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Vita Damasceno JP, Picheau E, Hof F, Zarbin AJG, Pénicaud A, Drummond C. Influence of Defects and Charges on the Colloidal Stabilization of Graphene in Water. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303508. [PMID: 38369596 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Mastering graphene preparation is an essential step to its integration into practical applications. For large-scale purposes, full graphite exfoliation appears as a suitable route for graphene production. However, it requires overpowering attractive van der Waals forces demanding large energy input, with the risk of introducing defects in the material. This difficulty can be overcome by using graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) as starting material. The greater inter-sheet separation in GICs (compared with graphite) allows the gentler exfoliation of soluble graphenide (reduced graphene) flakes. A solvent exchange strategy, accompanied by the oxidation of graphenide to graphene, can be implemented to produce stable aqueous graphene dispersions (Eau de graphene, EdG), which can be readily incorporated into many processes or materials. In this work, we prove that electrostatic forces are responsible for the stability of fully exfoliated graphene in water, and explore the influence of the oxidation and solvent exchange procedures on the quality and stability of EdG. We show that the amount of defects in graphene is limited if graphenide oxidation is carried out before exposing the material to water, and that gas removal of water before the incorporation of pre-oxidized graphene is advantageous for the long-term stability of EdG.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Vita Damasceno
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), CP 19032, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP) UMR 5031-CNRS/, Université de Bordeaux, 115 Av. Du Dr. Albert Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
- present address: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Picheau
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP) UMR 5031-CNRS/, Université de Bordeaux, 115 Av. Du Dr. Albert Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
- present address: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ferdinand Hof
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP) UMR 5031-CNRS/, Université de Bordeaux, 115 Av. Du Dr. Albert Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
- present address: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Aldo J G Zarbin
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), CP 19032, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Alain Pénicaud
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP) UMR 5031-CNRS/, Université de Bordeaux, 115 Av. Du Dr. Albert Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
- present address: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carlos Drummond
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP) UMR 5031-CNRS/, Université de Bordeaux, 115 Av. Du Dr. Albert Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
- present address: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, Brazil
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Kumar S, Rath SK, Kushwaha A, Deshpande SK, Patro TU, Harikrishnan G. Thermal evolution of a polymer-nanoparticle binary mixture. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:3036-3043. [PMID: 38180133 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04780f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
We experimentally probe the microscopic variations in a model polymer-nanoparticle (NP) binary mixture (mixture of polybutadiene and clay nanoplatelets) across a thermal evolution path for which Tevolution > Tg(polymer). The evolution of the NP dispersion, NP crystallinity, polymer chain-NP interface, and nature of polymer chain-NP interaction are mapped for a spectrum of temperatures and NP concentrations constrained by experiments. Multiple pieces of evidence indicate that thermal evolution does not influence the nature of interparticle dispersion and is also independent of NP concentration in the binary mixture. However, the NP crystalline order significantly reduces across the thermal evolution path. Thermal evolution induces a transition of a sharp polymer chain-NP interface to a diffuse interfacial layer. In contrast, an already diffuse polymer-NP interface existing in the binary mixture due to particle crowding at high NP concentrations undergoes no significant change in its nature across the evolution path. At all particle concentrations, thermal evolution changes the dominant interaction from polymer chain-polymer chain to polymer chain-NP. These insights aid in explaining the molecular origins of unique and anomalous behaviors shown by polymer-nanoparticle binary mixtures while undergoing thermal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bengaluru 560 019, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
| | - Sangram K Rath
- Polymer Division, Naval Materials Research Laboratory, Ambernath, Maharashtra, 421506, India
| | - Ashwani Kushwaha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - S K Deshpande
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - T Umasankar Patro
- School of Materials and Chemical Sciences, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Pune, 411025, India
| | - G Harikrishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
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Shutt RRC, Ramireddy T, Stylianidis E, Di Mino C, Ingle RA, Ing G, Wibowo AA, Nguyen HT, Howard CA, Glushenkov AM, Stewart A, Clancy AJ. Synthesis of Black Phosphorene Quantum Dots from Red Phosphorus. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301232. [PMID: 37435907 PMCID: PMC10947263 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Black phosphorene quantum dots (BPQDs) are most commonly derived from high-cost black phosphorus, while previous syntheses from the low-cost red phosphorus (Pred ) allotrope are highly oxidised. Herein, we present an intrinsically scalable method to produce high quality BPQDs, by first ball-milling Pred to create nanocrystalline Pblack and subsequent reductive etching using lithium electride solvated in liquid ammonia. The resultant ~25 nm BPQDs are crystalline with low oxygen content, and spontaneously soluble as individualized monolayers in tertiary amide solvents, as directly imaged by liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy. This new method presents a scalable route to producing quantities of high quality BPQDs for academic and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R. C. Shutt
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Thrinathreddy Ramireddy
- Research School of ChemistryThe Australian National UniversityActonACT 2601Australia
- Battery Storage and Grid Integration ProgramThe Australian National UniversityActonACT 2601Australia
| | | | - Camilla Di Mino
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Rebecca A. Ingle
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Gabriel Ing
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Ary A. Wibowo
- School of EngineeringThe Australian National UniversityActonACT 2601Australia
| | - Hieu T. Nguyen
- School of EngineeringThe Australian National UniversityActonACT 2601Australia
| | | | - Alexey M. Glushenkov
- Research School of ChemistryThe Australian National UniversityActonACT 2601Australia
- Battery Storage and Grid Integration ProgramThe Australian National UniversityActonACT 2601Australia
| | - Andrew Stewart
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Adam J. Clancy
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
