Henry Eyring Center for
Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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31
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Talbot JJ, Cheng X, Herr JD, Steele RP. Vibrational Signatures of Electronic Properties in Oxidized Water: Unraveling the Anomalous Spectrum of the Water Dimer Cation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11936-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Talbot
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Henry
Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Xiaolu Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Henry
Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Herr
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Henry
Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ryan P. Steele
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Henry
Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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32
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Lv Z, Zheng W, Chen Z, Tang Z, Mo W, Yin G. Synergistic oxygen atom transfer by ruthenium complexes with non-redox metal ions. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:11369-83. [PMID: 27333442 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01077f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-redox metal ions can affect the reactivity of active redox metal ions in versatile biological and heterogeneous oxidation processes; however, the intrinsic roles of these non-redox ions still remain elusive. This work demonstrates the first example of the use of non-redox metal ions as Lewis acids to sharply improve the catalytic oxygen atom transfer efficiency of a ruthenium complex bearing the classic 2,2'-bipyridine ligand. In the absence of Lewis acid, the oxidation of ruthenium(ii) complex by PhI(OAc)2 generates the Ru(iv)[double bond, length as m-dash]O species, which is very sluggish for olefin epoxidation. When Ru(bpy)2Cl2 was tested as a catalyst alone, only 21.2% of cyclooctene was converted, and the yield of 1,2-epoxycyclooctane was only 6.7%. As evidenced by electronic absorption spectra and EPR studies, both the oxidation of Ru(ii) by PhI(OAc)2 and the reduction of Ru(iv)[double bond, length as m-dash]O by olefin are kinetically slow. However, adding non-redox metal ions such as Al(iii) can sharply improve the oxygen transfer efficiency of the catalyst to 100% conversion with 89.9% yield of epoxide under identical conditions. Through various spectroscopic characterizations, an adduct of Ru(iv)[double bond, length as m-dash]O with Al(iii), Ru(iv)[double bond, length as m-dash]O/Al(iii), was proposed to serve as the active species for epoxidation, which in turn generated a Ru(iii)-O-Ru(iii) dimer as the reduced form. In particular, both the oxygen transfer from Ru(iv)[double bond, length as m-dash]O/Al(iii) to olefin and the oxidation of Ru(iii)-O-Ru(iii) back to the active Ru(iv)[double bond, length as m-dash]O/Al(iii) species in the catalytic cycle can be remarkably accelerated by adding a non-redox metal, such as Al(iii). These results have important implications for the role played by non-redox metal ions in catalytic oxidation at redox metal centers as well as for the understanding of the redox mechanism of ruthenium catalysts in the oxygen atom transfer reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanao Lv
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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33
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Yang KR, Matula AJ, Kwon G, Hong J, Sheehan SW, Thomsen JM, Brudvig GW, Crabtree RH, Tiede DM, Chen LX, Batista VS. Solution Structures of Highly Active Molecular Ir Water-Oxidation Catalysts from Density Functional Theory Combined with High-Energy X-ray Scattering and EXAFS Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:5511-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke R. Yang
- Yale
Energy Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Adam J. Matula
- Yale
Energy Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Gihan Kwon
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jiyun Hong
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Stafford W. Sheehan
- Yale
Energy Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Julianne M. Thomsen
- Yale
Energy Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Yale
Energy Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Robert H. Crabtree
- Yale
Energy Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - David M. Tiede
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Lin X. Chen
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Victor S. Batista
- Yale
Energy Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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34
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Najafpour MM, Renger G, Hołyńska M, Moghaddam AN, Aro EM, Carpentier R, Nishihara H, Eaton-Rye JJ, Shen JR, Allakhverdiev SI. Manganese Compounds as Water-Oxidizing Catalysts: From the Natural Water-Oxidizing Complex to Nanosized Manganese Oxide Structures. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2886-936. [PMID: 26812090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
