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Kurapati N, Janda DC, Balla RJ, Huang SH, Leonard KC, Amemiya S. Nanogap-Resolved Adsorption-Coupled Electron Transfer by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Implications for Electrocatalysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17956-17963. [PMID: 36512745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the mechanism of adsorption-coupled electron-transfer (ACET) reactions can be identified experimentally. The electron transfer (ET) and specific adsorption of redox-active molecules are coupled in many electrode reactions with practical importance and fundamental interest. ACET reactions are often represented by a concerted mechanism. In reductive adsorption, an oxidant is simultaneously reduced and adsorbed as a reductant on the electrode surface through the ACET step. Alternatively, the non-concerted mechanism mediates outer-sphere reduction and adsorption separately when the reductant adsorption is reversible. In electrocatalysis, reversibly adsorbed reductants are ubiquitous and crucial intermediates. Moreover, electrocatalysis is complicated by the mixed mechanism based on simultaneous ACET and outer-sphere ET steps. In this work, we reveal the non-concerted mechanism for ferrocene derivatives adsorbed at highly oriented pyrolytic graphite as simple models. We enable the transient voltammetric mode of nanoscale scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to kinetically control the adsorption step, which is required for the discrimination of non-concerted, concerted, and mixed mechanisms. Experimental voltammograms are compared with each mechanism by employing finite element simulation. The non-concerted mechanism is supported to indicate that the ACET step is intrinsically slower than its outer-sphere counterpart by at least four orders of magnitude. This finding implies that an ACET step is facilitated thermodynamically but may not be necessarily accelerated or catalyzed by the adsorption of the reductant. SECM-based transient voltammetry will become a powerful tool to resolve and understand electrocatalytic ACET reactions at the elementary level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraja Kurapati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Donald C Janda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ryan J Balla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Siao-Han Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kevin C Leonard
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Brill AR, Kuntumalla MK, de Ruiter G, Koren E. Formation of Highly Ordered Self-Assembled Monolayers on Two-Dimensional Materials via Noncovalent Functionalization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:33941-33949. [PMID: 32589020 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized two-dimensional materials (2DMs) are attracting much attention due to their promising applications in nanoscale devices. Producing continuous and homogeneous surface assemblies with a high degree of order has been challenging. In this work, we demonstrate that by noncovalently self-assembling molecular platforms on 2DMs, high-quality and highly ordered monolayers can be generated. The high degree of order and uniformity of the self-assembled monolayer layers were confirmed by a variety of analytic techniques including time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, scanning tunnelling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Furthermore, by selectively enhancing the molecular vibrations of the molecular platform, via a combination of graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (GERS) and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), we were able to determine the orientation of self-assembled molecular platforms with respect to the surface normal. The selective enhancement of the vibrational modes occurs by taking advantage of the distance dependence of the Raman enhancement either by the graphene surface (GERS) or the silver nanoparticules (SERS) that are located on top of the self-assembled monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Brill
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Mohan Kumar Kuntumalla
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Graham de Ruiter
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Elad Koren
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
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Direct high-resolution mapping of electrocatalytic activity of semi-two-dimensional catalysts with single-edge sensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11618-11623. [PMID: 31127040 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821091116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic activity of low-dimensional electrocatalysts is highly dependent on their local atomic structures, particularly those less-coordinated sites found at edges and corners; therefore, a direct probe of the electrocatalytic current at specified local sites with true nanoscopic resolution has become critically important. Despite the growing availability of operando imaging tools, to date it has not been possible to measure the electrocatalytic activities from individual material edges and directly correlate those with the local structural defects. Herein, we show the possibility of using feedback and generation/collection modes of operation of the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) to independently image the topography and local electrocatalytic activity with 15-nm spatial resolution. We employed this operando microscopy technique to map out the oxygen evolution activity of a semi-2D nickel oxide nanosheet. The improved resolution and sensitivity enables us to distinguish the higher activities of the materials' edges from that of the fully coordinated surfaces in operando The combination of spatially resolved electrochemical information with state-of-the-art electron tomography, that unravels the 3D complexity of the edges, and ab initio calculations allows us to reveal the intricate coordination dependent activity along individual edges of the semi-2D material that is not achievable by other methods. The comparison of the simulated line scans to the experimental data suggests that the catalytic current density at the nanosheet edge is ∼200 times higher than that at the NiO basal plane.