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4
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Long-term stable solid concentrated graphene dispersion assisted by a highly aromatic ionic liquid. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 636:668-676. [PMID: 36680957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The sonochemical exfoliation of graphite in solution has been demonstrated as a promising and easy technique for producing graphene dispersions. This is usually done in organic solvents and leads to unstable dispersions with very low graphene concentration. Ionic liquids (ILs) represent a versatile and safe alternative to traditional organic solvents. A few recent studies reported the use of commercial ILs with bulky anions, such as bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and aromatic cations, such as imidazolium, which favour the exfoliation of graphite through π-π and cation-π interactions. Although recently investigated, the role of aromatic groups on imidazolium cations is still controversial and systematic studies are still necessary. Besides, these studies were limited to liquid dispersions at room temperature. EXPERIMENTS Herein, we prepared four highly aromatic imidazolium-based ILs, including the newly reported 1-(naphthylmethyl)-3-benzylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, [(Np)(Bn)im][NTf2]. These ILs were used for the sonochemical exfoliation of graphite and compared with a commercial benchmark, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Bmim][NTf2]. FINDINGS Interestingly, [(Np)(Bn)im][NTf2] allowed reaching solid dispersions at room temperature containing thin few layer graphene sheets with long-term stability (up to 2 years) and high concentration (3.6 mg/mL). Such graphene dispersion combines long-term stability in the solid-state and high processability in the liquid state, by a simple heating above 60 °C.
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5
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A guide to designing graphene-philic surfactants. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 620:346-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hof F, Poggini L, Otero E, Gobaut B, Gonidec M, Duttine M, Rosa P, Sandre O, Pénicaud A. Magnetic Ordering in Ultrasmall Potassium Ferrite Nanoparticles Grown on Graphene Nanoflakes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3130-3142. [PMID: 34981916 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles are central to the development of efficient hyperthermia treatments, magnetic drug carriers, and multimodal contrast agents. While the magnetic properties of small crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles are well understood, the superparamagnetic size limit constitutes a significant barrier for further size reduction. Iron (oxy)hydroxide phases, albeit very common in the natural world, are far less studied, generally due to their poor crystallinity. Templating ultrasmall nanoparticles on substrates such as graphene is a promising method to prevent aggregation, typically an issue for both material characterization and applications. We generate ultrasmall nanoparticles, directly on the carbon framework by the reaction of a graphenide potassium solution, charged graphene flakes, with iron(II) salts. After mild water oxidation, the obtained composite material consists of ultrasmall potassium ferrite nanoparticles bound to the graphene nanoflakes. Magnetic properties as evidenced by magnetometry and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism, with open magnetic hysteresis loops near room temperature, are widely different from classical ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. The large value obtained for the effective magnetic anisotropy energy density Keff accounts for the presence of magnetic ordering at rather high temperatures. The synthesis of ultrasmall potassium ferrite nanoparticles under such mild conditions is remarkable given the harsh conditions used for the classical syntheses of bulk potassium ferrites. Moreover, the potassium incorporation in the crystal lattice occurs in the presence of potassium cations under mild conditions. A transfer of this method to related reactions would be of great interest, which underlines the synthetic value of this study. These findings also give another view on the previously reported electrocatalytic properties of these nanocomposite materials, especially for the sought-after oxygen reduction/evolution reaction. Finally, their longitudinal and transverse proton NMR relaxivities when dispersed in water were assessed at 37 °C under a magnetic field of 1.41 T, allowing potential applications in biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Hof
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, UMR5031, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Lorenzo Poggini
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux-INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600 Pessac, Cedex, France
| | - Edwige Otero
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers Saint Aubin, BP 48, F-91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Benoît Gobaut
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers Saint Aubin, BP 48, F-91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Mathieu Gonidec
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux-INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600 Pessac, Cedex, France
| | - Mathieu Duttine
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux-INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600 Pessac, Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Rosa
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux-INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600 Pessac, Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Sandre
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR-5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Alain Pénicaud
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, UMR5031, 33600 Pessac, France
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Angel GMA, Mansor N, Jervis R, Rana Z, Gibbs C, Seel A, Kilpatrick AFR, Shearing PR, Howard CA, Brett DJL, Cullen PL. Realising the electrochemical stability of graphene: scalable synthesis of an ultra-durable platinum catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:16113-16122. [PMID: 32699875 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03326j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Creating effective and stable catalyst nanoparticle-coated electrodes that can withstand extensive cycling is a current roadblock in realising the potential of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Graphene has been proposed as an ideal electrode support material due to its corrosion resistance, high surface area and high conductivity. However, to date, graphene-based electrodes suffer from high defect concentrations and non-uniform nanoparticle coverage that negatively affects performance; moreover, production methods are difficult to scale. Herein we describe a scalable synthesis for Pt nanoparticle-coated graphene whereby PtCl2 is reduced directly by negatively charged single layer graphene sheets in solution. The resultant nanoparticles are of optimal dimensions and can be uniformly dispersed, yielding high catalytic activity, remarkable stability, and showing a much smaller decrease in electrochemical surface area compared with an optimised commercial catalyst over 30 000 cycles. The stability is rationalised by identical location TEM which shows minimal nanoparticle agglomeration and no nanoparticle detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyen Ming A Angel
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK.