All cyanobacteria, algae, and plants use a similar water-oxidizing catalyst for water oxidation. This catalyst is housed in Photosystem II, a membrane-protein complex that functions as a light-driven water oxidase in oxygenic photosynthesis. Water oxidation is also an important reaction in artificial photosynthesis because it has the potential to provide cheap electrons from water for hydrogen production or for the reduction of carbon dioxide on an industrial scale. The water-oxidizing complex of Photosystem II is a Mn-Ca cluster that oxidizes water with a low overpotential and high turnover frequency number of up to 25-90 molecules of O2 released per second. In this Review, we discuss the atomic structure of the Mn-Ca cluster of the Photosystem II water-oxidizing complex from the viewpoint that the underlying mechanism can be informative when designing artificial water-oxidizing catalysts. This is followed by consideration of functional Mn-based model complexes for water oxidation and the issue of Mn complexes decomposing to Mn oxide. We then provide a detailed assessment of the chemistry of Mn oxides by considering how their bulk and nanoscale properties contribute to their effectiveness as water-oxidizing catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gernot Renger
- Institute of Chemistry, Max-Volmer-Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Technical University Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Małgorzata Hołyńska
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku , 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Robert Carpentier
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (GRBV), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières , C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Julian J Eaton-Rye
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan.,Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100093, China
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- Controlled Photobiosynthesis Laboratory, Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia.,Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.,Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia
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35
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Blakemore
- Department of Chemistry and
Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Robert H. Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry and
Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry and
Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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37
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Matheu R, Francàs L, Chernev P, Ertem MZ, Batista V, Haumann M, Sala X, Llobet A. Behavior of the Ru-bda Water Oxidation Catalyst Covalently Anchored on Glassy Carbon Electrodes. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roc Matheu
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Laia Francàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Petko Chernev
- Institut
fur Experimentalphysik, Freie Universitat Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mehmed Z. Ertem
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Victor Batista
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University. P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Michael Haumann
- Institut
fur Experimentalphysik, Freie Universitat Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xavier Sala
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola
del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Llobet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola
del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Mulyana Y, Keene FR, Spiccia L. Cooperative effects in homogenous water oxidation catalysis by mononuclear ruthenium complexes. Dalton Trans 2015; 43:6819-27. [PMID: 24647472 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00629a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The homogenous water oxidation catalysis by [Ru(terpy)(bipy)Cl](+) (1) and [Ru(terpy)(Me2bipy)Cl](+) (2) (terpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine, bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine, Me2bipy = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine) under the influence of two redox mediators [Ru(bipy)3](2+) (3) and [Ru(phen)2(Me2bipy)](2+) (4) (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) was investigated using Ce(4+) as sacrificial oxidant. Oxygen evolution experiments revealed that mixtures of both 2-4 and 2-3 produced more molecular oxygen than catalyst 2 alone. In contrast, the combination of mediator 4 and catalyst 1 resulted in a lower catalytic performance of 1. Measurements of the temporal change in the intensity of a UV transition at 261 nm caused by the addition of four equivalents of Ce(4+) to 2 revealed three distinctive regions-suggested to correspond to the stepwise processes: (i) [Ru(IV)=O](2+) → [Ru(V)=O](3+); (ii) [Ru(V)=O](3+) → [Ru(III)-(OOH)](2+); and (iii) [Ru(III)-(OOH)](2+) → [Ru(II)-OH2](2+). UV-Visible spectrophotometric experiments on the 1-4 and 2-4 mixtures, also carried out with four equivalents of Ce(4+), demonstrated a faster [Ru(phen)2(Me2bipy)](3+) → [Ru(phen)2(Me2bipy)](2+) reduction rate in 2-4 than that observed for the 1-4 combination. Cyclic voltammetry data measured for the catalysts and the mixtures revealed a coincidence in the potentials of the Ru(II)/Ru(III) redox process of mediators 3 and 4 and the predicted [Ru(IV)=O](2+)/[Ru(V)=O](3+) potential of catalyst 2. In contrast, the [Ru(IV)=O](2+)/[Ru(V)=O](3+) process for catalyst 1 was found to occur at a higher potential than the Ru(II)/Ru(III) redox process for 4. Both the spectroscopic and electrochemical experiments provide evidence that the interplay between the mediator and the catalyst is an important determinant of the catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Mulyana
- School of Chemistry and Australian Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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39
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Herr JD, Talbot J, Steele RP. Structural Progression in Clusters of Ionized Water, (H2O)n=1–5+. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:752-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jp509698y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Herr