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Zhan S, Ahlquist MSG. Dynamics and Reactions of Molecular Ru Catalysts at Carbon Nanotube–Water Interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7498-7503. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqi Zhan
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry & Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mårten S. G. Ahlquist
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry & Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Hui J, Pakhira S, Bhargava R, Barton ZJ, Zhou X, Chinderle AJ, Mendoza-Cortes JL, Rodríguez-López J. Modulating Electrocatalysis on Graphene Heterostructures: Physically Impermeable Yet Electronically Transparent Electrodes. ACS NANO 2018; 12:2980-2990. [PMID: 29444401 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties and extreme thinness of graphene make it an attractive platform for exploring electrochemical interactions across dissimilar environments. Here, we report on the systematic tuning of the electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) via heterostructures formed by graphene modified with a metal underlayer and an adlayer consisting of a molecular catalyst. Systematic voltammetric testing and electrochemical imaging of patterned electrodes allowed us to confidently probe modifications on the ORR mechanisms and overpotential. We found that the surface configuration largely determined the ORR mechanism, with adlayers of porphyrin molecular catalysts displaying a higher activity for the 2e- pathway than the bare basal plane of graphene. Surprisingly, however, the underlayer material contributed substantially to lower the activation potential for the ORR in the order Pt > Au > SiO x, strongly suggesting the involvement of the solution-excluded metal on the reaction. Computational investigations suggest that ORR enhancements originate from permeation of metal d-subshell electrons through the graphene layer. In addition, these physically impermeable but electronically transparent electrodes displayed tolerance to cyanide poisoning and stability toward long-term cycling, highlighting graphene as an effective protection layer of noble metal while enabling electrochemical interactions. This work has implications in the mechanistic understanding of 2D materials and core-shell-type heterostructures for electrocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Hui
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Green Street , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Srimanta Pakhira
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering , Florida A&M-Florida State University, Joint College of Engineering , 2525 Pottsdamer Street , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, High Performance Materials Institute , Florida State University , 2005 Levy Avenue , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
- Department of Scientific Computing , Florida State University , 110 North Woodward Avenue , Tallahassee , Florida 32304 , United States
- Condensed Matter Theory, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) , Florida State University , 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
| | - Richa Bhargava
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Zachary J Barton
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Adam J Chinderle
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Jose L Mendoza-Cortes
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering , Florida A&M-Florida State University, Joint College of Engineering , 2525 Pottsdamer Street , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, High Performance Materials Institute , Florida State University , 2005 Levy Avenue , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
- Department of Scientific Computing , Florida State University , 110 North Woodward Avenue , Tallahassee , Florida 32304 , United States
- Condensed Matter Theory, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) , Florida State University , 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 405 North Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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Ozawa H, Katori N, Kita T, Oka S, Haga MA. Controlling the Molecular Direction of Dinuclear Ruthenium Complexes on HOPG Surface through Noncovalent Bonding. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:11901-11910. [PMID: 28945096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized three types of binuclear Ru complexes (1-3) that contain pyrene anchors for the adsorption of 1-3 onto nanocarbon materials via noncovalent π-π interactions, in order to investigate their adsorption onto and their desorption from highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). The adsorption saturation for 1 (6.22 pmol/cm2), 2 (2.83 pmol/cm2), and 3 (3.53 pmol/cm2) on HOPG was obtained from Langmuir isotherms. The desorption rate from HOPG electrodes decreased in the order 3 (2.4 × 10-5 s-1) > 2 (1.4 × 10-5 s-1) ≫ 1 (1.8 × 10-6 s-1). These results indicate that the number of pyrene anchors and their position of substitution in such complexes strongly affect the desorption behavior. However, neither the free energy of adsorption (ΔGads) nor the heterogeneous electron-transfer rate (kET) showed any significant differences among 1-3, albeit that the surface morphologies of the modified HOPG substrates showed domain structures that were characteristic for each Ru complex. In the case of 3, the average height changed from ∼2 to ∼4 nm upon increasing the concentration of the solution of 3 that was used for the surface modification. In contrast, the height for 1 and 2 remained constant (1.5-2 nm) upon increasing the concentration of the complexes in the corresponding solutions. While the molecular orientation of the Ru-Ru axis of 3 relative to the HOPG surface normal changed from parallel to perpendicular, the Ru-Ru axis in 1 and 2 remained parallel, which leads to an increased stability of 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ozawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University , 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | | | - Tomomi Kita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University , 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Shota Oka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University , 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Masa-Aki Haga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University , 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
