1
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Orbán B, Höltzl T. Acetylene and Ethylene Adsorption during Floating Fe Catalyst Formation at the Onset of Carbon Nanotube Growth and the Effect of Sulfur Poisoning: a DFT Study. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:13624-13635. [PMID: 38986139 PMCID: PMC11270998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Here, we investigated the adsorption of acetylene and ethylene on iron clusters and nanoparticles, which is a crucial aspect in the nascent phase of carbon nanotube growth by floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FCCVD). The effect of sulfur on adsorption was also studied due to its indispensable role in the process and its commonly known impact on metal catalyst poisoning. We performed systematic density functional theory (DFT) computations, considering numerous adsorption configurations and iron particles of various sizes (Fen, n = 3-10, 13, 55). We found that acetylene binds significantly more strongly than ethylene and prefers different adsorption sites. The presence of sulfur decreased the adsorption strength only in the immediate proximity of the adsorbate, suggesting that the effect of sulfur is mainly of steric origin while electronic effects play only a minor role. Higher sulfur coverage of the catalyst surface significantly weakened the binding of acetylene or ethylene. To further investigate this interaction, Bader's atoms in molecules (AIM) analysis and charge density difference (CDD) were used, which showed electron transfer from iron clusters or nanoparticles to the adsorbate molecules. The charge transfer exhibited a decreasing trend as sulfur coverage increased. These results can also contribute to the understanding of other iron-based catalytic processes involving hydrocarbons and sulfur, such as the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Orbán
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Höltzl
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-BME
Computation Driven Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- Furukawa
Electric Institute of Technology, Késmárk utca 28/A, H-1158 Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Wang WB, Li W, Ohta R, Kambara M. Cluster-Assisted Mesoplasma Chemical Vapor Deposition for Fast Epitaxial Growth of SiGe/Si Heterostructures: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2448. [PMID: 38793514 PMCID: PMC11123204 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Co-condensation of mixed SiGe nanoclusters and impingement of SiGe nanoclusters on a Si substrate were applied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in this study to mimic the fast epitaxial growth of SiGe/Si heterostructures under mesoplasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) conditions. The condensation dynamics and properties of the SiGe nanoclusters during the simulations were investigated first, and then the impingement of transient SiGe nanoclusters on both Si smooth and trench substrate surfaces under varying conditions was studied theoretically. The results show that the mixed nanoclusters as precursors demonstrate potential for enhancing epitaxial SiGe film growth at a high growth rate, owing to their loosely bound atomic structures and high mobility on the substrate surface. By varying cluster sizes and substrate temperatures, this study also reveals that smaller clusters and higher substrate temperatures contribute to faster structural ordering and smoother surface morphologies. Furthermore, the formed layers display a consistent SiGe composition, closely aligning with nominal values, and the cluster-assisted deposition method achieves the epitaxial bridging of heterostructures during cluster impingement, highlighting its additional distinctive characteristics. The implications of this work make it clear that the mechanism of fast alloyed epitaxial film growth by cluster-assisted mesoplasma CVD is critical for extending it as a versatile platform for synthesizing various epitaxial films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-bo Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China;
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wenfang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China;
| | - Ryoshi Ohta
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Makoto Kambara
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Department of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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3
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Yu T, Wang D, Liu M, Lei W, Shafie S, Mohtar MN, Jindapetch N, van Paphavee D, Zhao Z. A carbon conductive filament-induced robust resistance switching behavior for brain-inspired computing. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:1334-1343. [PMID: 38175571 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01762a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Memristors have revolutionized the path forward for brain-inspired computing. However, the instability of the nucleation process of conductive filaments based on active metal electrodes leads to the discrete distribution of switching parameters, which hinders the realization of high-performance and low-power devices for neuromorphic computing. In response, a carbon conductive filament-induced robust memristor is demonstrated with variation coefficients as low as 3.9%/-1.18%, a threshold power as low as 10-9 W, and 3 × 106 s retention and 107 cycle endurance behaviors can be maintained. The recognition accuracy for Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) handwriting is as high as 96.87%, attributed to the high linearity of the iterative updating of synaptic weights. The demodulation and storage functions of the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) are demonstrated by programmable pulse modulation. Notably, the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images allow the observation of carbon conductive filament paths formed in the low resistance state. First-principles calculations analyze the energetics of defects involved in the diffusion of carbon atoms into MoTe2 films. This work presents a novel guideline for studying memristor-based neuromorphic computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Yu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Lei
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China.