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8
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Au H, Rubio N, Buckley DJ, Mattevi C, Shaffer MSP. Thermal Decomposition of Ternary Sodium Graphite Intercalation Compounds. Chemistry 2020; 26:6545-6553. [PMID: 32142591 PMCID: PMC7317426 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are often used to produce exfoliated or functionalised graphene related materials (GRMs) in a specific solvent. This study explores the formation of the Na‐tetrahydrofuran (THF)‐GIC and a new ternary system based on dimethylacetamide (DMAc). Detailed comparisons of in situ temperature dependent XRD with TGA‐MS and Raman measurements reveal a series of dynamic transformations during heating. Surprisingly, the bulk of the intercalation compound is stable under ambient conditions, trapped between the graphene sheets. The heating process drives a reorganisation of the solvent and Na molecules, then an evaporation of the solvent; however, the solvent loss is arrested by restacking of the graphene layers, leading to trapped solvent bubbles. Eventually, the bubbles rupture, releasing the remaining solvent and creating expanded graphite. These trapped dopants may provide useful property enhancements, but also potentially confound measurements of grafting efficiency in liquid‐phase covalent functionalization experiments on 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Au
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Department of Chemistry and Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Noelia Rubio
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Cecilia Mattevi
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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9
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Lucherelli MA, Raya J, Edelthalhammer KF, Hauke F, Hirsch A, Abellán G, Bianco A. A Straightforward Approach to Multifunctional Graphene. Chemistry 2019; 25:13218-13223. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Andrea Lucherelli
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Jésus Raya
- Membrane Biophysics and NMR, Institute of Chemistry, UMR 7177University of Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Konstantin F. Edelthalhammer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen–Nürnberg (FAU) Dr.-Mack-Strasse 81 90762 Fürth Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen–Nürnberg (FAU) Dr.-Mack-Strasse 81 90762 Fürth Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen–Nürnberg (FAU) Dr.-Mack-Strasse 81 90762 Fürth Germany
| | - Gonzalo Abellán
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen–Nürnberg (FAU) Dr.-Mack-Strasse 81 90762 Fürth Germany
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universidad de Valencia Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
| | - Alberto Bianco
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572 67000 Strasbourg France
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McMillan PF. New nitrides: from high pressure-high temperature synthesis to layered nanomaterials and energy applications. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180244. [PMID: 31030648 PMCID: PMC6501886 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We describe work carried out within our group to explore new transition metal and main group nitride phases synthesized using high pressure-high temperature techniques using X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy at synchrotron sources in the USA, UK and France to establish their structures and physical properties. Along with previously published data, we also highlight additional results that have not been presented elsewhere and that represent new areas for further exploration. We also describe new work being carried out to explore the properties of carbon nitride materials being developed for energy applications and the nature of few-layered carbon nitride nanomaterials with atomically ordered structures that form solutions in polar liquids via thermodynamically driven exfoliation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Fifty years of synchrotron science: achievements and opportunities'.
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11
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Kumar S, Sriramoju KK, Aswal VK, Padmanabhan V, Harikrishnan G. Unraveling the Polymer Chain-Adsorbed Constrained Interfacial Region on an Atomistically Thin Carbon Sheet. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:2994-3001. [PMID: 30864808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Confinement of graphene and its functional derivatives in synthetic and biomacromolecules has been widely demonstrated recently to manifest in several multiscale phenomena in their mixtures. However, the intricate adsorbed interfacial region formed between polymer chains and a single layer of atomistically thin carbon sheet hitherto evaded an understanding of its nature and characteristics. Here, we reveal the structure of this constrained region and estimate the thickness of the adsorbed polymer layer on a single layer of an atomistically thin graphene oxide sheet using both direct experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. We use small-angle neutron scattering on a model multicomponent mixture formed by an adsorbing polymer, graphene oxide, and solvent for revealing the structure of the constrained interfacial region. We quantify the intricate adsorbed polymer layer thickness on a single layer of atomistically thin graphene oxide sheet by Euclidean approximation of the experimentally observed self-similar interfacial structure. The state of polymer chain random walk and influence of unadsorbed chains under experimental conditions are investigated and juxtaposed against the accuracy of this quantification. For long-chain polymers, the adsorbed layer thickness increases with increasing polymer molecular weight and shows a scaling relationship δ ∼ Rg0.22 with the polymer radius of gyration. For short-chain polymers, the thickness is nearly independent of molecular weight and shows a scaling relationship δ ∼ 0.6 Rg0.22. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations performed on a model system similar to experiments qualitatively ratify the experimentally observed molecular weight-thickness relationship. Simulations show no discernible scaling relationship between radius of gyration and adsorbed layer thickness for low-molecular-weight polymers but show a consistent scaling δ ∼ Rg for high-molecular-weight polymers. A comparison between results from experiments and simulations indicates a discerning pathway in deciphering interface-governed multiscale phenomena in mixtures of adsorbing macromolecules with graphene and its functional derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Polymer Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , West Bengal 721302 , India
| | - Kishore Kumar Sriramoju
- Polymer Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , West Bengal 721302 , India
| | - Vinod K Aswal
- Solid State Physics Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085 , India
| | - Venkat Padmanabhan
- Polymer Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , West Bengal 721302 , India.,Department of Chemical Engineering , Tennessee Technological University , Cookeville , Tennessee 38505 , United States
| | - G Harikrishnan
- Polymer Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , West Bengal 721302 , India
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Jia J, White ER, Clancy AJ, Rubio N, Suter T, Miller TS, McColl K, McMillan PF, Brázdová V, Corà F, Howard CA, Law RV, Mattevi C, Shaffer MSP. Fast Exfoliation and Functionalisation of Two-Dimensional Crystalline Carbon Nitride by Framework Charging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12656-12660. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jia
- Dept. Chemistry; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
- Current address: Dept. Materials; University of Science and Technology Beijing; Beijing 100083 China
| | | | - Adam J. Clancy
- Dept. Chemistry; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Noelia Rubio
- Dept. Chemistry; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Theo Suter
- Dept. Chemistry; University College London; London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | | | - Kit McColl
- Dept. Chemistry; University College London; London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | | | | | - Furio Corà
- Dept. Chemistry; University College London; London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | | | - Robert V. Law
- Dept. Chemistry; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
| | | | - Milo S. P. Shaffer
- Dept. Chemistry; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