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Papaderakis A, Tsiplakides D, Balomenou S, Sotiropoulos S. Probing the hydrogen adsorption affinity of Pt and Ir by surface interrogation scanning electrochemical microscopy (SI-SECM). Electrochem commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Valášek M, Mayor M. Spatial and Lateral Control of Functionality by Rigid Molecular Platforms. Chemistry 2017; 23:13538-13548. [PMID: 28766790 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Surface mounted molecular devices have received significant attention in the scientific community because of their unique ability to construct functional materials. The key involves the platform on which the molecular device works on solid substrates, such as in solid-liquid or solid-vacuum interfaces. Here, we outline the concept of rigid molecular platforms to immobilize active functionality atop flat surfaces in a controllable manner. Most of these (multipodal) platforms have at least three anchoring groups to control the spatial arrangement of the protruding functional moieties and form mechanically stable and electronically tuned contacts to the underlying substrate. Another approach is based on employing of flat aromatic scaffolds bearing perpendicular functionalities that form stable lateral assemblies on various surfaces. Emphasis is placed on the need for controllable assembly and separation of these tailor-made molecules that expose functionalities at the molecular scale. The discussions are focused on the different molecular designs realizing functional 3D architectures on surfaces, the role of various anchoring strategies to control the spatial arrangement, and structural considerations controlling physical features like the coupling to the surface or the available space for sterically demanding molecular operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Valášek
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Xingang Rd. W., Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Hui J, Zhou X, Bhargava R, Chinderle A, Zhang J, Rodríguez-López J. Kinetic Modulation of Outer-Sphere Electron Transfer Reactions on Graphene Electrode with a Sub-surface Metal Substrate. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.06.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Lindner M, Valášek M, Homberg J, Edelmann K, Gerhard L, Wulfhekel W, Fuhr O, Wächter T, Zharnikov M, Kolivoška V, Pospíšil L, Mészáros G, Hromadová M, Mayor M. Importance of the Anchor Group Position (ParaversusMeta) in Tetraphenylmethane Tripods: Synthesis and Self-Assembly Features. Chemistry 2016; 22:13218-35. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Lindner
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Michal Valášek
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jan Homberg
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Kevin Edelmann
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Lukas Gerhard
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Wulf Wulfhekel
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Tobias Wächter
- Applied Physical Chemistry; Heidelberg University; Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Applied Physical Chemistry; Heidelberg University; Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Viliam Kolivoška
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of ASCR v.v.i.; Dolejškova 3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Pospíšil
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of ASCR v.v.i.; Dolejškova 3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Gábor Mészáros
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, HAS; Magyar tudósok krt. 2 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Magdaléna Hromadová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of ASCR v.v.i.; Dolejškova 3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM); Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU); XinGangXi Rd. 135 510275 Guangzhou P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johannsring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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11
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Wang W, Zhang J, Wang F, Mao BW, Zhan D, Tian ZQ. Mobility and Reactivity of Oxygen Adspecies on Platinum Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:9057-60. [PMID: 27400155 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption and mobility of oxygen adspecies on platinum (Pt) surface are crucial for the oxidation of surface-absorbed carbon monoxide (CO), which causes the deactivation of Pt catalyst in fuel cells. By employing nanoelectrode and ultramicroelectrode techniques, we have observed the surface mobility of oxygen adspecies produced by the dissociative adsorption of H2O and the surface reaction between the oxygen adspecies and the preadsorbed CO on the Pt surface. The desorption charge of oxygen adspecies on a Pt nanoelectrode has been found to be in proportion to the reciprocal of the square root of scan rate. Using this information, the apparent surface diffusion coefficient of oxygen adspecies has been determined to be (5.61 ± 0.84) × 10(-10) cm(2)/s at 25 °C. During the surface oxidation of CO, two current peaks are observed, which are attributed to CO oxidation at the Pt/electrolyte interface and the surface mobility of the oxygen adspecies on the adjacent Pt surface, respectively. These results demonstrate that the surface mobility of oxygen adspecies plays an important role in the antipoisoning and reactivation of Pt catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bing-Wei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Dongping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