| | - Suhaidi Shafie
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nazim Mohtar
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nattha Jindapetch
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Dommelen van Paphavee
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Campus 15 Karnjanavanich, Hat Yai, Kohong District Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Che J, Yi P, Deng Y, Zhang D, Peng L, Lai X. Growth Control Strategy of Hydrogen-Containing Nanocrystalline Carbon Films during Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition based on Molecular Dynamics-Monte Carlo Simulations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:45475-45484. [PMID: 37703433 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-containing nanocrystalline carbon films (n-C:H) with amorphous-nanocrystalline hydrocarbon composite structures exhibit excellent properties in diverse applications. Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is commonly employed to prepare n-C:H films due to its ability to create an adjustable deposition environment and control film compositions. However, the atomic-scale growth mechanism of n-C:H remains poorly understood, obstructing the design of the appropriate deposition parameters and film compositions. This paper employs a state-of-the-art hybrid molecular dynamics-time-stamped force-biased Monte Carlo model (MD/tfMC) to simulate the plasma-assisted growth of n-C:H. Our results reveal that optimizing the energy of ion bombardments, deposition temperature, and precursor's H:C ratio is crucial for achieving the nucleation and growth of highly ordered n-C:H films. These findings are further validated through experimental observations and density functional theory calculations, which show that hydrogen atoms can promote the formation of nanocrystalline carbon through chemical catalytic processes. Additionally, we find that the crystallinity reaches its optimum when the H/C ratio is equal to 1. These theoretical insights provide an effective strategy for the controlled preparation of hydrogen-containing nanocrystalline carbon films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Che
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Peiyun Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yujun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Linfa Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xinmin Lai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacture for Thin-Walled Structures, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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5
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Kritikos EM, Lele A, van Duin ACT, Giusti A. Atomistic insight into the effects of electrostatic fields on hydrocarbon reaction kinetics. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:054109. [PMID: 36754820 DOI: 10.1063/5.0134785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) computations are performed to provide insight into the effects of external electrostatic fields on hydrocarbon reaction kinetics. By comparing the results from MD and DFT, the suitability of the MD method in modeling electrodynamics is first assessed. Results show that the electric field-induced polarization predicted by the MD charge equilibration method is in good agreement with various DFT charge partitioning schemes. Then, the effects of oriented external electric fields on the transition pathways of non-redox reactions are investigated. Results on the minimum energy path suggest that electric fields can cause catalysis or inhibition of oxidation reactions, whereas pyrolysis reactions are not affected due to the weaker electronegativity of the hydrogen and carbon atoms. MD simulations of isolated reactions show that the reaction kinetics is also affected by applied external Lorentz forces and interatomic Coulomb forces since they can increase or decrease the energy of collision depending on the molecular conformation. In addition, electric fields can affect the kinetics of polar species and force them to align in the direction of field lines. These effects are attributed to energy transfer via intermolecular collisions and stabilization under the external Lorentz force. The kinetics of apolar species is not significantly affected mainly due to the weak induced dipole moment even under strong electric fields. The dynamics and reaction rates of species are studied by means of large-scale combustion simulations of n-dodecane and oxygen mixtures. Results show that under strong electric fields, the fuel, oxidizer, and most product molecules experience translational and rotational acceleration mainly due to close charge transfer along with a reduction in their vibrational energy due to stabilization. This study will serve as a basis to improve the current methods used in MD and to develop novel methodologies for the modeling of macroscale reacting flows under external electrostatic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios M Kritikos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Aditya Lele
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Adri C T van Duin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Andrea Giusti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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6
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Van Duc Long N, Al-Bared M, Lin L, Davey K, Tran NN, Pourali N, Ken Ostrikov K, Rebrov E, Hessel V. Understanding plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis via crossing discipline borders of literature: A critical review. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Reactive molecular dynamics simulation on degradation of aflatoxin B1 by cold atmospheric plasmas. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.103101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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8
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Orbán B, Höltzl T. The promoter role of sulfur in carbon nanotube growth. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:9256-9264. [PMID: 35667372 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00355d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of sulfur on the interaction of iron catalyst nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), typically present in a floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FCCVD) process. As a reference, the interaction of graphene with the Fe fcc(111) surface is used. In both systems we performed a systematic density functional theory (DFT) study on the interaction with different sulfur contents. We found that the presence of sulfur changes the nature and strength of interaction between graphene and the iron surface from strong chemisorption to weak physisorption. Furthermore, sulfur significantly reduces the CNT-iron binding, indicating a beneficial effect on the CNT growth and its promoter role. We believe that these results induce further experimental studies and optimization of the CNT synthesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Orbán
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Höltzl
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-BME Computation Driven Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary.,Furukawa Electric Institute of Technology, Késmárk utca 28/A, H-1158, Budapest, Hungary.
