1
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Westawker LP, Khusnutdinova JK, Wallick RF, Mirica LM. Palladium K-edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Studies on Controlled Ligand Systems. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:21128-21137. [PMID: 38039413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is widely used across the life and physical sciences to identify the electronic properties and structure surrounding a specific element. XAS is less often used for the characterization of organometallic compounds, especially for sensitive and highly reactive species. In this study, we used solid- and solution-phase XAS to compare a series of 25 palladium complexes in controlled ligand environments. The compounds include palladium centers in the formal I, II, III, and IV oxidation states, supported by tridentate and tetradentate macrocyclic ligands, with different halide and methyl ligand combinations. The Pd K-edge energies increased not only upon oxidizing the metal center but also upon increasing the denticity of the ligand framework, substituting sigma-donating methyl groups with chlorides, and increasing the charge of the overall metal complex by replacing charged ligands with neutral ligands. These trends were then applied to characterize compounds whose oxidation states were otherwise unconfirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke P Westawker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Julia K Khusnutdinova
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Rachel F Wallick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Liviu M Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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2
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Kc K, Woods T, Olshansky L. Ligand Modifications Produce Two-Step Magnetic Switching in a Cobalt(dioxolene) Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311790. [PMID: 37733206 PMCID: PMC10615740 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear monodioxolene valence tautomeric (VT) cobalt complexes typically exist in their low spin (l.s.) CoIII (cat2- ) and high spin (h.s.) CoII (sq⋅- ) forms (cat2- =catecholato, and sq⋅- =seminquinonato forms of 3,5-di-t Bu-1,2-dioxolene), which reversibly interconvert via temperature-dependent intramolecular electron transfer. Typically, the remaining four coordination sites on cobalt are supported by a tetradentate ligand whose properties influence the temperature at which VT occurs. We report that replacing one chelating pyridyl arm of tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (tpa) with a weaker field ortho-anisole moiety facilitates access to a third magnetic state, and examine a series of related complexes. Variable temperature crystallographic, magnetic, calorimetric, and spectroscopic studies support that this third state is consistent with l.s. CoII (sq⋅- ). Thus, our ligand modifications not only provide access to the VT transition from l.s. CoIII (cat2- ) to l.s. CoII (sq⋅- ), but at higher temperatures, the complex undergoes spin crossover from l.s. CoII (sq⋅- ) to h.s. CoII (sq⋅- ), representing the first example of two-step magnetic switching in a mononuclear monodioxolene cobalt complex. We hypothesize that ligand dynamicity may facilitate access to the rarely observed l.s. CoII (sq⋅- ) intermediate state, suggesting a new design criterion in the development of stimulus-responsive multi-state molecular switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadanand Kc
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Toby Woods
- George L. Clark X-Ray Facility and 3 M Materials Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Lisa Olshansky
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
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3
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Stamoulis AG, Bruns DL, Stahl SS. Optimizing the Synthetic Potential of O 2: Implications of Overpotential in Homogeneous Aerobic Oxidation Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17515-17526. [PMID: 37534994 PMCID: PMC10629435 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen is the quintessential oxidant for organic chemical synthesis, but many challenges continue to limit its utility and breadth of applications. Extensive historical research has focused on overcoming kinetic challenges presented by the ground-state triplet electronic structure of O2 and the various reactivity and selectivity challenges associated with reactive oxygen species derived from O2 reduction. This Perspective will analyze thermodynamic principles underlying catalytic aerobic oxidation reactions, borrowing concepts from the study of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells. This analysis is especially important for "oxidase"-type liquid-phase catalytic aerobic oxidation reactions, which proceed by a mechanism that couples two sequential redox half-reactions: (1) substrate oxidation and (2) oxygen reduction, typically affording H2O2 or H2O. The catalysts for these reactions feature redox potentials that lie between the potentials associated with the substrate oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions, and changes in the catalyst potential lead to variations in effective overpotentials for the two half reactions. Catalysts that operate at low ORR overpotential retain a more thermodynamic driving force for the substrate oxidation step, enabling O2 to be used in more challenging oxidations. While catalysts that operate at high ORR overpotential have less driving force available for substrate oxidation, they often exhibit different or improved chemoselectivity relative to the high-potential catalysts. The concepts are elaborated in a series of case studies to highlight their implications for chemical synthesis. Examples include comparisons of (a) NOx/oxoammonium and Cu/nitroxyl catalysts, (b) high-potential quinones and amine oxidase biomimetic quinones, and (c) Pd aerobic oxidation catalysts with or without NOx cocatalysts. In addition, we show how the reductive activation of O2 provides a means to access potentials not accessible with conventional oxidase-type mechanisms. Overall, this analysis highlights the central role of catalyst overpotential in guiding the development of aerobic oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexios G Stamoulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - David L Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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4