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12
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Axet M, Dechy-Cabaret O, Durand J, Gouygou M, Serp P. Coordination chemistry on carbon surfaces. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Abstract
A smart graphene dispersion by a CO2-controlled removable polymer is developed. The polymer can not only adsorb on graphene surface to form stable, concentrated aqueous dispersion, but also can be further removed upon CO2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- PR China
| | - Yujun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- PR China
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Simpson BH, Rodríguez-López J. Redox Titrations via Surface Interrogation Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy at an Extended Semiconducting Surface for the Quantification of Photogenerated Adsorbed Intermediates. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.04.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Torbensen K, Kongsfelt M, Shimizu K, Pedersen EB, Skrydstrup T, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Patterned Carboxylation of Graphene Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:4443-4452. [PMID: 25849849 DOI: 10.1021/la504500m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple, direct, and versatile scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) approach for local carboxylation of multilayered graphene on nickel is demonstrated, in which carbon dioxide serves as the carboxylation agent under reductive conditions in N,N-dimethylformamide. The use of SECM gives control over both the spatial dimensions and the degree of carboxylation. While the pattern size, in general, is governed by the dimension of the SECM tip, the degree of modification, expressed as the surface coverage of carboxylate groups introduced at the graphene substrate, is found to be controlled by the electrolysis time. This is supported by electrochemical measurements, two-dimensional X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy mapping, and He ion microscopy. Surprisingly, intercalation of the supporting electrolyte in the multilayered graphene on nickel occurs to a relatively small extent when compared to corresponding results obtained in previously described carboxylations of this kind of multilayered graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Torbensen
- †Physicochimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mikkel Kongsfelt
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kyoko Shimizu
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emil B Pedersen
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Troels Skrydstrup
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steen U Pedersen
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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16
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Cristarella TC, Chinderle AJ, Hui J, Rodríguez-López J. Single-layer graphene as a stable and transparent electrode for nonaqueous radical annihilation electrogenerated chemiluminescence. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:3999-4007. [PMID: 25780938 DOI: 10.1021/la5050317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We explored the use of single-layer graphene (SLG) obtained by chemical vapor deposition, and transferred to a glass substrate, as a transparent electrode material for use in coupled electrochemical and spectroscopic experiments in nonaqueous media through electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL). SLG was used with classical ECL luminophores, rubrene and 9,10-diphenylanthracene, in an inert environment to generate stable electrochemical responses and measure light emission through it. As an electrode material, SLG displayed excellent stability during electrochemical potential stepping and voltammetry in a window that spanned at least from ca. -2.4 to +1.8 V versus SCE in acetonitrile and acetonitrile/benzene. Although the peak splitting between forward and reverse sweeps in voltammetry was larger in comparison to metal electrodes due to in-plane resistance, SLG displayed sufficiently facile electron transfer properties to yield stable voltammetric cycling and ECL. SLG electrodes patterned with poly tetrafluoroethylene permitted the stable generation of radical ions on an SLG microelectrode to be studied through scanning electrochemical microscopy in the generation/collection mode. SLG was able to stably collect radical ions produced by a 50 μm gold tip with up to 96% collection efficiency. The transparency of graphene was used to obtain accurate spectral responses in ECL. While inner filter effects are known to cause a shift in peak emission wavelength of spectroelectrochemical studies, the use of SLG electrodes with detection through the graphene window reduced apparent peak shifts by up to 10 nm in peak wavelength. This work introduces SLG as a virtually transparent, electrochemically active, and chemically stable platform for studying ECL in the radical annihilation mode, where large electrode polarizations could compromise the chemical stability of other existing transparent electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa C Cristarella
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Adam J Chinderle
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jingshu Hui
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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17