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9
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Izadi ME, Maghari A, Zhang W, van Duin ACT. Reactive molecular dynamics simulation for isotope-exchange reactions in H/D systems: ReaxFF HD development. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:224111. [PMID: 32534519 DOI: 10.1063/5.0008386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the chemical isotope-exchange reactions within a system composed of a mixture of hydrogen and deuterium (H/D) in the plasma media, the ReaxFFHD potential was parameterized against an appropriate quantum mechanics (QM)-based training set. These QM data involve structures and energies related to bond dissociation, angle distortion, and an exchange reaction of the tri-atomic molecular ions, H3 +, D3 +, H2D+, and D2H+, produced in the hydrogen plasma. Using the ReaxFFHD potential, a range of reactive molecular dynamics simulations were performed on different mixtures of H/D systems. Analysis of the reactions involved in the production of these tri-atomic molecular ions was carried out over 1 ns simulations. The results show that the ReaxFFHD potential can properly model isotope-exchange reactions of tri-atomic molecular ions and that it also has a perfect transferability to reactions taking place in these systems. In our simulations, we observed some intermediate molecules (H2, D2, and HD) that undergo secondary reactions to form the tri-atomic molecular ions as the most likely products in the hydrogen plasma. Moreover, there remains a preference for D in the produced molecular ions, which is related to the lower zero-point energy of the D-enriched species, showing the isotope effects at the heart of the ReaxFFHD potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ebrahim Izadi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Maghari
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Adri C T van Duin
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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10
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Zhang D, Peng L, Li X, Yi P, Lai X. Controlling the Nucleation and Growth Orientation of Nanocrystalline Carbon Films during Plasma-Assisted Deposition: A Reactive Molecular Dynamics/Monte Carlo Study. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2617-2627. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Linfa Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Peiyun Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xinmin Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacture for Thin-Walled Structures, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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11
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Cheng T, Jaramillo-Botero A, An Q, Ilyin DV, Naserifar S, Goddard WA. First principles-based multiscale atomistic methods for input into first principles nonequilibrium transport across interfaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18193-18201. [PMID: 30076227 PMCID: PMC6744898 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800035115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This issue of PNAS features "nonequilibrium transport and mixing across interfaces," with several papers describing the nonequilibrium coupling of transport at interfaces, including mesoscopic and macroscopic dynamics in fluids, plasma, and other materials over scales from microscale to celestial. Most such descriptions describe the materials in terms of the density and equations of state rather than specific atomic structures and chemical processes. It is at interfacial boundaries where such atomistic information is most relevant. However, there is not yet a practical way to couple these phenomena with the atomistic description of chemistry. The starting point for including such information is the quantum mechanics (QM). However, practical QM calculations are limited to a hundred atoms for dozens of picoseconds, far from the scales required to inform the continuum level with the proper atomistic description. To bridge this enormous gap, we need to develop practical methods to extend the scale of the atomistic simulation by several orders of magnitude while retaining the level of QM accuracy in describing the chemical process. These developments would enable continuum modeling of turbulent transport at interfaces to incorporate the relevant chemistry. In this perspective, we will focus on recent progress in accomplishing these extensions in first principles-based atomistic simulations and the strategies being pursued to increase the accuracy of very large scales while dramatically decreasing the computational effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Cheng
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Andres Jaramillo-Botero
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Qi An
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Daniil V Ilyin
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Saber Naserifar
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;
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12
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Cui L, Cui K, Ci H, Zheng K, Xie H, Gao X, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Transparent Electrothermal Heaters Based on Vertically-Oriented Graphene Glass Hybrid Materials. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9040558. [PMID: 30959885 PMCID: PMC6523228 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transparent heating devices are widely used in daily life-related applications that can be achieved by various heating materials with suitable resistances. Herein, high-performance vertically-oriented graphene (VG) films are directly grown on soda-lime glass by a radio-frequency (rf) plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method, giving reasonable resistances for electrothermal heating. The optical and electrical properties of VG films are found to be tunable by optimizing the growth parameters such as growth time, carrier gas flow, etc. The electrothermal performances of the derived materials with different resistances are thus studied systematically. Specifically, the VG film on glass with a transmittance of ~73% at 550 nm and a sheet resistance of ~3.9 KΩ/□ is fabricated into a heating device, presenting a saturated temperature up to 55 °C by applying 80 V for 3 min. The VG film on the glass at a transmittance of ~43% and a sheet resistance of 0.76 KΩ/□ exhibits a highly steady temperature increase up to ~108 °C with a maximum heating rate of ~2.6 °C/s under a voltage of 60 V. Briefly, the tunable sheet resistance, good adhesion of VG to the growth substrate, relative high heating efficiency, and large heating temperature range make VG films on glass decent candidates for electrothermal related applications in defrosting and defogging devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Cui
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Kejian Cui
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Haina Ci
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100091, China.