- Dept. Materials; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
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13
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Jia J, White ER, Clancy AJ, Rubio N, Suter T, Miller TS, McColl K, McMillan PF, Brázdová V, Corà F, Howard CA, Law RV, Mattevi C, Shaffer MSP. Fast Exfoliation and Functionalisation of Two-Dimensional Crystalline Carbon Nitride by Framework Charging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jia
- Dept. Chemistry; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
- Current address: Dept. Materials; University of Science and Technology Beijing; Beijing 100083 China
| | | | - Adam J. Clancy
- Dept. Chemistry; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Noelia Rubio
- Dept. Chemistry; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Theo Suter
- Dept. Chemistry; University College London; London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | | | - Kit McColl
- Dept. Chemistry; University College London; London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | | | | | - Furio Corà
- Dept. Chemistry; University College London; London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | | | - Robert V. Law
- Dept. Chemistry; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
| | | | - Milo S. P. Shaffer
- Dept. Chemistry; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
- Dept. Materials; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
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14
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Clancy AJ, Bayazit MK, Hodge SA, Skipper NT, Howard CA, Shaffer MSP. Charged Carbon Nanomaterials: Redox Chemistries of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphenes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7363-7408. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Clancy
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Mustafa K. Bayazit
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Stephen A. Hodge
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Neal T. Skipper
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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15
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Rational design of aromatic surfactants for graphene/natural rubber latex nanocomposites with enhanced electrical conductivity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 516:34-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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16
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Cai X, Luo Y, Liu B, Cheng HM. Preparation of 2D material dispersions and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:6224-6266. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00254a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review on the exfoliation of layer materials into 2D materials, their assembly, and applications in electronics and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingke Cai
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center (SGC)
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI)
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen 518055
- P. R. China
| | - Yuting Luo
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center (SGC)
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI)
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen 518055
- P. R. China
| | - Bilu Liu
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center (SGC)
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI)
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen 518055
- P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center (SGC)
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI)
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen 518055
- P. R. China
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17
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Miller TS, Suter TM, Telford AM, Picco L, Payton OD, Russell-Pavier F, Cullen PL, Sella A, Shaffer MSP, Nelson J, Tileli V, McMillan PF, Howard CA. Single Crystal, Luminescent Carbon Nitride Nanosheets Formed by Spontaneous Dissolution. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:5891-5896. [PMID: 28678518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A primary method for the production of 2D nanosheets is liquid-phase delamination from their 3D layered bulk analogues. Most strategies currently achieve this objective by significant mechanical energy input or chemical modification but these processes are detrimental to the structure and properties of the resulting 2D nanomaterials. Bulk poly(triazine imide) (PTI)-based carbon nitrides are layered materials with a high degree of crystalline order. Here, we demonstrate that these semiconductors are spontaneously soluble in select polar aprotic solvents, that is, without any chemical or physical intervention. In contrast to more aggressive exfoliation strategies, this thermodynamically driven dissolution process perfectly maintains the crystallographic form of the starting material, yielding solutions of defect-free, hexagonal 2D nanosheets with a well-defined size distribution. This pristine nanosheet structure results in narrow, excitation-wavelength-independent photoluminescence emission spectra. Furthermore, by controlling the aggregation state of the nanosheets, we demonstrate that the emission wavelengths can be tuned from narrow UV to broad-band white. This has potential applicability to a range of optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Laboratory, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H OAJ, United Kingdom
| | - Theo M Suter
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Laboratory, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H OAJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Telford
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London , London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - Loren Picco
- Interface Analysis Centre, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol , Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver D Payton
- Interface Analysis Centre, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol , Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Freddie Russell-Pavier
- Interface Analysis Centre, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol , Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick L Cullen
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London , London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Sella
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Laboratory, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H OAJ, United Kingdom
| | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London , London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - Vasiliki Tileli
- # Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul F McMillan
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Laboratory, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H OAJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A Howard
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London , London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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18
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Hof F, Boni A, Valenti G, Huang K, Paolucci F, Pénicaud A. From Food Waste to Efficient Bifunctional Nonprecious Electrocatalyst. Chemistry 2017; 23:15283-15288. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Hof
- CNRS; Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), UPR 8641; F-33600 Pessac France
- Université Bordeaux; CRPP, UPR 8641; F-33600 Pessac France
| | - Alessandro Boni
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; Università di Bologna; I-40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; Università di Bologna; I-40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Kai Huang
- CNRS; Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), UPR 8641; F-33600 Pessac France
- Université Bordeaux; CRPP, UPR 8641; F-33600 Pessac France
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; Università di Bologna; I-40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Alain Pénicaud
- CNRS; Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), UPR 8641; F-33600 Pessac France
- Université Bordeaux; CRPP, UPR 8641; F-33600 Pessac France
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19
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Rubio N, Au H, Leese HS, Hu S, Clancy AJ, Shaffer MSP. Grafting from versus Grafting to Approaches for the Functionalization of Graphene Nanoplatelets with Poly(methyl methacrylate). Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Rubio