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Hu CH, Kim ST, Baik MH, Mirica LM. Nickel-Carbon Bond Oxygenation with Green Oxidants via High-Valent Nickel Species. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11161-11172. [PMID: 37183827 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Described herein is the synthesis of the NiII complex (tBuMe2tacn)NiII(cycloneophyl) (tBuMe2tacn = 1-tert-butyl-4,7-dimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane, cycloneophyl = -CH2CMe2-o-C6H4-) and its reactivity with dioxygen and peroxides. The new tBuMe2tacn ligand is designed to enhance the oxidatively induced bond-forming reactivity of high-valent Ni intermediates. Tunable chemoselectivity for Csp2-O vs Csp2-Csp3 bond formation was achieved by selecting the appropriate solvent and reaction conditions. Importantly, the use of cumene hydroperoxide and meta-chloroperbenzoic acid suggests a heterolytic O-O bond cleavage upon reaction with (tBuMe2tacn)NiII(cycloneophyl). Mechanistic studies using isotopically labeled H2O2 support the generation of a high-valent Ni-oxygen species via an inner-sphere mechanism and subsequent reductive elimination to form the Csp2-O bond. Kinetic studies of the exceptionally fast Csp2-O bond-forming reaction reveal a first-order dependence on both (tBuMe2tacn)NiII(cycloneophyl) and H2O2, and thus an overall second-order reaction. Eyring analysis further suggests that the oxidation of the NiII complex by H2O2 is the rate-determining step, which can be modulated by the presence of coordinating solvents. Moreover, computational studies fully support the conclusions drawn from experimental results. Overall, this study reveals for the first time the ability to control the oxidatively induced C-C vs C-O bond formation reactions at a Ni center. Importantly, the described system merges the known organometallic reactivity of Ni with the biomimetic oxidative transformations resembling oxygenases and peroxidases, and involving high-valent metal-oxygen intermediates, which is a novel approach that should lead to unprecedented oxidative catalytic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Herng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Seoung-Tae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Liviu M Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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5
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The once-elusive Ni(IV) species is now a potent candidate for challenging organic transformations. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Shigehiro Y, Miya K, Shibai R, Kataoka Y, Ura Y. Synthesis of Pd-NNP Phosphoryl Mononuclear and Phosphinous Acid-Phosphoryl-Bridged Dinuclear Complexes and Ambient Light-Promoted Oxygenation of Benzyl Ligands. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Shigehiro
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Karen Miya
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Risa Shibai
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kataoka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ura
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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7
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Cha J, Lee E, Yandulov DV. Mechanistic Studies for Pd(II)(O 2) Reduction Generating Pd(0) and H 2O: Formation of Pd(OH) 2 as a Key Intermediate. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14544-14552. [PMID: 36050901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen (O2) remains to be an ideal yet underutilized feedstock for the oxidative transformation of organic substrates and renewable energy systems such as fuel cells. Palladium (Pd) has shown particular promise in enabling these applications. The present study describes a Pd-mediated O2 reduction to water via C-H activation of 9,10-dihydroanthracene (DHA) by a Pd(II) η2-peroxo complex 1O2. The reaction yields stoichiometric anthracene and Pd(0) product 1 and is notable in two respects. First, plots of concentrations of the reaction participants over time have distinctly sigmoidal shapes, indicating that conversion accelerates over time and implying autocatalysis. Second, the reaction proceeds via a genuine monometallic Pd(II) dihydroxide 1(OH)2 directly observed to grow and decay as an intermediate. Confirming its role as an intermediate, the dihydroxide 1(OH)2 was found to mediate C-H oxidation of DHA on par in activity with the peroxo compound 1O2. Mechanistic studies with density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggested that both 1O2 and 1(OH)2 react with DHA by hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and that autocatalysis in the 1O2 reaction results from oxidative addition of the initial Pd(II) complex 1O2 to the Pd(0) product 1. This reaction forms a transient bis(μ-oxo) Pd(II) dimer 1O21 that is more active in the HAT oxidation of DHA than the initial 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Cha
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Dmitry V Yandulov
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow 117418, Russia
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8
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Govindarajan R, Deolka S, Khaskin E, Fayzullin RR, Pal S, Vasylevskyi S, Khusnutdinova JR. H 2 , B-H, and Si-H Bond Activation and Facile Protonolysis Driven by Pt-Base Metal Cooperation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201639. [PMID: 35676220 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a series of heterobimetallic Pt/Zn and Pt/Ca complexes to study the effect of proximity of a dicationic base metal on the organometallic Pt species. Varying degrees of Pt⋅⋅⋅Zn and Zn interaction with the bridging Me group are achieved, showcasing snapshots of a hypothetical process of retrotransmetalation from Pt to Zn. In contrast, only weak interactions were observed for Ca with a Pt-bound Me group. Activation of H2 , B-H and Si-H bonds leads to the formation of hydride-bridged Pt-H-Zn complexes, which is not observed in the absence of Zn, pointing out the importance of metal-metal cooperation. Reactivity of PtMe2 /M2+ with terminal acetylene, water and methanol is also studied, leading to facile protonation of one of the Me groups at the Pt center only when Zn is present. This study sheds light on various ways in which the presence of a 2+ metal cation significantly affects the reactivity of a common organoplatinum complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadoss Govindarajan
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Shubham Deolka
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Eugene Khaskin
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Robert R Fayzullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Shrinwantu Pal
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Serhii Vasylevskyi
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Julia R Khusnutdinova
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
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9
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Wang YC, Rath NP, Mirica LM. Allylic Amination of Pd(II)-Allyl Complexes via High-Valent Pd Intermediates. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Ching Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nigam P. Rath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri − St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4400, United States
| | - Liviu M. Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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10
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Magallon C, Griego L, Hu CH, Company A, Ribas X, Mirica LM. Organometallic Ni(II), Ni(III), and Ni(IV) Complexes Relevant to Carbon-Carbon and Carbon-Oxygen Bond Formation Reactions. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi01486b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and spectroscopic and structural characterization of well-defined organometallic Ni(II) and Ni(III) complexes bearing the PyNMe3 ligand - a tetradentate N-based macrocyclic ligand which coordinates to the metal center...
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11
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Panza N, Tseberlidis G, Caselli A, Vicente R. Recent progresses in the chemistry of 12-membered pyridine-containing tetraazamacrocycles: From synthesis to catalysis. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10635-10657. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00597b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article provides an overview (non-comprehensive) on recent developments regarding pyridine-containing 12-membered tetraazamacrocycles with pyclen or Py2N2 backbones and their metal complexes from 2017 to the present. Firstly, the synthesis...