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Ritzert NL, Li W, Tan C, Rodríguez-Calero GG, Rodríguez-López J, Hernández-Burgos K, Conte S, Parks JJ, Ralph DC, Abruña HD. Single layer graphene as an electrochemical platform. Faraday Discuss 2014; 172:27-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00060a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Zhang G, Kirkman PM, Patel AN, Cuharuc AS, McKelvey K, Unwin PR. Molecular Functionalization of Graphite Surfaces: Basal Plane versus Step Edge Electrochemical Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11444-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ja505266d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Kirkman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Anisha N. Patel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Anatolii S. Cuharuc
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Kim McKelvey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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19
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Ebrish MA, Olson EJ, Koester SJ. Effect of noncovalent basal plane functionalization on the quantum capacitance in graphene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:10296-10303. [PMID: 24896230 DOI: 10.1021/am5017057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The concentration-dependent density of states in graphene allows the capacitance in metal-oxide-graphene structures to be tunable with the carrier concentration. This feature allows graphene to act as a variable capacitor (varactor) that can be utilized for wireless sensing applications. Surface functionalization can be used to make graphene sensitive to a particular species. In this manuscript, the effect on the quantum capacitance of noncovalent basal plane functionalization using 1-pyrenebutanoic acid succimidyl ester and glucose oxidase is reported. It is found that functionalized samples tested in air have (1) a Dirac point similar to vacuum conditions, (2) increased maximum capacitance compared to vacuum but similar to air, (3) and quantum capacitance "tuning" that is greater than that in vacuum and ambient atmosphere. These trends are attributed to reduced surface doping and random potential fluctuations as a result of the surface functionalization due to the displacement of H2O on the graphene surface and intercalation of a stable H2O layer beneath graphene that increases the overall device capacitance. The results are important for future application of graphene as a platform for wireless chemical and biological sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A Ebrish
- University of Minnesota-Twin Cities , 200 Union Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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20
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Azevedo J, Fillaud L, Bourdillon C, Noël JM, Kanoufi F, Jousselme B, Derycke V, Campidelli S, Cornut R. Localized Reduction of Graphene Oxide by Electrogenerated Naphthalene Radical Anions and Subsequent Diazonium Electrografting. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:4833-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja500189u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joël Azevedo
- CEA Saclay, IRAMIS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Gif-sur-Yvette
Cedex, Paris F-91191, France
| | - Laure Fillaud
- CEA Saclay, IRAMIS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Gif-sur-Yvette
Cedex, Paris F-91191, France
| | - Céline Bourdillon
- CEA Saclay, IRAMIS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Gif-sur-Yvette
Cedex, Paris F-91191, France
| | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Physicochimie
des Electrolytes, Colloïdes et Sciences Analytiques, UMR CNRS 7195- ESPCI ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, Cedex 05, Paris F-75231, France
| | - Fréderic Kanoufi
- Physicochimie
des Electrolytes, Colloïdes et Sciences Analytiques, UMR CNRS 7195- ESPCI ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, Cedex 05, Paris F-75231, France
| | - Bruno Jousselme
- CEA Saclay, IRAMIS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Gif-sur-Yvette
Cedex, Paris F-91191, France
| | - Vincent Derycke
- CEA Saclay, IRAMIS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Gif-sur-Yvette
Cedex, Paris F-91191, France
| | - Stéphane Campidelli
- CEA Saclay, IRAMIS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Gif-sur-Yvette
Cedex, Paris F-91191, France
| | - Renaud Cornut
- CEA Saclay, IRAMIS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Gif-sur-Yvette
Cedex, Paris F-91191, France
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21
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Anne A, Bahri MA, Chovin A, Demaille C, Taofifenua C. Probing the conformation and 2D-distribution of pyrene-terminated redox-labeled poly(ethylene glycol) chains end-adsorbed on HOPG using cyclic voltammetry and atomic force electrochemical microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:4642-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54720e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Mann JA, Dichtel WR. Improving the binding characteristics of tripodal compounds on single layer graphene. ACS NANO 2013; 7:7193-7199. [PMID: 23859629 DOI: 10.1021/nn402599x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is an atomically thin, transparent, and conductive electrode material of interest for sensors and energy conversion and storage devices, among others. Fully realizing its potential will require robust and general methods to anchor active functionality onto its pristine basal plane. Such strategies should not utilize covalent bond formation, which disrupts the graphene's π-electron system, from which most of its desirable properties arise. We recently introduced a tripodal binding motif, which forms robust monolayers on graphene capable of immobilizing active proteins and preventing their denaturation. Here we describe structure-property