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | | | - Huanhuan Xie
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Xuan Gao
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100091, China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100091, China.
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13
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Chen Z, Qi Y, Chen X, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Direct CVD Growth of Graphene on Traditional Glass: Methods and Mechanisms. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1803639. [PMID: 30443937 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on catalytic metal surfaces is considered to be the most effective way to obtain large-area, high-quality graphene films. For practical applications, a transfer process from metal catalysts to target substrates (e.g., poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), glass, and SiO2 /Si) is unavoidable and severely degrades the quality of graphene. In particular, the direct growth of graphene on glass can avoid the tedious transfer process and endow traditional glass with prominent electrical and thermal conductivities. Such a combination of graphene and glass creates a new type of glass, the so-called "super graphene glass," which has attracted great interest from the viewpoints of both fundamental research and daily-life applications. In the last few years, great progress has been achieved in pursuit of this goal. Here, these growth methods as well as the specific growth mechanisms of graphene on glass surfaces are summarized. The typical techniques developed include direct thermal CVD growth, molten-bed CVD growth, metal-catalyst-assisted growth, and plasma-enhanced growth. Emphasis is placed on the strategy of growth corresponding to the different natures of glass substrates. A comprehensive understanding of graphene growth on nonmetal glass substrates and the latest status of "super graphene glass" production are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolong Chen
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yue Qi
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xudong Chen
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, China
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14
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Qi Y, Deng B, Guo X, Chen S, Gao J, Li T, Dou Z, Ci H, Sun J, Chen Z, Wang R, Cui L, Chen X, Chen K, Wang H, Wang S, Gao P, Rummeli MH, Peng H, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Switching Vertical to Horizontal Graphene Growth Using Faraday Cage-Assisted PECVD Approach for High-Performance Transparent Heating Device. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1704839. [PMID: 29318672 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is an applicable route to achieve low-temperature growth of graphene, typically shaped like vertical nanowalls. However, for transparent electronic applications, the rich exposed edges and high specific surface area of vertical graphene (VG) nanowalls can enhance the carrier scattering and light absorption, resulting in high sheet resistance and low transmittance. Thus, the synthesis of laid-down graphene (LG) is imperative. Here, a Faraday cage is designed to switch graphene growth in PECVD from the vertical to the horizontal direction by weakening ion bombardment and shielding electric field. Consequently, laid-down graphene is synthesized on low-softening-point soda-lime glass (6 cm × 10 cm) at ≈580 °C. This is hardly realized through the conventional PECVD or the thermal chemical vapor deposition methods with the necessity of high growth temperature (1000 °C-1600 °C). Laid-down graphene glass has higher transparency, lower sheet resistance, and much improved macroscopic uniformity when compare to its vertical graphene counterpart and it performs better in transparent heating devices. This will inspire the next-generation applications in low-cost transparent electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qi
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bing Deng
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shulin Chen
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Tianran Li
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhipeng Dou
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haina Ci
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jingyu Sun
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Zhaolong Chen
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lingzhi Cui
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xudong Chen
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mark H Rummeli
- Soochow Institute For Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), School of Energy, College of Physics, Optoelectronic and Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Hailin Peng
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, China
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15
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Liu Y, Lin J, Jia H, Chen S, Qi J, Qu C, Cao J, Feng J, Fei W. Confirming the key role of Ar + ion bombardment in the growth feature of nanostructured carbon materials by PECVD. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:475601. [PMID: 28930102 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa8dd9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to confirm the key role of Ar+ ion bombardment in the growth feature of nanostructured carbon materials (NCMs), here we report a novel strategy to create different Ar+ ion states in situ in plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) by separating catalyst film from the substrate. Different bombardment environments on either side of the catalyst film were created simultaneously to achieve multi-layered structural NCMs. Results showed that Ar+ ion bombardment is crucial and complex for the growth of NCMs. Firstly, Ar+ ion bombardment has both positive and negative effects on carbon nanotubes (CNTs). On one hand, Ar+ ions can break up the graphic structure of CNTs and suppress thin CNT nucleation and growth. On the other hand, Ar+ ion bombardment can remove redundant carbon layers on the surface of large catalyst particles which is essential for thick CNTs. As a result, the diameter of the CNTs depends on the Ar+ ion state. As for vertically oriented few-layer graphene (VFG), Ar+ ions are essential and can even convert the CNTs into VFG. Therefore, by combining with the catalyst separation method, specific or multi-layered structural NCMs can be obtained by PECVD only by changing the intensity of Ar+ ion bombardment, and these special NCMs are promising in many fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
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16
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17