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12
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Ho SKY, Lam FYT, de Aguirre A, Maseras F, White AJP, Britovsek GJP. Photolytic Activation of Late-Transition-Metal–Carbon Bonds and Their Reactivity toward Oxygen. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Y. Ho
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Francis Y. T. Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Adiran de Aguirre
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona 43007, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona 43007, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - George J. P. Britovsek
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
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13
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Fuchigami K, Watson MB, Tran GN, Rath NP, Mirica LM. Synthesis and Reactivity of (N2P2)Ni Complexes Stabilized by a Diphosphonite Pyridinophane Ligand. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Fuchigami
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
| | - Michael B. Watson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
| | - Giang N. Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nigam P. Rath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4400, United States
| | - Liviu M. Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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14
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Nishimura T, Ando Y, Shinokubo H, Miyake Y. Cationic Nickel(II) Pyridinophane Complexes: Synthesis, Structures and Catalytic Activities for C–H Oxidation. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yuki Ando
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyake
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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16
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Sinha S, Mirica LM. Electrocatalytic O 2 Reduction by an Organometallic Pd(III) Complex via a Binuclear Pd(III) Intermediate. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumalya Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Liviu M. Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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17
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Li B, Han YQ, Yang X, Shi BF. Palladium-Catalyzed C(sp3)–H Nitrooxylation with tert-Butyl Nitrite and Molecular Oxygen. Org Lett 2020; 22:9719-9723. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye-Qiang Han
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing-Feng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Bruns DL, Musaev DG, Stahl SS. Can Donor Ligands Make Pd(OAc) 2 a Stronger Oxidant? Access to Elusive Palladium(II) Reduction Potentials and Effects of Ancillary Ligands via Palladium(II)/Hydroquinone Redox Equilibria. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19678-19688. [PMID: 33167610 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidation reactions represent an important class of methods for selective modification and functionalization of organic molecules. This field has benefitted greatly from the discovery of ancillary ligands that expand the scope, reactivity, and selectivity in these reactions; however, ancillary ligands also commonly poison these reactions. The different influences of ligands in these reactions remain poorly understood. For example, over the 60-year history of this field, the PdII/0 redox potentials for catalytically relevant Pd complexes have never been determined. Here, we report the unexpected discovery of (L)PdII(OAc)2-mediated oxidation of hydroquinones, the microscopic reverse of quinone-mediated oxidation of Pd0 commonly employed in PdII-catalyzed oxidation reactions. Analysis of redox equilibria arising from the reaction of (L)Pd(OAc)2 and hydroquinones (L = bathocuproine, 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one), generating reduced (L)Pd species and benzoquinones, provides the basis for determination of (L)PdII(OAc)2 reduction potentials. Experimental results are complemented by density functional theory calculations to show how a series of nitrogen-based ligands modulate the (L)PdII(OAc)2 reduction potential, thereby tuning the ability of PdII to serve as an effective oxidant of organic molecules in catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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19
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Luo J, Tran GN, Rath NP, Mirica LM. Detection and Characterization of Mononuclear Pd(I) Complexes Supported by N2S2 and N4 Tetradentate Ligands. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:15659-15669. [PMID: 33058678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Palladium is a versatile transition metal used to catalyze a large number of chemical transformations, largely due to its ability to access various oxidation states (0, I, II, III, and IV). Among these oxidation states, Pd(I) is arguably the least studied, and while dinuclear Pd(I) complexes are more common, mononuclear Pd(I) species are very rare. Reported herein are spectroscopic studies of a series of Pd(I) intermediates generated by the chemical reduction at low temperatures of Pd(II) precursors supported by the tetradentate ligands 2,11-dithia[3.3](2,6)pyridinophane (N2S2) and N,N'-di-tert-butyl-2,11-diaza[3.3](2,6)pyridinophane (tBuN4): [(N2S2)PdII(MeCN)]2(OTf)4 (1), [(N2S2)PdIIMe]2(OTf)2 (2), [(N2S2)PdIICl](OTf) (3), [(N2S2)PdIIX](OTf)2 (X = tBuNC 4, PPh3 5), [(N2S2)PdIIMe(PPh3)](OTf) (6), and [(tBuN4)PdIIX2](OTf)2 (X = MeCN 8, tBuNC 9). In addition, a stable Pd(I) dinuclear species, [(N2S2)PdI(μ-tBuNC)]2(ClO4)2 (7), was isolated upon the electrochemical reduction of 4 and structurally characterized. Moreover, the (tBuN4)PdI intermediates, formed from the chemical reduction of [(tBuN4)PdIIX2](OTf)2 (X = MeCN 8, tBuNC 9) complexes, were investigated by EPR spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and DFT calculations and compared with the analogous (N2S2)PdI systems. Upon probing the stability of Pd(I) species under different ligand environments, it is apparent that the presence of soft ligands such as tBuNC and PPh3 significantly improves the stability of Pd(I) species, which should make the isolation of mononuclear Pd(I) species possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
| | - Giang N Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nigam P Rath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4400, United States
| | - Liviu M Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Oka S, Shigehiro Y, Kataoka Y, Ura Y. Secondary phosphine oxide-triggered selective oxygenation of a benzyl ligand on palladium. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12977-12980. [PMID: 32996484 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05572g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The oxygenation of a benzyl ligand in [PdBnCl(cod)] was dramatically accelerated by using secondary phosphine oxides (SPOs), selectively affording either BnOOH or BnOH, depending on the concentration of O2. The SPOs coordinate to palladium in the form of phosphinous acids, operating as Brønsted acids to facilitate further reaction with O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Oka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
| | - Yuma Shigehiro
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
| | - Yasutaka Kataoka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Ura
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
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21