relationships for a series of tripod binding groups with "feet" of different sizes. Each derivative adsorbs strongly (ΔGads ≈ -39 kJ mol(-1)) to graphene's basal plane, yet the resulting monolayers exhibit kinetic stabilities that vary over 2 orders of magnitude and molecular densities that vary by a factor of 2. This study identifies phenanthrene as a superior anchor relative to pyrene on the basis of its increased monolayer density and similar kinetic stability. We also demonstrate that varying the length of the methylene linkers between the feet and tripodal core does not affect binding substantially. These results represent the first demonstration of structure-property relationships in the assembly of molecular adsorbates on graphene and provide a paradigm for designing effective graphene binding motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Mann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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23
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Ren C, Chen Y, Zhang H, Deng J. Noncovalent Chiral Functionalization of Graphene with Optically Active Helical Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 34:1368-74. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chonglei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jianping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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24
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Zhang B, Fan L, Zhong H, Liu Y, Chen S. Graphene Nanoelectrodes: Fabrication and Size-Dependent Electrochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:10073-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ja402456b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology
and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical
Power Sources, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lixin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology
and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical
Power Sources, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huawei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology
and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical
Power Sources, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology
and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical
Power Sources, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology
and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical
Power Sources, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Bian S, Scott AM, Cao Y, Liang Y, Osuna S, Houk KN, Braunschweig AB. Covalently Patterned Graphene Surfaces by a Force-Accelerated Diels–Alder Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9240-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4042077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shudan Bian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United
States
| | - Amy M. Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United
States
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Chemistry
and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yong Liang
- Department of Chemistry
and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sílvia Osuna
- Department of Chemistry
and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry
and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Adam B. Braunschweig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United
States
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26
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Ghorbal A, Grisotto F, Charlier J, Palacin S, Goyer C, Demaille C, Brahim AB. Nano-Electrochemistry and Nano-Electrografting with an Original Combined AFM-SECM. NANOMATERIALS 2013; 3:303-316. [PMID: 28348337 PMCID: PMC5327889 DOI: 10.3390/nano3020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the advantages of the combination between atomic force microscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy. The combined technique can perform nano-electrochemical measurements onto agarose surface and nano-electrografting of non-conducting polymers onto conducting surfaces. This work was achieved by manufacturing an original Atomic Force Microscopy-Scanning ElectroChemical Microscopy (AFM-SECM) electrode. The capabilities of the AFM-SECM-electrode were tested with the nano-electrografting of vinylic monomers initiated by aryl diazonium salts. Nano-electrochemical and technical processes were thoroughly described, so as to allow experiments reproducing. A plausible explanation of chemical and electrochemical mechanisms, leading to the nano-grafting process, was reported. This combined technique represents the first step towards improved nano-processes for the nano-electrografting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achraf Ghorbal
- Applied Thermodynamics Research Unit, National Engineering School of Gabès, Gabès University, Rue Omar Ibn-Elkhattab, 6029 Gabes, Tunisia.
| | - Federico Grisotto
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Surfaces and Interfaces, DSM/IRAMIS/SPCSI, Atomic Energy Commission of Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Julienne Charlier
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Surfaces and Interfaces, DSM/IRAMIS/SPCSI, Atomic Energy Commission of Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Serge Palacin
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Surfaces and Interfaces, DSM/IRAMIS/SPCSI, Atomic Energy Commission of Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Cédric Goyer
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble Cedex 09, France.
| | - Christophe Demaille
- Laboratory of Molecular Electrochemistry, Paris VII University, 2 Place Jussieu, Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Ammar Ben Brahim
- Applied Thermodynamics Research Unit, National Engineering School of Gabès, Gabès University, Rue Omar Ibn-Elkhattab, 6029 Gabes, Tunisia.