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Anthony DB, Qian H, Clancy AJ, Greenhalgh ES, Bismarck A, Shaffer MSP. Applying a potential difference to minimise damage to carbon fibres during carbon nanotube grafting by chemical vapour deposition. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:305602. [PMID: 28594637 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa783f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The application of an in situ potential difference between carbon fibres and a graphite foil counter electrode (300 V, generating an electric field ca 0.3-0.7 V μm-1), during the chemical vapour deposition synthesis of carbon nanotube (CNT) grafted carbon fibres, significantly improves the uniformity of growth without reducing the tensile properties of the underlying carbon fibres. Grafted CNTs with diameters 55 nm ± 36 nm and lengths around 10 μm were well attached to the carbon fibre surface, and were grown without the requirement for protective barrier coatings. The grafted CNTs increased the surface area to 185 m2 g-1 compared to the as-received sized carbon fibre 0.24 m2 g-1. The approach is not restricted to batch systems and has the potential to improve CNT grafted carbon fibre production for continuous processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Anthony
- Nanostructured Hierarchical Assemblies and Composites (NanoHAC) Group, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- The Composites Centre, Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hui Qian
- Nanostructured Hierarchical Assemblies and Composites (NanoHAC) Group, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J Clancy
- Nanostructured Hierarchical Assemblies and Composites (NanoHAC) Group, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Emile S Greenhalgh
- The Composites Centre, Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Polymer and Composites Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry, Facility of Chemistry, Universität Wien, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Nanostructured Hierarchical Assemblies and Composites (NanoHAC) Group, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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18
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Tan S, Xia T, Shi Y, Pfaendtner J, Zhao S, He Y. Enhancing the Oxidation of Toluene with External Electric Fields: a Reactive Molecular Dynamics Study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1710. [PMID: 28490798 PMCID: PMC5431755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01945-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of external electric field (Efield) on chemical reactions were studied with the reactive molecular dynamics (ReaxFF MD) simulations by using the oxidation of toluene as a model system. We observed that Efields may greatly enhance the oxidation rate of toluene. The initial reaction time of toluene is also reduced remarkably in Efields. A stronger Efield leads to a faster oxidation rate of toluene. Further studies reveal that the applying of a Efield may result in the oxidation of toluene at 2100 K which is otherwise not able to happen when the Efield is not present. The oxidation rate of toluene at 2100 K in a Efield is comparable with the oxidation rate of toluene at 2900 K when the Efield is not applied. In addition, Efields were observed to significantly enhance the occurrence of the initial radical generation for different pathways of toluene oxidation but they do not seem to favor any of the pathways. Finally, Efields do not seem to enhance the polarization of toluene during its transition state, which suggests that a polarizable charge equilibration method (PQEq) method might be needed to take the effects of Efields into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Tan
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xia
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yao Shi
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jim Pfaendtner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, United States
| | - Shuangliang Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yi He
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China.
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19
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Islam AE, Rogers JA, Alam MA. Recent Progress in Obtaining Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Transistor Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:7908-7937. [PMID: 26540144 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High purity semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) with a narrow diameter distribution are required for high-performance transistors. Achieving this goal is extremely challenging because the as-grown material contains mixtures of s-SWCNTs and metallic- (m-) SWCNTs with wide diameter distributions, typically inadequate for integrated circuits. Since 2000, numerous ex situ methods have been proposed to improve the purity of the s-SWCNTs. The majority of these techniques fail to maintain the quality and integrity of the s-SWCNTs with a few notable exceptions. Here, the progress in realizing high purity s-SWCNTs in as-grown and post-processed materials is highlighted. A comparison of transistor parameters (such as on/off ratio and field-effect mobility) obtained from test structures establishes the effectiveness of various methods and suggests opportunities for future improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad E Islam
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA
- National Research Council, Washington, DC, 20001, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Muhammad A Alam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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20
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Atomic scale simulation of carbon nanotube nucleation from hydrocarbon precursors. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10306. [PMID: 26691537 PMCID: PMC4703880 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic scale simulations of the nucleation and growth of carbon nanotubes is essential for understanding their growth mechanism. In spite of over twenty years of simulation efforts in this area, limited progress has so far been made on addressing the role of the hydrocarbon growth precursor. Here we report on atomic scale simulations of cap nucleation of single-walled carbon nanotubes from hydrocarbon precursors. The presented mechanism emphasizes the important role of hydrogen in the nucleation process, and is discussed in relation to previously presented mechanisms. In particular, the role of hydrogen in the appearance of unstable carbon structures during in situ experimental observations as well as the initial stage of multi-walled carbon nanotube growth is discussed. The results are in good agreement with available experimental and quantum-mechanical results, and provide a basic understanding of the incubation and nucleation stages of hydrocarbon-based CNT growth at the atomic level. Atomic scale simulation of the nucleation and growth of carbon nanotubes is essential for understanding their growth mechanism. Here, the authors look at cap nucleation of nanotubes from hydrocarbon precursors, specifically probing the role of hydrogen in the early stages of growth.