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Schultz JW, Rath NP, Mirica LM. Improved Oxidative C-C Bond Formation Reactivity of High-Valent Pd Complexes Supported by a Pseudo-Tridentate Ligand. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11782-11792. [PMID: 32799488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a large interest in developing oxidative transformations catalyzed by palladium complexes that employ environmentally friendly and economical oxidizing reagents such as dioxygen. Recently, we have reported the isolation and characterization of various mononuclear PdIII and PdIV complexes supported by the tetradentate ligands N,N'-dialkyl-2,11-diaza[3.3](2,6)pyridinophane (RN4, R = tBu, iPr, Me), and the aerobically induced C-C and C-heteroatom bond formation reactivity was investigated in detail. Given that the steric and electronic properties of the multidentate ligands were shown to tune the stability and reactivity of the corresponding high-valent Pd complexes, herein we report the use of an asymmetric N4 ligand, N-mehtyl-N'-tosyl-2,11-diaza[3.3](2,6)pyridinophane (TsMeN4), in which one amine N atom contains a tosyl group. The N-Ts donor atom exhibits a markedly reduced donating ability, which led to the formation of transiently stable PdIII and PdIV complexes, and consequently the corresponding O2 oxidation reactivity and the subsequent C-C bond formation were improved significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Nigam P Rath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, One University Boulevard, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Liviu M Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Zhang B, Yan X, Guo S. Synthesis of Well-Defined High-Valent Palladium Complexes by Oxidation of Their Palladium(II) Precursors. Chemistry 2020; 26:9430-9444. [PMID: 32227537 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed the rapid development of high-valent Pd-involved organic transformations. This has also led to a steadily growing number of publications concerning the preparation of isolable and characterizable palladium(III) and palladium(IV) complexes. A variety of one-electron and two-electron oxidants have been employed to give access to high-oxidation-state Pd compounds. Undoubtedly, the study of these stoichiometric reactions has great implications for relevant Pd-mediated catalysis. In this minireview, the focus is on the synthetic approaches to structurally determined PdIII/IV complexes starting from their PdII precursors, and the advances in this research area from early 2010 to late 2019 will be highlighted. Chemical oxidations exploiting various oxidizing agents including 1) hypervalent iodine reagents; 2) halogens; 3) electrophilic fluorination reagents; 4) alkyl/aryl halides; 5) ferrocenium salts; 6) peroxides/O2 ; 7) sulfonyl chlorides; and 8) others are covered. A "greener" electrooxidation manner has also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, P.R. China
| | - Xuechao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, P.R. China
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23
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Ghosh B, Banerjee A, Paul A. Understanding the Role of Solvents and Spin-Orbit Coupling in an Oxygen-Assisted S N 2-Type Oxidative Transmetalation Reaction. Chemistry 2019; 25:16606-16616. [PMID: 31625633 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The aerial oxidation of PdII to PdIV has emerged as an integral component of sustainable catalytic C-H functionalization processes. However, a proper understanding of the factors that control the viability of this oxidative process remains elusive. An investigation of the intricate mechanism of the transmetalation reaction of the aerial oxidative transformation of [(Me3 tacn)PdII Me2 ] (Me3 tacn=N,N',N''-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) to [(Me3 tacn)PdIV Me3 ]+ has been conducted by using DFT, along with multireference methods, such as second-order n-electron valence-state perturbation theory (NEVPT2) with complete active space self-consistent field theory (CASSCF). The present endeavor predicts that the thermodynamics and kinetics of the oxygen activation step are primarily dictated by the polarity of the solvents, which determine the amount of charge transfer to the oxygen molecule from the PdII center. Additionally, it is observed that the presence of a protic solvent has a significant effect on the spin-orbit coupling term at the minimum energy crossing point of the triplet and singlet surfaces. Moreover, it is shown that the intermetal ligand-transfer phenomenon is an important instance of an oxygen-assisted SN 2 reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyli Ghosh
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Ambar Banerjee
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Kimmelman 26, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ankan Paul
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
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24
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Lapointe S, Khaskin E, Fayzullin RR, Khusnutdinova JR. Nickel(II) Complexes with Electron-Rich, Sterically Hindered PNP Pincer Ligands Enable Uncommon Modes of Ligand Dearomatization. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lapointe
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Eugene Khaskin
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Robert R. Fayzullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FCR Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Julia R. Khusnutdinova
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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25
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Ruhs NP, Khusnutdinova JR, Rath NP, Mirica LM. Mononuclear Organometallic Pd(II), Pd(III), and Pd(IV) Complexes Stabilized by a Pyridinophane Ligand with a C-Donor Group. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Ruhs
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
| | - Julia R. Khusnutdinova
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Nigam P. Rath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, One University Boulevard, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4400, United States
| | - Liviu M. Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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26
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Smith SM, Planas O, Gómez L, Rath NP, Ribas X, Mirica LM. Aerobic C-C and C-O bond formation reactions mediated by high-valent nickel species. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10366-10372. [PMID: 32110325 PMCID: PMC6984385 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03758f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nickel complexes have been widely employed as catalysts in C-C and C-heteroatom bond formation reactions. While Ni(0), Ni(i), and Ni(ii) intermediates are most relevant in these transformations, recently Ni(iii) and Ni(iv) species have also been proposed to play a role in catalysis. Reported herein is the synthesis, detailed characterization, and reactivity of a series of Ni(ii) and Ni(iii) metallacycle complexes stabilized by tetradentate pyridinophane ligands with various N-substituents. Interestingly, while the oxidation of the Ni(ii) complexes with various other oxidants led to exclusive C-C bond formation in very good yields, the use of O2 or H2O2 as oxidants led to formation of appreciable amounts of C-O bond formation products, especially for the Ni(ii) complex supported by an asymmetric pyridinophane ligand containing one tosyl N-substituent. Moreover, cryo-ESI-MS studies support the formation of several high-valent Ni species as key intermediates in this uncommon Ni-mediated oxygenase-type chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M Smith
- Department of Chemistry , Washington University in St. Louis , One Brookings Drive , St. Louis , Missouri 63130-4899 , USA
| | - Oriol Planas
- Departament de Química , Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) , Universitat de Girona , Campus de Montilivi , Girona E-17003 , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Laura Gómez
- Serveis Tècnics de Recerca (STR) , Universitat de Girona , Parc Científic i Tecnològic , Girona E-17071 , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Nigam P Rath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Missouri-St. Louis , One University Boulevard , St. Louis , Missouri 63121-4400 , USA
| | - Xavi Ribas