- Henry Eyring
Center for Theoretical
Chemistry, Thatcher Building for Biological and Biophysical Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Justin Talbot
- Henry Eyring
Center for Theoretical
Chemistry, Thatcher Building for Biological and Biophysical Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ryan P. Steele
- Henry Eyring
Center for Theoretical
Chemistry, Thatcher Building for Biological and Biophysical Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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40
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Kärkäs MD, Verho O, Johnston EV, Åkermark B. Artificial Photosynthesis: Molecular Systems for Catalytic Water Oxidation. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11863-2001. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400572f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1024] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus D. Kärkäs
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oscar Verho
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric V. Johnston
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Åkermark
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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41
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Pushkar Y, Moonshiram D, Purohit V, Yan L, Alperovich I. Spectroscopic analysis of catalytic water oxidation by [Ru(II)(bpy)(tpy)H2O]2+ suggests that Ru(V)═O is not a rate-limiting intermediate. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11938-45. [PMID: 25130482 DOI: 10.1021/ja506586b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Modern chemistry's grand challenge is to significantly improve catalysts for water splitting. Further progress requires detailed spectroscopic and computational characterization of catalytic mechanisms. We analyzed one of the most studied homogeneous single-site Ru catalysts, [Ru(II)(bpy)(tpy)H2O](2+) (where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, tpy = 2,2';6',2″-terpyridine). Our results reveal that the [Ru(V)(bpy)(tpy)═O](3+) intermediate, reportedly detected in catalytic mixtures as a rate-limiting intermediate in water activation, is not present as such. Using a combination of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, we demonstrate that 95% of the Ru complex in the catalytic steady state is of the form [Ru(IV)(bpy)(tpy)═O](2+). [Ru(V)(bpy)(tpy)═O](3+) was not observed, and according to density functional theory (DFT) analysis, it might be thermodynamically inaccessible at our experimental conditions. A reaction product with unique EPR spectrum was detected in reaction mixtures at about 5% and assigned to Ru(III)-peroxo species with (-OOH or -OO- ligands). We also analyzed the [Ru(II)(bpy)(tpy)Cl](+) catalyst precursor and confirmed that this molecule is not a catalyst and its oxidation past Ru(III) state is impeded by a lack of proton-coupled electron transfer. Ru-Cl exchange with water is required to form active catalysts with the Ru-H2O fragment. [Ru(II)(bpy)(tpy)H2O](2+) is the simplest representative of a larger class of water oxidation catalysts with neutral, nitrogen containing heterocycles. We expect this class of catalysts to work mechanistically in a similar fashion via [Ru(IV)(bpy)(tpy)═O](2+) intermediate unless more electronegative (oxygen containing) ligands are introduced in the Ru coordination sphere, allowing the formation of more oxidized Ru(V) intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Pushkar
- Department of Physics, Purdue University , 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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42
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Anwar N, Sartorel A, Yaqub M, Wearen K, Laffir F, Armstrong G, Dickinson C, Bonchio M, McCormac T. Surface immobilization of a tetra-ruthenium substituted polyoxometalate water oxidation catalyst through the employment of conducting polypyrrole and the layer-by-layer (LBL) technique. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:8022-8031. [PMID: 24758586 DOI: 10.1021/am405295c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A tetra Ru-substituted polyoxometalate Na10[{Ru4O4(OH)2(H2O)4}(γ-SiW10O36)2] (Ru4POM) has been successfully immobilised onto glassy carbon electrodes and indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass slides through the employment of a conducting polypyrrole matrix and the layer-by-layer (LBL) technique. The resulting Ru4POM doped polypyrrole films showed stable redox behavior associated with the Ru centres within the Ru4POM, whereas, the POM's tungsten-oxo redox centres were not accessible. The films showed pH dependent redox behavior within the pH range 2-5 whilst exhibiting excellent stability towards redox cycling. The layer-by-layer assembly was constructed onto poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) modified carbon electrodes by alternate depositions of Ru4POM and a Ru(II) metallodendrimer. The resulting Ru4POM assemblies showed stable redox behavior for the redox processes associated with Ru4POM in the pH range 2-5. The charge transfer resistance of the LBL films was calculated through AC-Impedance. Surface characterization of both the polymer and LBL Ru4POM films was carried out using atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Initial investigations into the ability of the Ru4POM LBL films to electrocatalytically oxidise water at pH 7 have also been conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargis Anwar
- Electrochemistry Research Group, Department of Applied Science, Dundalk Institute of Technology , Dublin Road, Dundalk, County Louth, Ireland
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43