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Heather Au
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Hannah S. Leese
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Sheng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Adam J. Clancy
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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20
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Inam M, Cambridge G, Pitto-Barry A, Laker ZPL, Wilson NR, Mathers RT, Dove AP, O'Reilly RK. 1D vs. 2D shape selectivity in the crystallization-driven self-assembly of polylactide block copolymers. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4223-4230. [PMID: 29081959 PMCID: PMC5635812 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00641a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
2D materials such as graphene, LAPONITE® clays or molybdenum disulfide nanosheets are of extremely high interest to the materials community as a result of their high surface area and controllable surface properties. While several methods to access 2D inorganic materials are known, the investigation of 2D organic nanomaterials is less well developed on account of the lack of ready synthetic accessibility. Crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) has become a powerful method to access a wide range of complex but precisely-defined nanostructures. The preparation of 2D structures, however, particularly those aimed towards biomedical applications, is limited, with few offering biocompatible and biodegradable characteristics as well as control over self-assembly in two dimensions. Herein, in contrast to conventional self-assembly rules, we show that the solubility of polylactide (PLLA)-based amphiphiles in alcohols results in unprecedented shape selectivity based on unimer solubility. We use log Poct analysis to drive solvent selection for the formation of large uniform 2D diamond-shaped platelets, up to several microns in size, using long, soluble coronal blocks. By contrast, less soluble PLLA-containing block copolymers yield cylindrical micelles and mixed morphologies. The methods developed in this work provide a simple and consistently reproducible protocol for the preparation of well-defined 2D organic nanomaterials, whose size and morphology are expected to facilitate potential applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering and in nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Inam
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK . ;
| | - Graeme Cambridge
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK . ;
| | - Anaïs Pitto-Barry
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK . ;
| | - Zachary P L Laker
- Department of Physics , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Neil R Wilson
- Department of Physics , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Robert T Mathers
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , New Kensington , Pennsylvania 15068 , USA
| | - Andrew P Dove
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK . ;
| | - Rachel K O'Reilly
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK . ;
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21
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Abellán G, Schirowski M, Edelthalhammer KF, Fickert M, Werbach K, Peterlik H, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Unifying Principles of the Reductive Covalent Graphene Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5175-5182. [PMID: 28322052 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Covalently functionalized graphene derivatives were synthesized via benchmark reductive routes using graphite intercalation compounds (GICs), in particular KC8. We have compared the graphene arylation and alkylation of the GIC using 4-tert-butylphenyldiazonium and bis(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)iodonium salts, as well as phenyl iodide, n-hexyl iodide, and n-dodecyl iodide, as electrophiles in model reactions. We have put a particular focus on the evaluation of the degree of addition and the bulk functionalization homogeneity (Hbulk). For this purpose, we have employed statistical Raman spectroscopy (SRS), and a forefront characterization tool using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with FT-IR, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry (TGA/FT-IR/GC/MS). The present study unambiguously shows that the graphene functionalization using alkyl iodides leads to the best results, in terms of both the degree of addition and the Hbulk. Moreover, we have identified the reversible character of the covalent addition chemistry, even at temperatures below 200 °C. The thermally induced addend cleavage proceeds homolytically, which allows for the detection of dimeric cleavage products by TGA/FT-IR/GC/MS. This dimerization points to a certain degree of regioselectivity, leading to a low sheet homogeneity (Hsheet). Finally, we developed this concept by performing the reductive alkylation reaction in monolayer CVD graphene films. This work provides important insights into the understanding of basic principles of reductive graphene functionalization and will serve as a guide in the design of new graphene functionalization concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Abellán
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Organic Chemistry , Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Milan Schirowski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Organic Chemistry , Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Konstantin F Edelthalhammer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Organic Chemistry , Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Michael Fickert
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Organic Chemistry , Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Katharina Werbach
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna , Strudlhofgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Herwig Peterlik
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna , Strudlhofgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Organic Chemistry , Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Organic Chemistry , Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762 Fürth, Germany
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22
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Hodge SA, Buckley DJ, Yau HC, Skipper NT, Howard CA, Shaffer MSP. Chemical routes to discharging graphenides. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:3150-3158. [PMID: 28220176 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr10004j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemical and electrochemical reduction methods allow the dispersion, processing, and/or functionalization of discrete sp2-hybridised nanocarbons, including fullerenes, nanotubes and graphenes. Electron transfer to the nanocarbon raises the Fermi energy, creating nanocarbon anions and thereby activating an array of possible covalent reactions. The Fermi level may then be partially or fully lowered by intended functionalization reactions, but in general, techniques are required to remove excess charge without inadvertent covalent reactions that potentially degrade the nanocarbon properties of interest. Here, simple and effective chemical discharging routes are demonstrated for graphenide polyelectrolytes and are expected to apply to other systems, particularly nanotubides. The discharging process is inherently linked to the reduction potentials of such chemical discharging agents and the unusual fundamental chemistry of charged nanocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Hodge
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - David J Buckley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Hin Chun Yau
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Neal T Skipper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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23
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Jiang C, Peng Z, de los Reyes C, Young CC, Tsentalovich DE, Jamali V, Ajayan PM, Tour JM, Pasquali M, Martí AA. Increased solubility and fiber spinning of graphenide dispersions aided by crown-ethers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1498-1501. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09623a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphenide solutions in NMP have been prepared by dispersing potassium intercalated graphite with the assistance of 18-crown-6.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiwei Peng
- Department of Chemistry
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
| | | | - Colin C. Young
- Applied Physics Program