- Departament de Química , Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) , Universitat de Girona , Campus de Montilivi , Girona E-17003 , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Liviu M Mirica
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S. Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA . .,Department of Chemistry , Washington University in St. Louis , One Brookings Drive , St. Louis , Missouri 63130-4899 , USA
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Smith SM, Rath NP, Mirica LM. Axial Donor Effects on Oxidatively Induced Ethane Formation from Nickel–Dimethyl Complexes. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
| | - Nigam P. Rath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri−St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4400, United States
| | - Liviu M. Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
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28
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Utepova IA, Trestsova MA, Kucheryavaya DA, Tsmokalyuk AN, Chupakhin ON, Charushin VN, Rempel AA. Mechanistic study of the direct oxidative photocatalytic aerobic C H/C H coupling of azines with heteroarenes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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30
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Rudenko AE, Clayman NE, Walker KL, Maclaren JK, Zimmerman PM, Waymouth RM. Ligand-Induced Reductive Elimination of Ethane from Azopyridine Palladium Dimethyl Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11408-11415. [PMID: 30160962 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reductive elimination (RE) is a critical step in many catalytic processes. The reductive elimination of unsaturated groups (aryl, vinyl and ethynyl) from Pd(II) species is considerably faster than RE of saturated alkyl groups. Pd(II) dimethyl complexes ligated by chelating diimine ligands are stable toward RE unless subjected to a thermal or redox stimulus. Herein, we report the spontaneous RE of ethane from (azpy)PdMe2 complexes and the unique role of the redox-active azopyridine (azpy) ligands in facilitating this reaction. The (azpy)PdMe2 complexes are air- and moisture-stable in the solid form, but they readily produce ethane upon dissolution in polar solvents at temperatures from 10 °C to room temperature without the need for an external oxidant or elevated temperatures. Experimental and computational studies indicate that a bimolecular methyl transfer precedes the reductive elimination step, where both steps are facilitated by the redox-active azopyridine ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey E Rudenko
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-5080 , United States
| | - Naomi E Clayman
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-5080 , United States
| | - Katherine L Walker
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-5080 , United States
| | - Jana K Maclaren
- Stanford Nano Shared Facilities , Stanford University , 476 Lomita Mall , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1055 , United States
| | - Robert M Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-5080 , United States
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Fernández-Alvarez VM, Ho SKY, Britovsek GJP, Maseras F. A DFT-based mechanistic proposal for the light-driven insertion of dioxygen into Pt(ii)-C bonds. Chem Sci 2018; 9:5039-5046. [PMID: 29938033 PMCID: PMC5994795 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01161c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The photocatalyzed insertion of dioxygen into the Pt(ii)-methyl bond in terpyridine platinum complexes has been shown to proceed efficiently, but its mechanism remains a challenge. In particular, there are serious counter-intuitive differences in the reactivity of structurally similar complexes. M06 calculations in solvent with a valence double-ζ basis set supplemented by polarization and diffusion shells (benchmarked against ωB97x-D calculations with a larger basis set) are able to provide a satisfactory mechanistic answer. The proposed mechanism starts with the absorption of a photon by the metal complex, which then evolves into a triplet state that reacts with the triplet dioxygen fragment. A variety of possible reaction paths have been identified, some leading to the methylperoxo product and others reverting to the reactants, and the validity of some of these paths has been confirmed by additional experiments. The balance between the barriers towards productive and unproductive paths reproduces the diverging experimental behavior of similar complexes and provides a general mechanistic picture for these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Fernández-Alvarez
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia , The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology , Avgda. Països Catalans, 16 , Tarragona 43007 , Catalonia , Spain . ; ; Tel: +34 977 920202
| | - Sarah K Y Ho
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , Exhibition Road, South Kensington , London SW7 2AY , UK
| | - George J P Britovsek
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , Exhibition Road, South Kensington , London SW7 2AY , UK
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia , The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology , Avgda. Països Catalans, 16 , Tarragona 43007 , Catalonia , Spain . ; ; Tel: +34 977 920202
- Departament de Química , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra , Catalonia , Spain
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Jagadeesan R, Sabapathi G, Madhavan J, Venuvanalingam P. Structure and Reactivity of Pd Complexes in Various Oxidation States in Identical Ligand Environments with Reference to C-C and C-Cl Coupling Reactions: Insights from Density Functional Theory. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:6833-6846. [PMID: 29873234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bonding and reactivity of [(RN4)Pd nCH3X]( n-2)+ complexes have been investigated at the M06/BS2//B3LYP/BS1 level. Feasible mechanisms for the unselective formation of ethane and methyl chloride from mono-methyl PdIII complexes and selective formation of ethane or methyl chloride from PdIV complexes are reported here. Density functional theory (DFT) results indicate that PdIV is more reactive than PdIII and Pd in different oxidation states that follow different mechanisms. PdIII complexes react in three steps: (i) conformational change, (ii) transmetalation, and (iii) reductive elimination. In the first step a five-coordinate PdIII intermediate is formed by the cleavage of one Pd-Nax bond, and in the second step one methyl group is transferred from the PdIII complex to the above intermediate via transmetalation, and subsequently a six-coordinate PdIV intermediate is formed by disproportion. In this step, transmetalation can occur on both singlet and triplet surfaces, and the singlet surface is lying lower. Transmetalation can also occur between the above intermediate and [(RN4)PdII(CH3)(CH3CN) ]+, but this not a feasible path. In the third step this PdIV intermediate undergoes reductive elimination of ethane and methyl chloride unselectively, and there are three possible routes for this step. Here axial-equatorial elimination is more facile than equatorial-equatorial elimination. PdIV complexes react in two steps, a conformational change followed by reductive elimination, selectively forming ethane or methyl chloride. Thus, PdIII complex reacts through a six-coordinate PdIV intermediate that has competing C-C and C-Cl bond formation, and PdIV complex reacts through a five-coordinate PdIV intermediate that has selective C-C and C-Cl bond formation. Free energy barriers indicate that iPr, in comparison to the methyl substituent in the RN4 ligand, activates the cleaving of the Pd-Nax bond through electronic and steric interactions. Overall, reductive elimination leading to C-C bond formation is easier than the formation of a C-Cl bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajangam Jagadeesan