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27
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Rodríguez-Pérez L, Herranz MÁ, Martín N. The chemistry of pristine graphene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:3721-35. [PMID: 23539514 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc38950b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphene is a unique material with outstanding mechanical and electronic properties. For solution processes graphene layers have to be stabilized by means of molecular or supramolecular chemical derivatization, prior to their transfer to solid substrates. The most common chemical methodology for the preparation of graphene involves the formation of graphene oxide under highly oxidizing conditions, which even after reduction, lacks the electronic quality of pristine graphene. Presently, there is increasing concern in the chemical community about the starting material quality, and recent efforts are directed to wet chemical approaches toward high-quality graphene flakes which encompass the use of graphite as initial material. In addition, epitaxial growth of graphene on metallic surfaces is becoming a powerful technique for the production of pristine graphene with a control on its electronic properties, somehow due to the supramolecular interaction with the metallic surface. Current approaches for the preparation of modified pristine graphene are the aim of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rodríguez-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Molina J, Fernández J, Inés J, del Río A, Bonastre J, Cases F. Electrochemical characterization of reduced graphene oxide-coated polyester fabrics. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Alava T, Mann JA, Théodore C, Benitez JJ, Dichtel WR, Parpia JM, Craighead HG. Control of the graphene-protein interface is required to preserve adsorbed protein function. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2754-9. [PMID: 23363062 DOI: 10.1021/ac303268z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Graphene's suite of useful properties makes it of interest for use in biosensors. However, graphene interacts strongly with hydrophobic components of biomolecules, potentially altering their conformation and disrupting their biological activity. We have immobilized the protein Concanavalin A onto a self-assembled monolayer of multivalent tripodal molecules on single-layer graphene. We used a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to show that tripod-bound Concanavalin A retains its affinity for polysaccharides containing α-D-glucopyrannosyl groups as well as for the α-D-mannopyranosyl groups located on the cell wall of Bacillus subtilis. QCM measurements on unfunctionalized graphene indicate that adsorption of Concanavalin A onto graphene is accompanied by near-complete loss of these functions, suggesting that interactions with the graphene surface induce deleterious structural changes to the protein. Given that Concanavalin A's tertiary structure is thought to be relatively robust, these results suggest that other proteins might also be denatured upon adsorption onto graphene, such that the graphene-biomolecule interface must be considered carefully. Multivalent tripodal binding groups address this challenge by anchoring proteins without loss of function and without disrupting graphene's desirable electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Alava
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.
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30
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Ritzert NL, Rodríguez-López J, Tan C, Abruña HD. Kinetics of interfacial electron transfer at single-layer graphene electrodes in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:1683-1694. [PMID: 23305445 DOI: 10.1021/la3042549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a catalog of electron transfer mediators for investigating the heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics of large-area, single-layer graphene electrodes. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was used to probe the apparent standard electron transfer rate constant of mediators in aqueous solutions and in acetonitrile and dimethylformamide, allowing for studies of graphene electroactivity at different potentials and in both aqueous and nonaqueous media. In aqueous solution, iron(III) ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, hexacyanoruthenate(II), hexacyanoferrate(II), hexacyanoferrate(III), octacyanomalybdate(IV), cobalt(III) sepulchrate, and hydroxymethylferrocene exhibited quasi-reversible electron transfer behavior. The electron transfer kinetics of hexaammineruthenium(III), methyl viologen, and tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) were found to be reversible in these studies. The electron transfer rate constant of hydroxymethylferrocene and ferrocene, in organic media, was similar to that for hydroxymethylferrocene in water, which, although fast, shows clear kinetic complications that we believe are inherent to graphene. A series of viologens, known to be reversible at metal electrodes, exhibited quasi-reversible electron transfer. For [Co(dapa)(2)](2+), where dapa is 2,6-bis[1-(phenylimino)ethyl]pyridine, in dimethylformamide, the oxidation state of the redox pair investigated affected the observed kinetics. Under similar experimental conditions, the Co(I/II) couple exhibited nearly reversible behavior whereas Co(II/III) had finite kinetics. This behavior was ascribed to the large difference in self-exchange rates for these two processes. To demonstrate the utility of using these mediators for examining graphene electrodes, the kinetics of two mediators with quasi-reversible electron transfer behavior, iron ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and hexacyanoruthenate, were measured in the presence of a redox-active species [Os(bpy)(2)(dipy)Cl]PF(6), where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine and dipy is 4,4'-trimethylenedipyridine, adsorbed onto the graphene surface. The kinetics of both mediators were enhanced in the presence of one-hundredth of a monolayer of the osmium complex, showing that even small amounts of impurities on the graphene surface are capable of enhancing the observed kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Ritzert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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31