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
| | | | - Vida Jamali
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
| | | | - James M. Tour
- Department of Chemistry
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Department of Chemistry
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
| | - Angel A. Martí
- Department of Chemistry
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute
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24
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Bepete G, Anglaret E, Ortolani L, Morandi V, Huang K, Pénicaud A, Drummond C. Surfactant-free single-layer graphene in water. Nat Chem 2016; 9:347-352. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Ionic solutions of two-dimensional materials. Nat Chem 2016; 9:244-249. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Knirsch KC, Hof F, Lloret V, Mundloch U, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Topology-Driven Reductive Silylation of Synthetic Carbon Allotropes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15642-15647. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin C. Knirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Hof
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vicent Lloret
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo Mundloch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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27
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Huang K, Delport G, Orcin-Chaix L, Drummond C, Lauret JS, Penicaud A. Single layer nano graphene platelets derived from graphite nanofibres. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:8810-8818. [PMID: 27065439 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01512c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Solutions of calibrated nanographenides (negatively charged nanographenes) are obtained by dissolution of graphite nanofibre intercalation compounds (GNFICs). Deposits show homogeneous unfolded nanographene platelets of 1 to 2 layers thickness and 10 nm lateral size, evidenced by atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Upon oxidation, nanographenide solutions exhibit strong photoluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), UPR 8641, F-33600 Pessac, France.
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28
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La MDD, Bhargava S, Bhosale SV. Improved and A Simple Approach For Mass Production of Graphene Nanoplatelets Material. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mr. Duong Duc La
- School of Applied Sciences; RMIT University; GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC-3001 Australia
| | - Suresh Bhargava
- School of Applied Sciences; RMIT University; GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC-3001 Australia
- Centre for Advance Materials and Industrial Chemistry; RMIT University; GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC-3001 Australia
| | - Sheshanath V. Bhosale
- School of Applied Sciences; RMIT University; GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC-3001 Australia
- Centre for Advance Materials and Industrial Chemistry; RMIT University; GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC-3001 Australia
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29
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Leese HS, Govada L, Saridakis E, Khurshid S, Menzel R, Morishita T, Clancy AJ, White ER, Chayen NE, Shaffer MSP. Reductively PEGylated carbon nanomaterials and their use to nucleate 3D protein crystals: a comparison of dimensionality. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2916-2923. [PMID: 30090285 PMCID: PMC6054039 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03595c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of carbon nanomaterials, with varying dimensionality, were dispersed by a non-damaging and versatile chemical reduction route, and subsequently grafted by reaction with methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) monobromides. The use of carbon nanomaterials with different geometries provides both a systematic comparison of surface modification chemistry and the opportunity to study factors affecting specific applications. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes, single-walled carbon nanotubes, graphite nanoplatelets, exfoliated few layer graphite and carbon black were functionalized with mPEG-Br, yielding grafting ratios relative to the nanocarbon framework between ca. 7 and 135 wt%; the products were characterised by Raman spectroscopy, TGA-MS, and electron microscopy. The functionalized materials were tested as nucleants by subjecting them to rigorous protein crystallization studies. Sparsely functionalized flat sheet geometries proved exceptionally effective at inducing crystallization of six proteins. This new class of nucleant, based on PEG grafted graphene-related materials, can be widely applied to promote the growth of 3D crystals suitable for X-ray crystallography. The association of the protein ferritin with functionalized exfoliated few layer graphite was directly visualized by transmission electron microscopy, illustrating the formation of ordered clusters of protein molecules critical to successful nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Leese
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Lata Govada
- Computational and Systems Medicine , Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Emmanuel Saridakis
- Laboratory of Structural and Supramolecular Chemistry , Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , National Centre for Scientific Research 'Demokritos' , Athens , Greece
| | - Sahir Khurshid
- Computational and Systems Medicine , Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Robert Menzel
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Takuya Morishita
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. , Nagakute , Aichi 480-1192 , Japan
| | - Adam J Clancy
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Edward R White
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Naomi E Chayen
- Computational and Systems Medicine , Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
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30
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Cheng C, Jiang G, Garvey CJ, Wang Y, Simon GP, Liu JZ, Li D. Ion transport in complex layered graphene-based membranes with tuneable interlayer spacing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501272. [PMID: 26933689 PMCID: PMC4758742 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of the transport properties of ions confined in nanoporous carbon is generally difficult because of the stochastic nature and distribution of multiscale complex and imperfect pore structures within the bulk material. We demonstrate a combined approach of experiment and simulation to describe the structure of complex layered graphene-based membranes, which allows their use as a unique porous platform to gain unprecedented insights into nanoconfined transport phenomena across the entire sub-10-nm scales. By correlation of experimental results with simulation of concentration-driven ion diffusion through the cascading layered graphene structure with sub-10-nm tuneable interlayer spacing, we are able to construct a robust, representative structural model that allows the establishment of a quantitative relationship among the nanoconfined ion transport properties in relation to the complex nanoporous structure of the layered membrane. This correlation reveals the remarkable effect of the structural imperfections of the membranes on ion transport and particularly the scaling behaviors of both diffusive and electrokinetic ion transport in graphene-based cascading nanochannels as a function of channel size from 10 nm down to subnanometer. Our analysis shows that the range of ion transport effects previously observed in simple one-dimensional nanofluidic systems will translate themselves into bulk, complex nanoslit porous systems in a very different manner, and the complex cascading porous circuities can enable new transport phenomena that are unattainable in simple fluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gengping Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Garvey
- Australia Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Sydney, New South Wales 2232, Australia
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - George P. Simon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Monash Centre for Atomically Thin Materials, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jefferson Z. Liu
- Monash Centre for Atomically Thin Materials, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Corresponding author. E-mail: (D.L.); (J.Z.L.)