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemistry , Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli 620024 , India
| | - Gopal Sabapathi
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemistry , Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli 620024 , India
| | - Jaccob Madhavan
- Department of Chemistry , Loyola College , Chennai 600034 , India
| | - Ponnambalam Venuvanalingam
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemistry , Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli 620024 , India
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Tovar-Ramírez ME, Ramírez-Zúńiga R, Nicasio-Collazo J, Wrobel K, Alvarado-Rodríguez JG, Wrobel K, Serrano O. Rollover Cyclopalladation via Remote C-H Bond Activation of Br-Pyridinbenzothiazole: An Experimental Study. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201703079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin E. Tovar-Ramírez
- Departamento de Química; Sede Pueblito de Rocha; Universidad de Guanajuato; Cerro de la Venada s/n, Pueblito de Rocha; Guanajuato Gto. 36040
| | - Rosario Ramírez-Zúńiga
- Departamento de Química; Sede Pueblito de Rocha; Universidad de Guanajuato; Cerro de la Venada s/n, Pueblito de Rocha; Guanajuato Gto. 36040
| | - Juan Nicasio-Collazo
- Departamento de Química; Sede Pueblito de Rocha; Universidad de Guanajuato; Cerro de la Venada s/n, Pueblito de Rocha; Guanajuato Gto. 36040
| | - Katarzyna Wrobel
- Departamento de Química; Sede Pueblito de Rocha; Universidad de Guanajuato; Cerro de la Venada s/n, Pueblito de Rocha; Guanajuato Gto. 36040
| | - José G. Alvarado-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Unidad Universitaria; km 4.5 Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo, Mineral de la Reforma Hidalgo. C.P. 42184
| | - Kazimierz Wrobel
- Departamento de Química; Sede Pueblito de Rocha; Universidad de Guanajuato; Cerro de la Venada s/n, Pueblito de Rocha; Guanajuato Gto. 36040
| | - Oracio Serrano
- Departamento de Química; Sede Pueblito de Rocha; Universidad de Guanajuato; Cerro de la Venada s/n, Pueblito de Rocha; Guanajuato Gto. 36040
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Tang F, Park SV, Rath NP, Mirica LM. Electronic versus steric effects of pyridinophane ligands on Pd(iii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:1151-1158. [PMID: 29271467 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04366j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several new PdII and PdIII complexes supported by electronically and sterically tuned tetradentate pyridinophane ligands MeN4OMe, MeN4, and tBuN4 were isolated and fully characterized (MeN4OMe: N,N'-dimethyl-2,11-diaza[3,3](2,6)-para-methoxypyridinophane; MeN4: N,N'-dimethyl-2,11-diaza[3,3](2,6)pyridinophane; tBuN4: N,N'-di-tert-butyl-2,11-diaza[3,3](2,6)pyridinophane). Cyclic voltammetry studies, UV-vis and EPR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography were employed to reveal that the steric properties of the N-substituents of the RN4 ligands have a pronounced effect on the electronic properties of the corresponding PdIII complexes, while the electronic tuning of the ligand pyridyl groups has a surprisingly minimal effect. An explanation for these observations was provided by DFT and TD-DFT calculations which suggest that the electronic properties of the PdIII complexes are mainly dictated by their frontier molecular orbitals that have major atomic contributions from the Pd center (mainly the Pd dz2 atomic orbital) and the axial N atom donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhi Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA.
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Peng Q, Wang Z, Zarić SD, Brothers EN, Hall MB. Unraveling the Role of a Flexible Tetradentate Ligand in the Aerobic Oxidative Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation with Palladium Complexes: A Computational Mechanistic Study. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3929-3939. [PMID: 29444572 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic details of the aerobic oxidative coupling of methyl groups by a novel (MeL)PdII(Me)2 complex with the tetradentate ligand, MeL = N, N-dimethyl-2,11-diaza[3.3](2,6)pyridinophane, has been explored by density functional theory calculations. The calculated mechanism sheds light on the role of this ligand's flexibility in several stages of the reaction, especially as the oxidation state of the Pd changes. Ligand flexibility leads to diverse axial coordination modes, and it controls the availability of electrons by modulating the energies of high-lying molecular orbitals, particularly those with major d z2 character. Solvent molecules, particularly water, appear essential in the aerobic oxidation of PdII by lowering the energy of the oxygen molecule's unoccupied molecular orbital and stabilizing the PdX-O2 complex. Ligand flexibility and solvent coordination to oxygen are essential to the required spin-crossover for the transformation of high-valent PdX-O2 complexes. A methyl cation pathway has been predicted by our calculations in transmetalation between PdII and PdIV intermediates to be preferred over methyl radical or methyl anion pathways. Combining an axial and equatorial methyl group is preferred in the reductive elimination pathway where roles are played by the ligand's flexibility and the fluxionality of trimethyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Zengwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Snežana D Zarić
- Faculty of Chemistry , Texas A&M University at Qatar , P.O. Box 23874, Doha , Qatar.,Department of Chemistry , University of Belgrade , Studentski trg 12-16 , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Edward N Brothers
- Faculty of Chemistry , Texas A&M University at Qatar , P.O. Box 23874, Doha , Qatar
| | - Michael B Hall
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843-3255 , United States
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36
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Liu W, Wu G, Gao W, Ding J, Huang X, Liu M, Wu H. Palladium-catalyzed oxidative CC bond cleavage with molecular oxygen: one-pot synthesis of quinazolinones from 2-amino benzamides and alkenes. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00670a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed oxidative cleavage/cyclization has been disclosed for the concise synthesis of various quinazolinone derivatives from readily available 2-aminobenzamides and terminal alkenes with excellent functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325035
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxia Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jinchang Ding
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- People's Republic of China
| | - Miaochang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- People's Republic of China
| | - Huayue Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- People's Republic of China
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37
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Behnia A, Fard MA, Blacquiere JM, Puddephatt RJ. Reactivity of a Palladacyclic Complex: A Monodentate Carbonate Complex and the Remarkable Selectivity and Mechanism of a Neophyl Rearrangement. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ava Behnia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mahmood A. Fard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Johanna M. Blacquiere
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Richard J. Puddephatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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38