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Mann JA, Alava T, Craighead HG, Dichtel WR. Preservation of Antibody Selectivity on Graphene by Conjugation to a Tripod Monolayer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3177-80. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Mann JA, Alava T, Craighead HG, Dichtel WR. Preservation of Antibody Selectivity on Graphene by Conjugation to a Tripod Monolayer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Rus ED, Wang H, Legard AE, Ritzert NL, Van Dover RB, Abruña HD. An exchangeable-tip scanning probe instrument for the analysis of combinatorial libraries of electrocatalysts. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:024101. [PMID: 23464226 DOI: 10.1063/1.4776199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A combined scanning differential electrochemical mass spectrometer (SDEMS)-scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) apparatus is described. The SDEMS is used to detect and spatially resolve volatile electrochemically generated species at the surface of a substrate electrode. The SECM can electrochemically probe the reactivity of the surface and also offers a convenient means of leveling the sample. It is possible to switch between these two different scanning tips and techniques without moving the sample and while maintaining potential control of the substrate electrode. A procedure for calibration of the SDEMS tip-substrate separation, based upon the transit time of electrogenerated species from the substrate to the tip is also described. This instrument can be used in the characterization of combinatorial libraries of direct alcohol fuel cell anode catalysts. The apparatus was used to analyze the products of methanol oxidation at a Pt substrate, with the SDEMS detecting carbon dioxide and methyl formate, and a PtPb-modified Pt SECM tip used for the selective detection of formic acid. As an example system, the electrocatalytic methanol oxidation activity of a sputter-deposited binary PtRu composition spread in acidic media was analyzed using the SDEMS. These results are compared with those obtained from a pH-sensitive fluorescence assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Rus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Energy Materials Center at Cornell (EMC2), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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34
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Azevedo J, Bourdillon C, Derycke V, Campidelli S, Lefrou C, Cornut R. Contactless Surface Conductivity Mapping of Graphene Oxide Thin Films Deposited on Glass with Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1812-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303173d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Azevedo
- CEA, IRAMIS, Service
de Physique de l’Etat Condensé, Laboratoire
d’Electronique Moléculaire, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette,
France
| | - Céline Bourdillon
- CEA, IRAMIS, Service de Physique et de Chimie des Surfaces
et Interfaces, Laboratoire
de Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Vincent Derycke
- CEA, IRAMIS, Service
de Physique de l’Etat Condensé, Laboratoire
d’Electronique Moléculaire, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette,
France
| | - Stéphane Campidelli
- CEA, IRAMIS, Service
de Physique de l’Etat Condensé, Laboratoire
d’Electronique Moléculaire, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette,
France
| | - Christine Lefrou
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
et de Physico-chimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces, UMR 5279, CNRS-Grenoble-INP-UdS-UJF, 1130 rue de la piscine,
B.P. 75, Domaine Universitaire, 38402 Saint Martin d’Hères
Cedex, France
| | - Renaud Cornut
- CEA, IRAMIS, Service de Physique et de Chimie des Surfaces
et Interfaces, Laboratoire
de Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
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35
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Patel AN, Tan SY, Unwin PR. Epinephrine electro-oxidation highlights fast electrochemistry at the graphite basal surface. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:8776-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45022h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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36
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Patel AN, Collignon MG, O’Connell MA, Hung WOY, McKelvey K, Macpherson JV, Unwin PR. A New View of Electrochemistry at Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:20117-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ja308615h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anisha N. Patel
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Manon Guille Collignon
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Michael A. O’Connell
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Wendy O. Y. Hung
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Kim McKelvey
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Julie V. Macpherson
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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37
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Schramm A, Stroh C, Dössel K, Lukas M, Fischer M, Schramm F, Fuhr O, Löhneysen HV, Mayor M. Tripodal MIIIComplexes on Au(111) Surfaces: Towards Molecular “Lunar Modules”. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201200928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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