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21
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Neyts EC, Ostrikov K(K, Sunkara MK, Bogaerts A. Plasma Catalysis: Synergistic Effects at the Nanoscale. Chem Rev 2015; 115:13408-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik C. Neyts
- Department
of Chemistry, Research Group PLASMANT, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein
1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov
- Institute
for Future Environments and School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical
Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- Plasma
Nanoscience Laboratories, Manufacturing Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia
| | - Mahendra K. Sunkara
- Conn
Center for Renewable Energy Research and Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Annemie Bogaerts
- Department
of Chemistry, Research Group PLASMANT, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein
1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
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22
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Brault P, Neyts EC. Molecular dynamics simulations of supported metal nanocatalyst formation by plasma sputtering. Catal Today 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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24
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Kroes JMH, Pietrucci F, Curioni A, Andreoni W. Characterizing and Understanding Divalent Adsorbates on Carbon Nanotubes with Ab Initio and Classical Approaches: Size, Chirality, and Coverage Effects. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:4672-83. [PMID: 26588158 DOI: 10.1021/ct500701n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study of oxygen chemisorption on single-walled carbon nanotubes generally relies on simple atomistic models and hence hampers the possibility to understand whether nanotube size or adduct concentration have a role in determining the surface-adsorbate interaction. Our large-scale DFT-based simulations show that structural and electronic properties as well as diffusion barriers strongly depend on both nanotube diameter and adsorbate concentration. Our atomistic models cover nanotube of different chirality with diameters from 0.6 to 1.5 nm and oxygen concentration from 0.1 to 1%. In particular, the tendency to cluster increases with concentration and stabilizes ether (ET) groups but affects hopping barriers only to a minor extent. Significant differences with graphene are found, also for 1.5 nm diameter nanotubes. Extension to species isoelectronic to oxygen reveals dissimilarities, and especially for sulfur that tends to form epoxides (EP), to diffuse more easily and to rapidly close the energy gap for increasing concentration. The relative ET-EP stability can be described in terms of the bare-bond curvature, a concentration-dependent chemical descriptor here introduced. Comparison of these DFT calculations-using different exchange-correlation functionals-and our additional investigation with a reactive force-field (ReaxFF) clarifies several similarities but also discrepancies between the predictions of the two schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap M H Kroes
- Institut de Théorie des Phénomènes Physiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Pietrucci
- Institut de Théorie des Phénomènes Physiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Wanda Andreoni
- Institut de Théorie des Phénomènes Physiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Khalilov U, Bogaerts A, Neyts EC. Microscopic mechanisms of vertical graphene and carbon nanotube cap nucleation from hydrocarbon growth precursors. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:9206-9214. [PMID: 24981176 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr00669k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Controlling and steering the growth of single walled carbon nanotubes is often believed to require controlling of the nucleation stage. Yet, little is known about the microscopic mechanisms governing the nucleation from hydrocarbon molecules. Specifically, we address here the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbon molecules and the formation of all-carbon graphitic islands on metallic nanoclusters from hydrocarbon molecules under conditions typical for carbon nanotube growth. Employing reactive molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate for the first time that the formation of a graphitic network occurs through the intermediate formation of vertically oriented, not fully dehydrogenated graphitic islands. Upon dehydrogenation of these vertical graphenes, the islands curve over the surface, thereby forming a carbon network covering the nanoparticle. The results indicate that controlling the extent of dehydrogenation offers an additional parameter to control the nucleation of carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umedjon Khalilov
- Department of Chemistry, Research Group PLASMANT, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
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26