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Wang D, Weinstein AB, White PB, Stahl SS. Ligand-Promoted Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation Reactions. Chem Rev 2017; 118:2636-2679. [PMID: 28975795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed aerobic oxidation reactions have been the focus of industrial application and extensive research efforts for nearly 60 years. A significant transition occurred in this field approximately 20 years ago, with the introduction of catalysts supported by ancillary ligands. The ligands play crucial roles in the reactions, including promotion of direct oxidation of palladium(0) by O2, bypassing the typical requirement for Cu salts or related redox cocatalysts to facilitate oxidation of the reduced Pd catalyst; facilitation of key bond-breaking and bond-forming steps during substrate oxidation; and modulation of chemo-, regio-, or stereoselectivity of a reaction. The use of ligands has contributed to significant expansion of the scope of accessible aerobic oxidation reactions. Increased understanding of the role of ancillary ligands should promote the development of new synthetic transformations, enable improved control over the reaction selectivity, and improve catalyst activity and stability. This review surveys the different ligands that have been used to support palladium-catalyzed aerobic oxidation reactions and, where possible, describes mechanistic insights into the role played by the ancillary ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Adam B Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Paul B White
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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39
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Tseberlidis G, Intrieri D, Caselli A. Catalytic Applications of Pyridine-Containing Macrocyclic Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Tseberlidis
- Department of Chemistry; Università degli Studi di Milano and ISTM-CNR-Milano; Via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Daniela Intrieri
- Department of Chemistry; Università degli Studi di Milano and ISTM-CNR-Milano; Via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Alessandro Caselli
- Department of Chemistry; Università degli Studi di Milano and ISTM-CNR-Milano; Via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
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40
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Somekh M, Cohen H, Diskin-Posner Y, Shimon LJW, Carmieli R, Rosenberg JN, Neumann R. Formation of Alkanes by Aerobic Carbon–Carbon Bond Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by a Phosphovanadomolybdic Acid. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Somekh
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department
for Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yael Diskin-Posner
- Department
for Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Linda J. W. Shimon
- Department
for Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Department
for Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jeffrey N. Rosenberg
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ronny Neumann
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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41
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Guillo P, Daran J, Manoury E, Poli R. Synthesis and Characterization of First Row Metal Complexes Derived from a Pyridinophane Ligand Functionalized by Fluoroalcohol. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Guillo
- Université de ToulouseInstitut Universitaire de Technologie Paul Sabatier-Département de Chimie Av. Georges Pompidou, BP 20258 Castres Cedex F- 81104 France
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination)Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT 205, route de Narbonne Toulouse F- 31077 France
| | - Jean‐Claude Daran
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination)Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT 205, route de Narbonne Toulouse F- 31077 France
| | - Eric Manoury
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination)Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT 205, route de Narbonne Toulouse F- 31077 France
| | - Rinaldo Poli
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination)Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT 205, route de Narbonne Toulouse F- 31077 France
- Institut Universitaire de France 103 bd Saint-Michel Paris 75005 France
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42
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Daryanavard M, Armstrong D, Lough AJ, Fekl U. The first palladium(iv) aryldiazenido complex: relevance for C–C coupling. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:4004-4008. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00078b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first observed and characterized palladium(iv) aryldiazenido complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ulrich Fekl
- University of Toronto
- Mississauga
- Canada L5L 1C6
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43
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Yin G, Mu X, Liu G. Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Oxidative Difunctionalization of Alkenes: Bond Forming at a High-Valent Palladium Center. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2413-2423. [PMID: 27739689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Difunctionalization of alkenes to incorporate two functional groups across a double bond has emerged as a powerful transformation to greatly increase molecular complexity in organic synthesis with improved efficiency. Historically, palladium-catalyzed difunctionalization of alkenes has suffered from difficulties with introducing a second functional group through reductive elimination of a Pd(II) intermediate and competing β-hydride elimination reactions. To overcome these challenges, one strategy involves utilizing a steric bulky ligand to promote the reductive elimination steps from the Pd(II) center and impeding the β-hydride elimination reactions, which are beyond the scope of this Account. Alternatively, strong oxidants have been utilized to generate high-valent palladium species, which are prone to undergo reductive elimination to form a second C-X bond. This new strategy has been extensively applied to explore the difunctionalization of alkenes with enriched functional group diversity over the past decade. In this Account, we discuss our exploration and application of a "high-valent palladium strategy" for the synthesis of fluorine-containing organic molecules that are typically inaccessible from other methods. These studies were focused on the difunctionalization of alkenes that was initiated by nucleopalladation to form the alkyl C-Pd(II) species in high exo/endo regioselectivity. In the presence of nucleophilic fluorine-containing reagents (e.g., AgF, TMSCF3, and AgOCF3) and strong oxidants (hypervalent iodine and electrophilic fluorinating reagents), the in situ generated fluorine-containing high-valent Pd(IV) intermediates undergo reductive elimination to provide the corresponding alkyl C-F, C-CF3, and C-OCF3 bonds. Using these methods, we synthesized a variety of heterocycles containing fluorine, trifluoromethyl, and trifluoromethoxyl moieties from alkene substrates under mild reaction conditions. Besides hypervalent iodine reagents and electrophilic fluorinating reagents, our group has demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide, which is an environmentally friendly oxidant, can oxidize alkyl C-Pd(II) species to form high-valent alkyl C-Pd intermediates, and based on this observation, several catalytic difunctionalizations of alkenes, such as aminochlorination, aminoacetoxylation, and aminohydroxylation reactions, have been successfully developed. In addition, water was the only waste derived from the oxidant. All of these studies provide attractive methods for the stereoselective introduction of C-N and C-O bonds across double bonds via high-valent palladium intermediates. To gain a deeper understanding of this "high-valent palladium strategy", systematic mechanistic studies were performed to illustrate the stereochemistry of aminopalladation and reductive elimination. These results are summarized in the final section and serve as a guide for further exploration of novel alkene transformation as well as in other areas, such as Pd-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xin Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Guosheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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44