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Puodziukynaite E, Wang L, Schanze KS, Papanikolas JM, Reynolds JR. Poly(fluorene-co-thiophene)-based ionic transition-metal complex polymers for solar energy harvesting and storage applications. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01582c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Angeles-Boza AM, Ertem MZ, Sarma R, Ibañez CH, Maji S, Llobet A, Cramer CJ, Roth JP. Competitive oxygen-18 kinetic isotope effects expose O–O bond formation in water oxidation catalysis by monomeric and dimeric ruthenium complexes. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51919h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Competitive 18O KIEs on water oxidation catalysis provide a probe of transition states for O–O bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehmed Z. Ertem
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Center
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis, USA
| | - Rupam Sarma
- Department of Chemistry
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Somnath Maji
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antoni Llobet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Christopher J. Cramer
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Center
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis, USA
| | - Justine P. Roth
- Department of Chemistry
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore, USA
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45
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Polyansky DE, Hurst JK, Lymar SV. Application of Pulse Radiolysis to Mechanistic Investigations of Water Oxidation Catalysis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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46
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47
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Guan X, Chan SLF, Che CM. A Highly Oxidizing and Isolable Oxoruthenium(V) Complex [RuV(N4O)(O)]2+: Electronic Structure, Redox Properties, and Oxidation Reactions Investigated by DFT Calculations. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:2046-56. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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48
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Smeltz JL, Lilly CP, Boyle PD, Ison EA. The electronic nature of terminal oxo ligands in transition-metal complexes: ambiphilic reactivity of oxorhenium species. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9433-41. [PMID: 23725588 DOI: 10.1021/ja401390v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the Lewis acid-base adducts of B(C6F5)3 and BF3 with [DAAmRe(O)(X)] DAAm = N,N-bis(2-arylaminoethyl)methylamine; aryl = C6F5 (X = Me, 1, COCH3, 2, Cl, 3) as well as their diamidopyridine (DAP) (DAP=(2,6-bis((mesitylamino)methyl)pyridine) analogues, [DAPRe(O)(X)] (X = Me, 4, Cl, 5, I, 6, and COCH3,7), are described. In these complexes the terminal oxo ligands act as nucleophiles. In addition we also show that stoichiometric reactions between 3 and triarylphosphine (PAr3) result in the formation of triarylphosphine oxide (OPAr3). The electronic dependence of this reaction was studied by comparing the rates of oxygen atom transfer for various para-substituted triaryl phosphines in the presence of CO. From these experiments a reaction constant ρ = -0.29 was obtained from the Hammett plot. This suggests that the oxygen atom transfer reaction is consistent with nucleophilic attack of phosphorus on an electrophilic metal oxo. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first examples of mono-oxo d(2) metal complexes in which the oxo ligand exhibits ambiphilic reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Smeltz
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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Stull JA, Stich TA, Hurst JK, Britt RD. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Analysis of a Transient Species Formed During Water Oxidation Catalyzed by the Complex Ion [(bpy)2Ru(OH2)]2O4+. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:4578-86. [DOI: 10.1021/ic4001158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Stull
- Department of Chemistry, University of California−Davis, One Shields
Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Troy A. Stich
- Department of Chemistry, University of California−Davis, One Shields
Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James K. Hurst
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, United
States
| | - R. David Britt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California−Davis, One Shields
Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Experimental demonstration of radicaloid character in a Ru(V)=O intermediate in catalytic water oxidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:3765-70. [PMID: 23417296 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222102110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Water oxidation is the key half reaction in artificial photosynthesis. An absence of detailed mechanistic insight impedes design of new catalysts that are more reactive and more robust. A proposed paradigm leading to enhanced reactivity is the existence of oxyl radical intermediates capable of rapid water activation, but there is a dearth of experimental validation. Here, we show the radicaloid nature of an intermediate reactive toward formation of the O-O bond by assessing the spin density on the oxyl group by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR). In the study, an (17)O-labeled form of a highly oxidized, short-lived intermediate in the catalytic cycle of the water oxidation catalyst cis,cis-[(2,2-bipyridine)2(H2O)Ru(III)ORu(III)(OH2)(bpy)2](4+) was investigated. It contains Ru centers in oxidation states [4,5], has at least one Ru(V) = O unit, and shows
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