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Monash Centre for Atomically Thin Materials, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Corresponding author. E-mail: (D.L.); (J.Z.L.)
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Dimiev AM, Ceriotti G, Metzger A, Kim ND, Tour JM. Chemical Mass Production of Graphene Nanoplatelets in ∼100% Yield. ACS NANO 2016; 10:274-9. [PMID: 26580092 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Successful application of graphene is hampered by the lack of cost-effective methods for its production. Here, we demonstrate a method of mass production of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) by exfoliation of flake graphite in the tricomponent system made by a combination of ammonium persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8), concentrated sulfuric acid, and fuming sulfuric acid. The resulting GNPs are tens of microns in diameter and 10-35 nm in thickness. When in the liquid phase of the tricomponent media, graphite completely loses its interlayer registry. This provides a ∼100% yield of GNPs from graphite in 3-4 h at room temperature or in 10 min at 120 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayrat M Dimiev
- Departments of Chemistry, ‡Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and §Computer Science, and ∥The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University , MS-222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Gabriel Ceriotti
- Departments of Chemistry, ‡Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and §Computer Science, and ∥The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University , MS-222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Andrew Metzger
- Departments of Chemistry, ‡Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and §Computer Science, and ∥The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University , MS-222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Nam Dong Kim
- Departments of Chemistry, ‡Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and §Computer Science, and ∥The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University , MS-222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - James M Tour
- Departments of Chemistry, ‡Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and §Computer Science, and ∥The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University , MS-222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Eremin RA, Kholmurodov KT, Petrenko VI, Rosta L, Grigoryeva NA, Avdeev MV. On the microstructure of organic solutions of mono-carboxylic acids: Combined study by infrared spectroscopy, small-angle neutron scattering and molecular dynamics simulations. Chem Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Maluangnont T, Yamauchi Y, Sasaki T, Roth WJ, Čejka J, Kubu M. The aqueous colloidal suspension of ultrathin 2D MCM-22P crystallites. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:7378-81. [PMID: 24872251 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02540g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The action of a tetrapropylammonium hydroxide solution on lamellar zeolite precursor MCM-22P produced a stable aqueous colloidal suspension which was shown by X-ray diffraction, small angle X-ray scattering and atomic force microscopy to contain ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) crystallites, including one-unit cell thick (i.e., 2.5 nm) monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosapol Maluangnont
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan305-0044.