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Li J, Grubbs RH, Stoltz BM. Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Intramolecular Aminoacetoxylation of Alkenes Enabled by Catalytic Nitrate. Org Lett 2016; 18:5449-5451. [PMID: 27754689 PMCID: PMC5512709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A mild aerobic intramolecular aminoacetoxylation method for the synthesis of pyrrolidine and indoline derivatives was achieved using molecular oxygen as the oxidant. A catalytic NOx species acts as an electron transfer mediator to access a high-valent palladium intermediate as the presumed active oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Li
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 101-20, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Robert H. Grubbs
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 101-20, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 101-20, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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45
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Schultz JW, Fuchigami K, Zheng B, Rath NP, Mirica LM. Isolated Organometallic Nickel(III) and Nickel(IV) Complexes Relevant to Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:12928-12934. [PMID: 27599205 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are experiencing a dramatic resurgence in recent years given their ability to employ a wider range of electrophiles as well as promote stereospecific or stereoselective transformations. In contrast to the extensively studied Pd catalysts that generally employ diamagnetic intermediates, Ni systems can more easily access various oxidation states including odd-electron configurations. For example, organometallic NiIII intermediates with aryl and/or alkyl ligands are commonly proposed as the active intermediates in cross-coupling reactions. Herein, we report the first isolated NiIII-dialkyl complex and show that this species is involved in stoichiometric and catalytic C-C bond formation reactions. Interestingly, the rate of C-C bond formation from a NiIII center is enhanced in the presence of an oxidant, suggesting the involvement of transient NiIV species. Indeed, such a NiIV species was observed and characterized spectroscopically for a nickelacycle system. Overall, these studies suggest that both NiIII and NiIV species could play an important role in a range of Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, especially those involving alkyl substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
| | - Kei Fuchigami
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
| | - Nigam P Rath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis , One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4400, United States
| | - Liviu M Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
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46
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Munz D, Wang D, Moyer MM, Webster-Gardiner MS, Kunal P, Watts D, Trewyn BG, Vedernikov AN, Gunnoe TB. Aerobic Epoxidation of Olefin by Platinum Catalysts Supported on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Munz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Daoyong Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Megan M. Moyer
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | | | - Pranaw Kunal
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - David Watts
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Brian G. Trewyn
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Andrei N. Vedernikov
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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47
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Ligand-directed electrochemical functionalization of C(sp2)—H bonds in the presence of the palladium and nickel compounds. Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-1067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Campos J, López-Serrano J, Peloso R, Carmona E. Methyl Complexes of the Transition Metals. Chemistry 2016; 22:6432-57. [PMID: 26991740 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Organometallic chemistry can be considered as a wide area of knowledge that combines concepts of classic organic chemistry, that is, based essentially on carbon, with molecular inorganic chemistry, especially with coordination compounds. Transition-metal methyl complexes probably represent the simplest and most fundamental way to view how these two major areas of chemistry combine and merge into novel species with intriguing features in terms of reactivity, structure, and bonding. Citing more than 500 bibliographic references, this review aims to offer a concise view of recent advances in the field of transition-metal complexes containing M-CH3 fragments. Taking into account the impressive amount of data that are continuously provided by organometallic chemists in this area, this review is mainly focused on results of the last five years. After a panoramic overview on M-CH3 compounds of Groups 3 to 11, which includes the most recent landmark findings in this area, two further sections are dedicated to methyl-bridged complexes and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Campos
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Joaquín López-Serrano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química, Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Riccardo Peloso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química, Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ernesto Carmona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química, Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
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49
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Sberegaeva AV, Zavalij PY, Vedernikov AN. Oxidation of a Monomethylpalladium(II) Complex with O2 in Water: Tuning Reaction Selectivity to Form Ethane, Methanol, or Methylhydroperoxide. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1446-55. [PMID: 26765052 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical aerobic oxidation of n-Pr4N[(dpms)Pd(II)Me(OH)] (5) and (dpms)Pd(II)Me(OH2) (8) (dpms = di(2-pyridyl)methanesulfonate) in water in the pH range of 6-14 at 21 °C was studied and found to produce, in combined high yield, a mixture of MeOH, C2H6, and MeOOH along with water-soluble n-Pr4N[(dpms)Pd(II)(OH)2] (9). By changing the reaction pH and concentration of the substrate, the oxidation reaction can be directed toward selective production of ethane (up to 94% selectivity) or methanol (up to 54% selective); the yield of MeOOH can be varied in the range of 0-40%. The source of ethane was found to be an unstable dimethyl Pd(IV) complex (dpms)Pd(IV)Me2(OH) (7), which could be generated from 5 and MeI. For shedding light on the role of MeOOH in the aerobic reaction, oxidation of 5 and 8 with a range of hydroperoxo compounds, including MeOOH, t-BuOOH, and H2O2, was carried out. The proposed mechanism of aerobic oxidation of 5 or 8 involves predominant direct reaction of excited methylpalladium(II) species with O2 to produce a highly electrophilic monomethyl Pd(IV) transient that is involved in subsequent transfer of its methyl group to 5 or 8, H2O, and other nucleophilic components of the reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Sberegaeva
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Peter Y Zavalij
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Andrei N Vedernikov
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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50
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Lamb AC, Wang Z, Cook TM, Sharma B, Chen SJ, Lu Z, Steren CA, Lin Z, Xue ZL. Preparation of all N-coordinated zirconium amide amidinates and studies of their reactions with dioxygen and water. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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