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Combining molecular dynamics with Monte Carlo simulations: implementations and applications. HIGHLIGHTS IN THEORETICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41315-5_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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Yan T, Zhong X, Rider AE, Lu Y, Furman SA, Ostrikov K(K. Microplasma-chemical synthesis and tunable real-time plasmonic responses of alloyed AuxAg1−x nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:3144-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48846b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A new conceptual microplasma-based approach is developed to produce AuAg alloyed crystalline nanoparticles at atmospheric pressure and low temperatures, in the absence of a chemical reducing agent. Real-time plasmonic monitoring is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yan
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Amanda Evelyn Rider
- CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering
- Lindfield, Australia
- Faculty of Science
- The University of Sydney
- , Australia
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240, China
| | | | - Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov
- CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering
- Lindfield, Australia
- Faculty of Science
- The University of Sydney
- , Australia
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28
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Zhu BQ, Wei GP, Li XC, Ma Z, Wei Y. Preparation and growth mechanism of carbon nanotubes via catalytic pyrolysis of phenol resin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/1433075x13y.0000000125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Q. Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Refractories and CeramicsWuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - G. P. Wei
- The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Refractories and CeramicsWuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - X. C. Li
- The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Refractories and CeramicsWuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Z. Ma
- Zhejiang Zili Co. Ltd, Shangyu, Zhejiang 312300, China
| | - Y. Wei
- Shandong Shengquan Chemical Co. Ltd, Shandong 250204, China
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29
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Shariat M, Shokri B, Neyts E. On the low-temperature growth mechanism of single walled carbon nanotubes in plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Neyts EC, van Duin ACT, Bogaerts A. Formation of single layer graphene on nickel under far-from-equilibrium high flux conditions. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:7250-7255. [PMID: 23695014 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr00153a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the theoretical possibility of single layer graphene formation on a nickel surface at different substrate temperatures under far-from-equilibrium high precursor flux conditions, employing state-of-the-art hybrid reactive molecular dynamics/uniform acceptance force bias Monte Carlo simulations. It is predicted that under these conditions, the formation of a single layer graphene-like film may proceed through a combined deposition-segregation mechanism on a nickel substrate, rather than by pure surface segregation as is typically observed for metals with high carbon solubility. At 900 K and above, nearly continuous graphene layers are obtained. These simulations suggest that single layer graphene deposition is theoretically possible on Ni under high flux conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik C Neyts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Research group PLASMANT, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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31
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Elliott JA, Shibuta Y, Amara H, Bichara C, Neyts EC. Atomistic modelling of CVD synthesis of carbon nanotubes and graphene. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:6662-6676. [PMID: 23774798 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01925j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene by catalytic chemical vapour deposition (CCVD) and plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD), summarising the state-of-the-art understanding of mechanisms controlling their growth rate, chiral angle, number of layers (walls), diameter, length and quality (defects), before presenting a new model for 2D nucleation of a graphene sheet from amorphous carbon on a nickel surface. Although many groups have modelled this process using a variety of techniques, we ask whether there are any complementary ideas emerging from the different proposed growth mechanisms, and whether different modelling techniques can give the same answers for a given mechanism. Subsequently, by comparing the results of tight-binding, semi-empirical molecular orbital theory and reactive bond order force field calculations, we demonstrate that graphene on crystalline Ni(111) is thermodynamically stable with respect to the corresponding amorphous metal and carbon structures. Finally, we show in principle how a complementary heterogeneous nucleation step may play a key role in the transformation from amorphous carbon to graphene on the metal surface. We conclude that achieving the conditions under which this complementary crystallisation process can occur may be a promising method to gain better control over the growth processes of both graphene from flat metal surfaces and CNTs from catalyst nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Elliott
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK.