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Voiry D, Pagona G, Canto ED, Ortolani L, Morandi V, Noé L, Monthioux M, Tagmatarchis N, Penicaud A. Reductive dismantling and functionalization of carbon nanohorns. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:5017-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc10389k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aggregated carbon nanohorns (CNHs) spontaneously dismantle in organic solvents upon reduction with potassium naphthalenide; the reduced CNHs can be further functionalized via addition of electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Voiry
- CNRS
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP)
- UPR 8641
- F-33600 Pessac
- and University of Bordeaux
| | - Georgia Pagona
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute
- National Hellenic Research Foundation
- 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue
- Athens 11635
- Greece
| | - Elisa Del Canto
- CNRS
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP)
- UPR 8641
- F-33600 Pessac
- and University of Bordeaux
| | | | | | | | | | - Nikos Tagmatarchis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute
- National Hellenic Research Foundation
- 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue
- Athens 11635
- Greece
| | - Alain Penicaud
- CNRS
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP)
- UPR 8641
- F-33600 Pessac
- and University of Bordeaux
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35
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Eigler S, Hirsch A. Chemistry with Graphene and Graphene Oxide-Challenges for Synthetic Chemists. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:7720-38. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 635] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Eigler S, Hirsch A. Chemie an Graphen und Graphenoxid - eine Herausforderung für Synthesechemiker. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Pénicaud A. Solubilization of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 348:1-35. [PMID: 24647837 DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Processing of novel carbon forms, i.e. fullerenes, nanotubes and graphene, in solution is described. C60 and higher fullerenes appear to be the only truly soluble forms of pure carbon. Ways to disperse carbon nanotubes and graphene are reviewed. True solutions of carbon nanotubes and graphene can be obtained by reductive dissolution, leading to solution of polyelectrolyte nanocarbons of high concentrations without damaging the nanocarbon. Finally it is shown that these solutions allow to obtain high performing materials such as highly conducting transparent electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Pénicaud
- CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), Université de Bordeaux, UPR 8641, Pessac, 33600, France,
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38
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Hodge SA, Tay HH, Anthony DB, Menzel R, Buckley DJ, Cullen PL, Skipper NT, Howard CA, Shaffer MSP. Probing the charging mechanisms of carbon nanomaterial polyelectrolytes. Faraday Discuss 2014; 172:311-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00043a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemical charging of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and graphenes to generate soluble salts shows great promise as a processing route for electronic applications, but raises fundamental questions. The reduction potentials of highly-charged nanocarbon polyelectrolyte ions were investigated by considering their chemical reactivity towards metal salts/complexes in forming metal nanoparticles. The redox activity, degree of functionalisation and charge utilisation were quantified via the relative metal nanoparticle content, established using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The fundamental relationship between the intrinsic nanocarbon electronic density of states and Coulombic effects during charging is highlighted as an important area for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Huang Tay
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- London, UK
| | | | - Robert Menzel
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- London, UK
| | - David J. Buckley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University College London
- London, UK
| | - Patrick L. Cullen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University College London
- London, UK
| | - Neal T. Skipper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University College London
- London, UK
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Unni SM, Bhange SN, Anothumakkool B, Kurungot S. Redox-Mediated Synthesis of Functionalised Graphene: A Strategy towards 2D Multifunctional Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion Applications. Chempluschem 2013; 78:1296-1303. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Growing interest in graphene over past few years has prompted researchers to find new routes for producing this material other than mechanical exfoliation or growth from silicon carbide. Chemical vapor deposition on metallic substrates now allows researchers to produce continuous graphene films over large areas. In parallel, researchers will need liquid, large scale, formulations of graphene to produce functional graphene materials that take advantage of graphene's mechanical, electrical, and barrier properties. In this Account, we describe methods for creating graphene solutions from graphite. Graphite provides a cheap source of carbon, but graphite is insoluble. With extensive sonication, it can be dispersed in organic solvents or water with adequate additives. Nevertheless, this process usually creates cracks and defects in the graphite. On the other hand, graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) provide a means to dissolve rather than disperse graphite. GICS can be obtained through the reaction of alkali metals with graphite. These compounds are a source of graphenide salts and also serve as an excellent electronic model of graphene due to the decoupling between graphene layers. The graphenide macroions, negatively charged graphene sheets, form supple two-dimensional polyelectrolytes that spontaneously dissolve in some organic solvents. The entropic gain from the dissolution of counterions and the increased degrees of freedom of graphene in solution drives this process. Notably, we can obtain graphenide solutions in easily processable solvents with low boiling points such as tetrahydrofuran or cyclopentylmethylether. We performed a statistical analysis of high resolution transmission electronic micrographs of graphene sheets deposited on grids from GICs solution to show that the dissolved material has been fully exfoliated. The thickness distribution peaks with single layers and includes a few double- or triple-layer objects. Light scattering analysis of the solutions shows the presence of two-dimensional objects. The typical size of the dissolved flakes can be determined by either static or dynamic light scattering (DLS) using models available in the literature for disk-shape objects. A mean lateral size of ca. 1 μm is typically observed. We also used DLS to monitor the reaggregation that occurs as these sensitive solutions are exposed to air. The graphenide solutions reported in this Account can be used to deposit random arrays of graphene flakes and large single flakes of a lateral size of tens of micrometers onto different substrates. Using the graphenide solutions described in this Account, we foresee the large-scale production of graphene-based printings, coatings, and composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Pénicaud
- CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), UPR 8641, F-33600 Pessac, France
- Université de Bordeaux, CRPP, UPR 8641, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Carlos Drummond
- CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), UPR 8641, F-33600 Pessac, France
- Université de Bordeaux, CRPP, UPR 8641, F-33600 Pessac, France
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41
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Hollamby MJ. Practical applications of small-angle neutron scattering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:10566-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50293g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Knirsch KC, Englert JM, Dotzer C, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Screening of the chemical reactivity of three different graphite sources using the formation of reductively alkylated graphene as a model reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:10811-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc46621c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Huang X, Zeng Z, Fan Z, Liu J, Zhang H. Graphene-based electrodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:5979-6004. [PMID: 22927209 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, the thinnest two dimensional carbon material, has become the subject of intensive investigation in various research fields because of its remarkable electronic, mechanical, optical and thermal properties. Graphene-based electrodes, fabricated from mechanically cleaved graphene, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown graphene, or massively produced graphene derivatives from bulk graphite, have been applied in a broad range of applications, such as in light emitting diodes, touch screens, field-effect transistors, solar cells, supercapacitors, batteries, and sensors. In this Review, after a short introduction to the properties and synthetic methods of graphene and its derivatives, we will discuss the importance of graphene-based electrodes, their fabrication techniques, and application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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