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32
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Somers W, Bogaerts A, van Duin A, Huygh S, Bal K, Neyts E. Temperature influence on the reactivity of plasma species on a nickel catalyst surface: An atomic scale study. Catal Today 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Levchenko I, Cvelbar U, Modic M, Filipič G, Zhong XX, Mozetič M, Ostrikov K. Nanoherding: Plasma-Chemical Synthesis and Electric-Charge-Driven Self Organization of SiO2 Nanodots. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:681-686. [PMID: 26281886 DOI: 10.1021/jz400092m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on the chemical synthesis of the arrays of silicon oxide nanodots and their self-organization on the surface via physical processes triggered by surface charges. The method based on chemically active oxygen plasma leads to the rearrangement of nanostructures and eventually to the formation of groups of nanodots. This behavior is explained in terms of the effect of electric field on the kinetics of surface processes. The direct measurements of the electric charges on the surface demonstrate that the charge correlates with the density and arrangement of nanodots within the array. Extensive numerical simulations support the proposed mechanism and prove a critical role of the electric charges in the self-organization. This simple and environment-friendly self-guided process could be used in the chemical synthesis of large arrays of nanodots on semiconducting surfaces for a variety of applications in catalysis, energy conversion and storage, photochemistry, environmental and biosensing, and several others.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Levchenko
- ‡CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
- §The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - U Cvelbar
- †Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Modic
- †Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - G Filipič
- †Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - X X Zhong
- ∥Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - M Mozetič
- †Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - K Ostrikov
- ‡CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
- §The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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34
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Neyts EC, Ostrikov K, Han ZJ, Kumar S, van Duin ACT, Bogaerts A. Defect healing and enhanced nucleation of carbon nanotubes by low-energy ion bombardment. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:065501. [PMID: 23432269 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.065501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Structural defects inevitably appear during the nucleation event that determines the structure and properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes. By combining ion bombardment experiments with atomistic simulations we reveal that ion bombardment in a suitable energy range allows these defects to be healed resulting in an enhanced nucleation of the carbon nanotube cap. The enhanced growth of the nanotube cap is explained by a nonthermal ion-induced graphene network restructuring mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Neyts
- University of Antwerp, Department of Chemistry, PLASMANT Research Group, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium.
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Mehdipour H, Ostrikov K(K. Size- and Orientation-Selective Si Nanowire Growth: Thermokinetic Effects of Nanoscale Plasma Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:1912-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3110279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Mehdipour
- Plasma Nanoscience Centre
Australia (PNCA), CSIRO Materials
Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, New South Wales
2070, Australia and Plasma Nanoscience @ Complex Systems, The University
of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov
- Plasma Nanoscience Centre
Australia (PNCA), CSIRO Materials
Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, New South Wales
2070, Australia and Plasma Nanoscience @ Complex Systems, The University
of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Khalilov U, Pourtois G, Bogaerts A, van Duin ACT, Neyts EC. Reactive molecular dynamics simulations on SiO2-coated ultra-small Si-nanowires. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:719-725. [PMID: 23223964 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32387g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of core-shell Si-SiO(2) nanowires as nanoelectronic devices strongly depends on their structure, which is difficult to tune precisely. In this work, we investigate the formation of the core-shell nanowires at the atomic scale, by reactive molecular dynamics simulations. The occurrence of two temperature-dependent oxidation mechanisms of ultra-small diameter Si-NWs is demonstrated. We found that control over the Si-core radius and the SiO(x) (x≤ 2) oxide shell is possible by tuning the growth temperature and the initial Si-NW diameter. Two different structures were obtained, i.e., ultrathin SiO(2) silica nanowires at high temperature and Si core|ultrathin SiO(2) silica nanowires at low temperature. The transition temperature is found to linearly decrease with the nanowire curvature. Finally, the interfacial stress is found to be responsible for self-limiting oxidation, depending on both the initial Si-NW radius and the oxide growth temperature. These novel insights allow us to gain control over the exact morphology and structure of the wires, as is needed for their application in nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umedjon Khalilov
- Department of Chemistry, PLASMANT Research Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium.
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Yick S, Han ZJ, Ostrikov K(K. Atmospheric microplasma-functionalized 3D microfluidic strips within dense carbon nanotube arrays confine Au nanodots for SERS sensing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2861-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc00282a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Neyts EC, Bogaerts A. Combining molecular dynamics with Monte Carlo simulations: implementations and applications. Theor Chem Acc 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-012-1320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jensen BD, Bandyopadhyay A, Wise KE, Odegard GM. Parametric Study of ReaxFF Simulation Parameters for Molecular Dynamics Modeling of Reactive Carbon Gases. J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 8:3003-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ct300491d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Jensen
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering—Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan
49931, United States
| | - Ananyo Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering—Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan
49931, United States
| | - Kristopher E. Wise
- Advanced Materials
and Processing Branch, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Gregory M. Odegard
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering—Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan
49931, United States
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Ostrikov K(K, Mehdipour H. Nanoscale Plasma Chemistry Enables Fast, Size-Selective Nanotube Nucleation. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:4303-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ja210813s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov
- Plasma Nanoscience Centre Australia
(PNCA), CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia, and Plasma
Nanoscience @ Complex Systems, School of Physics, The University of
Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Hamid Mehdipour
- Plasma Nanoscience Centre Australia
(PNCA), CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia, and Plasma
Nanoscience @ Complex Systems, School of Physics, The University of
Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Department of Physics, Faculty
of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, P. O. Box 47416-1467, Babolsar, Iran
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